View source for Chemistry:Chemical elements in East Asian languages

{{Short description|Chemical element nomenclature in East Asia}}
{{sidebar periodic table|history}}

The '''names for chemical elements in East Asian languages''', along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of most [[Chemistry:Chemical element|elements]] were created after modern [[Chemistry:Chemistry|chemistry]] was introduced to East Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, with more translations being coined for those elements discovered later.

While most East Asian languages use—or have used—the Chinese script, only the [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese language]] uses logograms as the predominant way of naming elements. Native phonetic writing systems are primarily used for element names in  [[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]] (Katakana), [[Social:Korean language|Korean]] (Hangul) and [[Social:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (chữ Quốc ngữ).

== Chinese ==
In [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]], characters for the elements are the last officially created and recognized [[Social:Chinese characters|characters]] in the Chinese writing system. Unlike characters for unofficial varieties of Chinese (e.g., written Cantonese) or other now-defunct ''ad hoc'' characters (e.g., those by the Empress Wu), the names for the elements are official, consistent, and taught (with [[Social:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] pronunciation) to every Chinese and Taiwanese student who has attended public schools (usually by the first year of [[Social:Middle school|middle school]]). New names and symbols are decided upon by the China National Committee for Terminology in Science and Technology.<ref name="CNCTST">{{cite web| url=http://www.cnctst.cn/xwdt/zhxw/201611/t20161117_354742.html| language=zh|title=新元素113号、115号、117号、118号的中文定名征集| date=2017-01-15<!-- unclear: the link also has '2017-02!-15' in its header -->}}</ref>

=== Native characters ===
Some metallic elements were already familiar to the Chinese, as their [[Earth:Ore|ore]]s were already excavated and used extensively in China for construction, [[Philosophy:Alchemy|alchemy]], and medicine. These include the long-established group of "Five Metals" (五金) — [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]] (金), [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]] (銀/银), [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]] (銅/铜), [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]] (鐵/铁), and [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]] (錫/锡) — as well as [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]] (鉛/铅) and [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]] (汞).

Some non-metals were already named in Chinese as well, because their minerals were in widespread use.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-018-0065-0 | doi=10.1007/s40828-018-0065-0 | title=What's in a name: A comparison of Chinese and Japanese approaches to the translation of chemical elements | year=2018 | last1=Chang | first1=Hao | journal=Chemtexts | volume=4 | issue=3 | s2cid=186517051 | doi-access=free }}</ref> For example,
* [[Chemistry:Boron|boron]] (硼) as part of [[Chemistry:Borax|borax]]
* [[Chemistry:Carbon|carbon]] (碳) in the form of [[Chemistry:Charcoal|charcoal]]
* [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]] (硫) had been used to make [[Chemistry:Gunpowder|gunpowder]] since at least the 10th century in China.

=== Characters based on European pronunciations ===
However, the Chinese did not know about most of the elements until they were isolated during the [[History:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Age]]. These new elements therefore required new characters, which were invented using the [[Social:Chinese character classification|phono-semantic principle]]. Each character consists of two parts, one to signify the meaning and the other to hint at the sound:

The semantic (meaning) part is also the radical of the character. It refers to the element's usual state at [[Physics:Room temperature|room temperature]] and standard pressure. Only four radicals are used for elements: {{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} (''jīn'' "gold; metal") for solid metals, {{lang|zh|石}} (''shí'' "stone, rock") for solid non-metals, {{lang|zh|水}}/{{lang|zh|氵}} (''shuǐ'' "water") for liquids, and {{lang|zh|气}} (''qì'' "air, steam") for gases.

The phonetic (sound) part represents the character's pronunciation and is a partial transliteration of the element. For each element character, this is a unique phonetic component. Since 118 elements have been discovered, over 100 phonetic components are used in naming the elements.  Because many characters in modern Chinese are homophones, including for tone, two different phonetic components can be pronounced the same.  Current practice dictates that new names should avoid being homophonous with previous element names or with [[Chemistry:Organic nomenclature in Chinese|organic functional groups]].  However, this rule was not rigorously followed in the past, and confusingly, the names of tin (锡) and selenium (硒) both have the pronunciation ''xī'' with the same tone. The alternative pronunciation ''xí'' for tin is recommended by the National Committee for Approval of Terms in Science and Technology (全国科学技术名词审定委员会).

锡 (tin) and 硒 (selenium) are not homophones in Nanjing Mandarin, which was the prestige dialect of Chinese when most elements were named, which was until the late 19th century. The phonetic component of 锡, 易 (''yì''), was accurate when the character was invented around 3000 years ago, but not now because of sound change. In Middle Chinese 锡 was an entering tone character, a closed syllable ending in -p/-t/-k (or -ʔ in some modern dialects). But 硒 was constructed in the late 19th century using the (still accurate) phonetic 西 (''xī''), which in Middle Chinese was a level tone character, an open syllable with a vowel ending.  In Beijing Mandarin, the variety on which Standard Modern Chinese is based, stop consonant endings of syllables were dropped, and the entering tone was merged into the other tones in a complex and irregular manner by the 16th–17th centuries, and 锡 and 西 both became Tone 1 (high tone) characters.  In dialects that preserve the entering tone, like Nanjing Mandarin and Shanghainese and Cantonese, 锡 retains a -k or -ʔ ending and 锡 and 西 (硒) are pronounced differently.

