View source for Chemistry:Apitoxin

'''Apitoxin''', or [[Biology:Honey bee|honey bee]] [[Biology:Venom|venom]], is a [[Biology:Cytotoxicity|cytotoxic]] and [[Medicine:Hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] bitter colorless liquid containing [[Biology:Protein|protein]]s, which may produce local [[Medicine:Inflammation|inflammation]]. It may have similarities to sea nettle [[Biology:Toxin|toxin]].<ref>{{Cite journal 
| doi = 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90162-W 
| last1 = Czarnetzki | first1 = B. M. 
| last2 = Thiele | first2 = T. 
| last3 = Rosenbach | first3 = T. 
| title = Evidence for leukotrienes in animal venoms 
| journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 
| volume = 85 
| issue = 2 
| pages = 505–509 
|date=February 1990
| pmid = 1968071
}} {{closed access}}</ref>

==Components==
The main component is [[Chemistry:Melittin|melittin]], amounting to 52% of venom peptides.<ref name="white">{{cite book |vauthors=Meier J, White J | title = Clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofclinic0000unse_y3l8 |url-access=registration | year = 1995 | publisher = CRC Press, Inc | isbn = 0-8493-4489-1}}</ref> Adolapin<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aufschnaiter|first1=Andreas|last2=Kohler|first2=Verena|last3=Khalifa|first3=Shaden|last4=Abd El-Wahed|first4=Aida|last5=Du|first5=Ming|last6=El-Seedi|first6=Hesham|last7=Büttner|first7=Sabrina|date=2020-01-21|title=Apitoxin and Its Components against Cancer, Neurodegeneration and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Limitations and Possibilities|journal=Toxins|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=66|doi=10.3390/toxins12020066|pmid=31973181|pmc=7076873|issn=2072-6651|doi-access=free}}</ref> contributes 2–5% of the peptides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=C034201|title=Adolapin|publisher=Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MDI Biological Laboratory and North Carolina State University|date=24 August 2017|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=A. W.|last2=Morse|first2=R. A.|last3=Stewart|first3=J. D.|date=1963-10-11|title=Venom Collection from Honey Bees|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.142.3589.228|journal=Science|volume=142|issue=3589|pages=228–230|doi=10.1126/science.142.3589.228|pmid=17834840|bibcode=1963Sci...142..228B|s2cid=26489746|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

==Research==
Apitoxins are under preliminary research for their potential biological effects, such as in [[Medicine:Cancer|cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4964142|year=2016|last1=Chaisakul|first1=J|title=Effects of Animal Venoms and Toxins on Hallmarks of Cancer|journal=Journal of Cancer|volume=7|issue=11|pages=1571–1578|last2=Hodgson|first2=W. C|last3=Kuruppu|first3=S|last4=Prasongsook|first4=N|doi=10.7150/jca.15309|pmid=27471574}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Unsolved:Apitherapy|Apitherapy]]
* Bee sting
* [[Biology:Beekeeping|Beekeeping]]
* Hive management
* Honeybee
* Wasp venoms

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{MeshName|Apitoxin}}

{{Poisoning and toxicity}}


{{Sourceattribution|Apitoxin|1}}