This sometimes causes difficulty in verbal communication, as Sn and Se can both be divalent and tetravalent.  Thus, [[Chemistry:Tin(IV) oxide|SnO<sub>2</sub>]] 二氧化锡 and [[Chemistry:Selenium(IV) oxide|SeO<sub>2</sub>]] 二氧化硒 would be pronounced identically, as ''èryǎnghuàxī'', if not for the variant ''xí'' for 锡. To avoid further confusion, P.R.C. authorities avoided using the name 矽 ''xī'' (or any tonal variants) for silicon. (On Taiwan 矽 is pronounced ''xì''.)

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of characters derived from European pronunciations
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!Semantic ||Phonetic||{{abbr|Element|The resulting character for the element}}|| Source
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|里}} ''lǐ''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鋰}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|锂}} (''lǐ'')||[[Chemistry:Lithium|'''li'''thium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|甲}} ''jiǎ''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鉀}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钾}} (''jiǎ'')||'''ka'''lium, Latin name for [[Chemistry:Potassium|potassium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh-Hant|內}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|内}} ''nèi'' or ''nà'' <sup>†</sup>||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鈉}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钠}} (''nà'') ||'''na'''trium, Latin name for [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|弟}} ''dì'' or ''tì'' <sup>†</sup>||= {{lang|zh-Hant|銻}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|锑}} (<small>Taiwan</small> ''tì'' / <small>Mainland</small> ''t'''ī'''''*) || s'''ti'''bium, Latin name for [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|臬}} ''niè''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鎳}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|镍}}  (''niè'') ||[[Chemistry:Nickel|'''ni'''ckel]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|鬲}} ''gé''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鎘}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|镉}} (''gé'') ||[[Chemistry:Cadmium|'''ca'''dmium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh-Hant|烏}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|乌}} ''wū''||=  {{lang|zh-Hant|鎢}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钨}} (''wū'') ||'''wo'''lframium, Latin name for [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|必}} ''bì''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鉍}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铋}} (''bì'') ||[[Chemistry:Bismuth|'''bi'''smuth]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|由}} ''yóu''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鈾}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铀}} <br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; (<small>Taiwan</small> ''y'''ò'''u''* / <small>Mainland</small> ''yóu'') ||[[Chemistry:Uranium|'''u'''ranium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh-Hant|呂}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|吕}} ''lǚ''||= {{lang|zh-Hant|鋁}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铝}} (''lǚ'') ||[[Chemistry:Aluminium|a'''lu'''minium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|石}} +||{{lang|zh|典}} ''diǎn''||= {{lang|zh|碘}} (''diǎn'')||[[Chemistry:Iodine|io'''dine''']]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh|亥}} ''hài''||= {{lang|zh|氦}} (''hài'') ||[[Chemistry:Helium|'''he'''lium]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh|弗}} ''fú''||= {{lang|zh|氟}}  (''fú'') ||[[Chemistry:Fluorine|'''fluo'''rine]]
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh|乃}} ''nǎi''||= {{lang|zh|氖}} (''nǎi'') ||[[Chemistry:Neon|'''ne'''on]]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="right" |{{lang|zh|石}} +||{{lang|zh|夕}} ''xī''|| = {{lang|zh|矽}} (<small>Taiwan</small> ''x'''ì'''''* / <small>Mainland</small> ''xī'') ||[[Chemistry:Silicon|'''si'''licon]]. Mainly used in R.O.C. (Taiwan), Hong Kong, and Macau
|-
||{{lang|zh|圭}} ''guī''||= {{lang|zh|硅}} (''guī'')||[[Chemistry:Silicon|silicon]]. Derived from Japanese transliteration '珪' (''kei'', けい) of archaic Dutch '''''kei'''aarde''. Mostly used in P.R.C.
|-
|}

:† {{lang|zh-Hant|內}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|内}} is primarily pronounced as ''nèi'', but less commonly as ''nà'', the source of {{lang|zh-Hant|納}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|纳}}. Likewise, the primary pronunciation of {{lang|zh|弟}} is ''dì'', but the alternate reading of ''tì'' gave rise to {{lang|zh-Hant|銻}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|锑}}.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> The derived pronunciation differs (in tone or in sound) from the pronunciation of the element.

The "water" radical ({{lang|zh|水}}) is not used much here, as only two elements (bromine and mercury) are truly liquid at standard room temperature and pressure. Their characters are not based on the European pronunciation of the elements' names. Bromine ({{lang|zh|溴}}), the only liquid nonmetal at room temperature, is explained in the following section. Mercury ({{lang|zh|汞}}), now grouped with the [[Chemistry:Heavy metals|heavy metals]], was long classified as a kind of fluid in ancient China.

=== Meaning-based characters ===
A few characters, though, are not created using the above "phono-semantic" design, but are "semantic-semantic", that is, both of its parts indicate meanings. One part refers to the element's usual state (like the semanto-phonetic characters), while the other part indicates some additional property or function of the element. In addition, the second part also indicates the pronunciation of the element. Such elements are:
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!Semantic||Semantic||{{abbr|Element|The resulting character for the element}}||English||Note
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh-Hant|釒}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钅}} +||{{lang|zh|白}} ''bái'' (white) || =  {{lang|zh-Hant|鉑}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铂}} ''bó''<ref group="note" name="pron" />||[[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]]|| The character is repurposed.<ref group="note">The original meaning of {{lang|zh-Hant|鉑}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铂}} is "thin sheet of gold" (now obsolete). The character was not associated with platinum until modern time, since platinum was known in the Old World only after the [[Age of Discovery]].</ref>
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|氵}} +||{{lang|zh|臭}} ''chòu'' (stinky) || = {{lang|zh|溴}} ''xiù''<ref group="note" name="pron">The pronunciation of these characters come from the second semantic characters' nearly obsolete pronunciations. Nowadays 白 (white) is normally pronounced ''b'''ái''''' in the standard Mandarin dialect, although traditionally ''b'''ó''''' was preferred. Similarly, {{lang|zh|臭}} (stinky) is almost always pronounced '''''ch'''òu'', as opposed to '''''x'''iù'', now an archaic reading.</ref>||[[Chemistry:Bromine|bromine]]||odorous (Greek {{lang|el|βρῶμος}} ''brómos'' also means "stench")
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh|羊}} ''yáng'', <small>short for</small> {{lang|zh-Hant|養}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|养}} ''yǎng'' (to nourish/foster) || = {{lang|zh|氧}} ''yǎng''<ref group="note" name="mismatch" />||[[Chemistry:Oxygen|oxygen]]|| A continuous supply of oxygenated air nourishes almost all animals
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh-Hant|巠}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|𢀖}} ''jīng'', <small>short for</small> {{lang|zh-Hant|輕}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|轻}} ''qīng'' (light-weight) ||= {{lang|zh-Hant|氫}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|氢}} ''qīng''<ref group="note" name="mismatch" />||[[Chemistry:Hydrogen|hydrogen]]|| the lightest of all elements
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh-Hant|彔}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|录}} ''lù'', <small>short for</small> {{lang|zh-Hant|綠}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|绿}} ''lǜ'' (green) ||= {{lang|zh-Hant|氯}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|氯}} ''lǜ''<ref group="note" name="mismatch">The apparent mismatch in pronunciation with the phonetic component is because the pronunciation is inherited from another character that provides the meaning. For example, the ultimate source of the pronunciation of {{lang|zh|氧}} ''yǎng'' (oxygen) is not {{lang|zh|羊}} ''yáng'' (sheep),  but {{lang|zh-Hant|養}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|养}} ''yǎng'' (to nourish/foster).</ref>||[[Chemistry:Chlorine|chlorine]]|| greenish yellow in color
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|气}} +||{{lang|zh|炎}} ''yán'', <small>short for</small> {{lang|zh|淡}} ''dàn'' (diluted) ||= {{lang|zh|氮}} ''dàn''<ref group="note" name="mismatch" />||[[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]]|| dilutes breathable air
|-
| align="right" |{{lang|zh|石}} +||{{lang|zh|粦}} ''lín'', <small>short for</small> {{lang|zh|燐}} ''lín'' (glow) || = {{lang|zh|磷}} ''lín''||[[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphorus]]|| emits a faint glow in the dark
|-
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Usage in the nomenclature for simple inorganic compounds ===
Simple covalent binary inorganic compounds E''<sub>m</sub>''X''<sub>n</sub>'' are named as 

: ''n'' X 化 (''huà'') ''m'' E &nbsp; (with ''n'' and ''m'' written as Chinese numerals),

where X is more electronegative than E, using the IUPAC [[Chemistry:IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005|formal electronegativity order]].  化 as a full noun or verb means 'change; transform(ation)'.  As a noun suffix, it is equivalent to the English suffixes -ized/-ated/-ified. It is the root of the word 化学 (huàxué) 'chemistry'.

For example, P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>10</sub> is called 十硫化四磷 (shíliúhuàsìlín) (literally: 'ten sulfur of four phosphorus', 'decasulfide of tetraphosphorus').  As in English nomenclature, if ''m'' = 1, the numerical prefix of E is usually dropped in covalent compounds.  For example, CO is called 一氧化碳 (yīyǎnghuàtàn) (literally: 'one oxygen of carbon', 'monoxide of carbon').  

However, for compounds named as salts, numerical prefixes are dropped altogether, as in English. Thus, calcium chloride, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, is named 氯化钙 (literally: 'chloride of calcium'). The Chinese name for FeCl<sub>3</sub>, 氯化铁, literally means 'chlorinated iron' and is akin to the archaic English names 'muriated iron' or 'muriate of iron'. In this example, 氯 is 'chlorine' and 铁 is 'iron'.

There is a Chinese analog of the ''-ic''/-''ous'' nomenclature for higher/lower oxidation states: ''-ous'' is translated as 亚 (''yà'', 'minor; secondary'): for example, FeCl<sub>2</sub> is 氯化亚铁 and FeCl<sub>3</sub> is 氯化铁.  In a four-way contrast, ''hypo-'' is translated as 次 (''cì'', 'inferior; following') and ''per-'' is translated as 高 (''gāo'', 'high, upper').  For example, the acid HClO is 次氯酸 "inferior chlorine acid", HClO''<sub>2</sub>'' is 亚氯酸, HClO''<sub>3</sub>'' is 氯酸, and HClO''<sub>4</sub>'' is 高氯酸.  In this example, the character 酸 (suān, 'sour') means (organic or inorganic) acid.  The more modern [[Chemistry:Stock nomenclature|Stock nomenclature]] in which oxidation state is explicitly specified can also be used: thus, tin(IV) oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) is simply 氧化锡(IV).

=== Recently discovered elements ===
{{Special characters|Uncommon}}
In 2015, IUPAC recognised the discovery of four new elements. In November 2016, IUPAC published their formal names and symbols: [[Chemistry:Nihonium|nihonium]] (<sub>113</sub>Nh), [[Chemistry:Moscovium|moscovium]] (<sub>115</sub>Mc), [[Chemistry:Tennessine|tennessine]] (<sub>117</sub>Ts), and  [[Chemistry:Oganesson|oganesson]] (<sub>118</sub>Og).

Subsequently, in January 2017<!-- to check: date in source also says feb?) -->, the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies published four naming characters for these elements.<ref name="CNCTST"/> The National Academy for Educational Research under the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China on Taiwan published an almost identical list (the only differences being the use of the traditional Chinese metal radical '釒' in place of the simplified Chinese form '钅' for nihonium and moscovium) in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://terms.naer.edu.tw/news/84/|title=Chemical nouns -- overview of the names of chemical elements|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081319/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/news/84/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

For traditional Chinese, nihonium and moscovium were then existing characters; while in simplified Chinese, only moscovium already existed in the Unicode Standard. The missing characters were added to Unicode version 11.0 as urgently-needed characters in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/|title=Unicode® 11.0.0 |website=Unicode.org |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

The [[Social:Chinese characters|Chinese characters]] for these symbols are:
: Nihonium: Traditional: {{unichar|9268|html=}} Simplified: {{unichar|9FED|html=}} [[File:Nihonium zh-hans.svg|20px]] (''nǐ'')
: Moscovium: Traditional: {{unichar|93CC|html=}} Simplified: {{unichar|9546|html=}} (''mò'')
: Tennessine: Both Traditional and Simplified: {{unichar|9FEC|html=}} [[File:Tennessine_zh.svg|20px]] (''tián'')
: Oganesson: Both Traditional and Simplified: {{unichar|9FEB|html=}} [[File:Oganesson_zh-hans.svg|20px]] (''ào'')

=== In the periodic table ===

Pronunciations for some elements differ between Mainland China and Taiwan, as described in the article. Simplified characters and Mainland Chinese pronunciations are shown above.<ref name=languagelog/> Some of the characters for the [[Physics:Superheavy element|superheavy element]]s may not be visible depending on fonts.

=== Notes ===
{| class="wikitable"   align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|+ <small>Comparison of Mainland China, Taiwan and SAR names </small>
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|-
!English
!''Z''
!Mainland China
!Taiwan
!Hong Kong/Macau
|-
| [[Chemistry:Silicon|silicon]] ||14|| {{lang|zh-Hans|硅}} ''guī''||{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|矽}} ''xì''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|硅}} ''gwai<sup>1</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|矽}} ''zik<sup>6</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Technetium|technetium]] ||43|| {{lang|zh-Hans|锝}} ''dé''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鎝}} ''tǎ''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鎝}}  ''daap<sup>1</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鍀}} ''dak<sup>1</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]] ||71|| {{lang|zh-Hans|镥}} ''lǔ''||{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鎦}} ''liú''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鑥}} ''lou<sup>5</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鎦}} ''lau<sup>4</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Astatine|astatine]] ||85|| {{lang|zh-Hans|砹}} ''ài''||{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|砈}} ''è''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|砹}} ''ngaai<sup>6</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|砈}} ''ngo<sup>5</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Francium|francium]] ||87|| {{lang|zh-Hans|钫}} ''fāng''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鍅}} ''fǎ''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鈁}} ''fong<sup>1</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鍅}} ''faat<sup>3</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Neptunium|neptunium]] ||93|| {{lang|zh-Hans|镎}} ''ná'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|錼}} ''nài''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|錼}} ''noi<sup>6</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鎿}} ''naa<sup>4</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]] ||94|| {{lang|zh-Hans|钚}} ''bù''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鈽}} ''bù''||{{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鈈}} ''bat<sup>1</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Americium|americium]] ||95|| {{lang|zh-Hans|镅}} ''méi'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鋂}} ''méi''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鎇}} ''mei<sup>4</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鋂}} ''mui<sup>4</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Berkelium|berkelium]] ||97|| {{lang|zh-Hans|锫}} ''péi'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鉳}} ''běi'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|錇}} ''pui<sup>4</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鉳}} ''bak<sup>1</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Californium|californium]] ||98|| {{lang|zh-Hans|锎}} ''kāi''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鉲}} ''kǎ'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鐦}} ''hoi<sup>1</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鉲}} ''kaa<sup>1</sup>''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Einsteinium|einsteinium]] ||99|| {{lang|zh-Hans|锿}} ''āi''|| {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|鑀}} ''ài'' || {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鎄}} ''oi<sup>1</sup>'', {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|鑀}} ''oi<sup>3</sup>''
|-
|}
A minority of the "new characters" are not completely new inventions, as they coincide with archaic characters, whose original meanings have long been lost to most people. For example, 鈹 ([[Chemistry:Beryllium|beryllium]]), 鉻 ([[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]]), 鑭 ([[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]]), and 鏷 ([[Chemistry:Protactinium|protactinium]]), are obscure characters meaning "[[Engineering:Sewing needle|needle]]", "[[Engineering:Hook|hook]]", "[[Engineering:Harrow (tool)|harrow]]", and "raw iron", respectively.

Some elements' names were already present as characters used in the names of members of the House of Zhu. In the early Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor established a rule that his descendants' given names must follow the order of the [[Philosophy:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Phases]] per generation, and should have a character including the [[Social:Radical (Chinese characters)|radical]] for one of the Five Phases. Some later descendants had to adopt rarely used characters, and even created new characters to fit this rule, which were later readopted for chemical elements. For example,
* [[Chemistry:Radium|radium]] (鐳/镭) from {{illm|Zhu Shenlei|zh|朱慎鐳}} (朱慎鐳, 1572–1598), Prince Yonghe Gongyi
* [[Chemistry:Polonium|polonium]] (釙/钋) from {{illm|Zhu Zhengpo|zh|朱徵釙}} (朱徵釙, 1440–1469), Prince Hanhui
* [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]] (鈰/铈) from {{illm|Zhu Enshi|zh|朱恩铈}} (朱恩鈰, 1460–1497), Prince Yuanling Xuanmu.

Most element names are the same in Simplified and Traditional Chinese, merely being variants of each other, since most of the names were translated by a single body of standardization before the PRC-ROC split. However, elements discovered close to, during, or after the split sometimes have different names in Taiwan and in Mainland China. In Hong Kong, both Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese names are used.<ref>{{cite web| last1=Wong |first1=Kin-on James| last2=Cheuk| first2=Kwok-hung| last3=Lei| first3=Keng-lon| last4=Leung| first4=Ho-ming| last5=Leung|first5=Man-wai| last6=Pang| first6=Hei-tung| last7=Pau|first7=Chiu-wah| last8=Tang| first8=Kin-hung| last9=Wai |first9=Pui-wah| last10=Fong| first10=Wai-hung Raymond| title=English-Chinese Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in the Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools |url=http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/science/NSSglossaryPDFfiles/ChemGlossary_1999.pdf| website=Education Bureau |publisher=Hong Kong Education City Limited|access-date=29 January 2015| date=1999}}</ref> A few pronunciations also differ even when the characters are analogous: [[Chemistry:Cobalt|cobalt]] gǔ (PRC) / gū (ROC); [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]] bǎ (PRC) / bā (ROC); [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]] xī (PRC) / xí (ROC); [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]] tī (PRC) / tì (ROC); [[Chemistry:Polonium|polonium]] pō (PRC) / pò (ROC); [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]] yóu (PRC) / yòu (ROC); [[Chemistry:Bohrium|bohrium]] bō (PRC) / pō (ROC).<ref name=languagelog>[https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=18877 Language Log: Names of the chemical elements in Chinese]</ref>

The isotopes of hydrogen – [[Physics:Hydrogen-1|protium]] (<sup>1</sup>H), [[Physics:Deuterium|deuterium]] (D) and [[Physics:Tritium|tritium]] (T) – are written 氕 ''piē'', 氘 ''dāo'' and 氚 ''chuān'', respectively, in both simplified and traditional writing.
鑀 is used in Taiwan for both [[Chemistry:Einsteinium|einsteinium]] (mainland China: 锿) and ionium, a previous name for the [[Physics:Isotope|isotope]] [[Chemistry:Thorium|thorium]]-230.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

===History===
In 1871, John Fryer and Shou Xu proposed the modern convention of exclusively using single character for element names.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43290407 | jstor=43290407 | title=The Great Desideratum: Chinese Chemical Nomenclature and the Transmission of Western Chemical Concepts | last1=Wright | first1=David | journal=Chinese Science | year=1997 | issue=14 | pages=35–70 }}</ref>

== Japanese ==
Like other words in the language, elements' names in [[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]] can be native (''yamatokotoba''), from China (Sino-Japanese) or from Europe (''gairaigo'').

=== Names based on European pronunciations ===
Even though the Japanese language also uses [[Social:Chinese characters|Chinese characters]] (''[[Social:Kanji|kanji]]''), it primarily employs ''katakana'' to transliterate names of the elements from European languages (often [[Social:German language|German]]/[[Social:Dutch language|Dutch]] or [[Social:Latin|Latin]] [via German] or [[Social:English language|English]]). Elements not listed in any of the tables below have their names follow English, like tungsten.
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!English||Japanese||Note
|-
| [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]] || {{nihongo||タングステン|tangusuten}} || from English; other major European languages refer to this element as ''wolfram'' or ''tungsten'' with some additional syllable (''-o'', ''-e'', etc.).
|-
| [[Chemistry:Nihonium|nihonium]] || {{nihongo||ニホニウム|nihoniumu}} ||The first element discovered in Japan. Named after Japan (''Nihon'').
|-
| [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]] || {{nihongo||ナトリウム|natoriumu}} ||''{{lang|la|natrium}}'' in Latin
|-
| [[Chemistry:Potassium|potassium]] || {{nihongo||カリウム|kariumu}} ||''{{lang|la|kalium}}'' in Latin
|-
| [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]] || {{nihongo||チタン|chitan}} ||''{{lang|de|Titan}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]] || {{nihongo||クロム|kuromu}} ||''{{lang|de|Chrom}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Manganese|manganese]] || {{nihongo||マンガン|mangan}} ||''{{lang|de|Mangan}}'' in German. Formerly written with ''ateji'' as {{lang|ja|満俺}}.
|-
| [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]] || {{nihongo||セレン|seren}} ||''{{lang|de|Selen}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Niobium|niobium]] || {{nihongo||ニオブ|niobu}} ||''{{lang|de|Niob}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Molybdenum|molybdenum]] || {{nihongo||モリブデン|moribuden}} ||''{{lang|de|Molybdän}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]] || {{nihongo||アンチモン|anchimon}} || From either Dutch ''{{lang|nl|antimoon}}'' or German ''{{lang|de|Antimon}}''
|-
| [[Chemistry:Tellurium|tellurium]] || {{nihongo||テルル|teruru}} ||''{{lang|de|Tellur}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]] || {{nihongo||ランタン|rantan}} ||''{{lang|de|Lanthan}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]] || {{nihongo||プラセオジム|puraseojimu}} ||''{{lang|de|Praseodym}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]] || {{nihongo||ネオジム|neojimu}} ||''{{lang|de|Neodym}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]] || {{nihongo||タンタル|tantaru}} ||''{{lang|de|Tantal}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]] || {{nihongo||ウラン|uran}} ||''{{lang|de|Uran}}'' in German
|-
| [[Chemistry:Fluorine|fluorine]] || {{nihongo||弗素|fusso}} || {{nihongo||弗|'''fu'''tsu}} approximates ''flu-''. Similar to the Chinese: {{lang|zh|氟}}, plus the "air" radical (气). As {{lang|ja|弗}} is not a commonly used kanji, it is often written {{lang|ja|フッ素}}, using ''katakana''.
|-
| [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]] || {{nihongo||ヨウ素 / 沃素|yōso}} || {{nihongo||ヨウ|-yō|"io-" {{IPA|[joː]}}, like Dutch ''{{lang|nl|{{linktext|jood}}}}'' {{IPA|[joːt]}}}} or German ''{{lang|de|{{linktext|Jod}}}}'' + {{nihongo||素|-so|"element/component"}}.  Chinese uses {{lang|zh|碘}} (''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|diǎn}}''), the second syllable of ''io'''dine'''''.
|}

=== Native names ===
On the other hand, elements known since antiquity are Chinese loanwords, which are mostly identical to their Chinese counterparts, albeit in the ''Shinjitai'', for example, iron ({{Nihongo2|鉄}}) is ''tetsu'' (Tang-dynasty loan) and lead ({{Nihongo2|鉛}}) is ''namari'' ([[Social:Kanji#Kun'yomi (Japanese reading)|native reading]]). While all elements in [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]] are single-character in the official system, some Japanese elements have two characters. Often this parallels colloquial or everyday names for such elements in Chinese, such as 水銀/水银 ({{zh|p=shuǐyín}}) for mercury and 硫黃/硫黄 ({{zh|p=liúhuáng}}) for sulfur. A special case is tin ({{Nihongo2|錫}}, ''suzu''), which is more often written in ''katakana'' ({{lang|ja-Kana|スズ}}).

{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!English||Japanese|| Chinese ||Note
|-
|mercury||  {{nihongo||水銀|suigin}}  || {{lang|zh|汞}} (gǒng) || {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "watery silver" aka. [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|quicksilver]], like the element's symbol, ''Hg'' (Latin/Greek ''hydro-argyrum'', "water-silver"). In the Greater China Region, 水銀/水银 is more generally used than 汞, because 汞 is not taught until the [[Chemistry:Chemistry|chemistry]] class (or [[Physics:Physics|physics]] class as in "汞液柱" while teaching [[Physics:Standard atmosphere (unit)|atmospheric pressure]]) but 水銀/水银 is the word used in daily life; for example, when people talk about the mercury liquid in the [[Physics:Thermometer|thermometer]], most people would say "水銀/水银" but not 汞. This kind of thermometer is called "水銀溫度計/水银温度计" ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "watery silver thermometer") in Chinese instead of "汞溫度計/汞温度计" ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "mercury thermometer"), which is not used at all.

In Japanese too, {{Nihongo2|汞}} ''kō'' exists but is very rare and literary, having an alternative obsolete reading ''mizugane''. It is used in {{Nihongo2|昇汞}} ''shōkō'' "mercuric chloride" (which also exists in Chinese as ''shēnggǒng'').
|-
|sulfur|| {{nihongo|''iō'', formerly ''iwō''|硫黄}} ||  {{lang|zh|硫}} (liú) || {{Nihongo2|黄}} (ō) means "yellow", to distinguish {{Nihongo2|硫}} from other characters pronounced the same.
|-
|zinc||  {{nihongo||亜鉛|aen}} || {{lang|zh|鋅/锌}} (xīn) || meaning "light lead"; 鉛 is "lead" in Japanese and Chinese.
|-
| platinum ||  {{nihongo||白金|hakkin}} || {{lang|zh|鉑}} (bó) || {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "white gold". Like 水銀/水银 and 汞 in Chinese, 白金 is the "daily"/colloquial word, and 鉑/铂 is the formal name and usually won't be taught until the chemistry class. In mainland China, jewelry stores usually use the word "白金" or "铂金".
|-
| arsenic || {{nihongo||砒素|hiso}} || {{lang|zh|砷}} (shēn) || ''hi'' ({{Nihongo2|ヒ}}) < {{nihongo||砒霜}} ''hi-shimo'', the Chinese name for [[Chemistry:Arsenic trioxide|arsenic trioxide]] ({{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|pīshuāng}}). In modern Chinese, arsenic is instead ''shēn'' (砷), an approximation of the second syllable of ''ar'''sen'''ic''.
The ''kanji'' {{lang|ja|砒}} is quite rare. Often written {{lang|ja|ヒ素}} using ''katakana''.
|-
| boron || {{nihongo||硼素|hōso|"[[Chemistry:Borax|borax]] element"}} || {{lang|zh|硼}} (péng) || ''Hō'' ({{lang|ja-Kana|ホウ}}) < {{nihongo||硼砂|hōsa}}, the Chinese name for [[Chemistry:Borax|borax]] ({{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|péngshā}}). Boron is still called ''péng'' in modern Chinese. 
The ''kanji'' {{lang|ja|硼}} is extremely rare. Mostly written {{lang|ja|ホウ素}} using ''katakana''.
|}

=== Meaning-based names ===
Some names were later invented to describe properties or characteristics of the element. 
They were mostly introduced around the 18th century to Japan, and they sometimes differ drastically from their Chinese counterparts. The following comparison shows that [[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]] does not use the [[Social:Radical (Chinese characters)|radical]] system for naming elements like [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
! English||Japanese||Chinese||Note
|-
| hydrogen || {{nihongo||水素|suiso|"water's element"}} || {{lang|zh|氫/氢}} (qīng) || translation of the ''hydro-'' prefix, or translation of the [[Social:Dutch language|Dutch]] word for hydrogen, ''{{lang|nl|waterstof}}'' ("Water substance"), or the [[Social:German language|German]] word ''{{lang|de|Wasserstoff}}''
|-
| carbon || {{nihongo||炭素|tanso|"coal element"}} || {{lang|zh|碳}} (tàn) || translation of the Dutch word for carbon, ''{{lang|nl|koolstof}}'' ("coal substance").
|-
| nitrogen || {{nihongo||窒素|chisso|"the suffocating element"}} || {{lang|zh|氮}} (dàn) || translation of the Dutch word for nitrogen, ''{{lang|nl|stikstof}}'' ("suffocating substance"). While nitrogen is not toxic per se and in fact constitutes the majority of air, [[Biology:Aerobic organism|air-breathing animals]] cannot survive breathing it alone (without sufficient oxygen mixed in).
|-
| oxygen || {{nihongo||酸素|sanso|"acid's element"}} || {{lang|zh|氧}} (yǎng) || 
similar to the Dutch word for oxygen, ''{{lang|nl|zuurstof}}'' ("sour substance"), the German word ''{{lang|de|Sauerstoff}}'' or the Greek-based oxygen ("acid maker"). <br/>
Many 19th-century European [[Chemist|chemists]] erroneously believed that all acids contain oxygen. (Many common ones do -- called [[Chemistry:Oxyacid|oxyacid]], but not all -- the ones that are called hydracid.)
|-
| silicon || {{nihongo||硅素 / 珪素|keiso}}  || {{lang|zh|硅}} (guī) || same as Chinese; the ''kanji'' {{lang|ja|硅}} is extremely rare. Often written {{lang|ja|ケイ素}} using ''katakana''. Its origin lies in the Dutch word ''keiaarde''; ''kei'' is a partial [[Social:Calque|calque]]. The Chinese word is an orthographical loan from Japanese.
|-
| phosphorus || {{nihongo||燐|rin}} || {{lang|zh|磷}} (lín) || similar to Chinese, except the "fire" radical replacing the "stone" radical. The ''kanji'' {{lang|ja|燐}} is rare. Usually written {{lang|ja|リン}} using ''katakana''.
|-
| chlorine ||{{nihongo||塩素|enso|"salt's element"}} || {{lang|zh-hant|氯}} (lǜ) || together with sodium make up common table salt (NaCl); {{lang|ja|塩}} is the ''Shinjitai'' version of {{lang|ja|鹽}}.
|-
| bromine || {{nihongo||臭素|shūso|"the stinky element"}} ||{{lang|zh|溴}} (xiù)|| similar to Chinese, except the lack of the "water" radical.
|}

== Korean ==
As ''[[Social:Hanja|Hanja]]'' (Sino-Korean characters) are now rarely used in [[Place:Korea|Korea]], all of the elements are written in ''Hangul''.
Since many [[Social:Korean language|Korean]] scientific terms were translated from [[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]] sources, the pattern of naming is mostly similar to that of Japanese. Namely, the classical elements are [[Social:Loanword|loanwords]] from {{wipe|China}}, with new elements from European languages. But recently, some elements' names were changed. For example:
{|class="wikitable" lang=ko
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!English||Korean (before 2014)||Source||(South) Korean (after 2014)
|-
| gold || ''geum'' (금) || from Chinese ''jin'' (金) || ''geum'' (금)
|-
| silver || ''eun'' (은) || from Chinese ''yin'' (銀) || ''eun'' (은)
|-
| antimony || ''antimon'' (안티몬) || from German || ''antimoni'' (안티모니)
|-
| tungsten || ''teongseuten'' (텅스텐) || from English || ''teongseuten'' (텅스텐)
|-
| sodium || ''nateuryum'' (나트륨) || from Latin or German (Na for ''natrium'') || ''sodyum'' (소듐)
|-
| potassium || ''kalyum'' (칼륨) || from Latin or German ''kalium'' || ''potasyum'' (포타슘)
|-
| manganese || ''manggan'' (망간) || from German ''Mangan'' || ''mangganijeu'' (망가니즈)
|}

Pre-modern (18th-century) elements often are the Korean pronunciation of their Japanese equivalents, e.g.,
{|class="wikitable" lang=ko
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
!English || Korean (Hangul, hanja)
|-
| hydrogen || ''suso'' (수소, 水素)
|-
| carbon || ''tanso'' (탄소, 炭素)
|-
| nitrogen || ''jilso'' (질소, 窒素)
|-
| oxygen || ''sanso'' (산소, 酸素)
|-
| chlorine || ''yeomso'' (염소, 鹽素)
|-
| zinc || ''ayeon'' (아연, 亞鉛)
|-
| mercury || ''sueun'' (수은, 水銀)
|}

== Vietnamese ==
In [[Social:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], some of the elements known since antiquity and medieval times are [[Social:Loanword|loanwords]] from [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]], such as copper (''đồng'' from {{vi-nom|銅}}), tin (''thiếc'' from {{vi-nom|錫}}), mercury (''thuỷ ngân'' from {{vi-nom|水銀}}), sulfur (''lưu huỳnh'' from {{vi-nom|硫黃}}), oxygen (''dưỡng khí'' from {{vi-nom|氧氣}}; ''oxi'' or ''oxy'' is the more common name) and platinum (''bạch kim'' from {{vi-nom|白金}}; ''platin'' is another common name). 
Others have native or old Sino-Vietnamese names, such as ''sắt'' for iron, ''bạc'' for silver, ''chì'' for lead, ''vàng'' for gold, ''kền'' for nickel (''niken'' or ''nickel'' are the more common names) and ''kẽm'' for zinc. 
In either case, now they are written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Before the Latin alphabet was introduced, ''sắt'' was rendered as {{vi-nom|𨫊}}, ''bạc'' as {{vi-nom|鉑}}, ''chì'' as {{vi-nom|𨨲}}, ''vàng'' as {{vi-nom|鐄}}, ''kền'' as {{vi-nom|𨪝}} and ''kẽm'' as {{vi-nom|𨯘}} in ''[[Social:Chữ Nôm|Chữ Nôm]]''.

The majority of elements are shortened and localized pronunciations of the European names (usually from French). For example:
* ''Phosphorus'' becomes ''phốtpho'' and ''phosphor''.
* The -''ine'' suffix is absent, e.g., ''chlorine'', ''iodine'' and ''fluorine'' become ''clo'', ''iốt'' (or ''iod'') and ''flo'', respectively; compare [[Social:French language|French]] ''chlore'', ''iode'', ''fluor''.
*  The -''um'' suffix is lost, e.g., ''caesium'' becomes ''xêzi'' (or ''caesi''), pronounced {{IPA|/sezi/}}; compare the French ''césium'', pronounced {{IPA|/s'''e'''zjɔm/}} (whereas the English is {{IPA|/s'''i'''zi-/}}).
** Similarly, ''beryllium'', ''tellurium'', ''lithium'', ''natrium'' (sodium), and ''lanthanum'' become ''berili'', ''telua'', ''liti'', ''natri'', and ''lantan'' respectively
* The -''gen'' suffix is lost, e.g., ''nitrogen'', ''oxygen'' and ''hydrogen'' become ''nitơ'', ''ôxy'' and ''hiđrô'', respectively

A minority of elements, mostly those not suffixed with -''ium'', retain their full name, e.g.,
* Tungsten (aka wolfram) becomes ''volfram''.
* Bismuth becomes ''bitmut''.
* Aluminium becomes ''nhôm'' ({{vi-nom|銋}}), because the ending ''-nium'' has a similar pronunciation. It was the first element to be known in English in Vietnam.
* Elements with the -''on'' suffix (e.g. [[Chemistry:Noble gas|noble gas]]es)  seem to be inconsistent. ''Boron'' and ''silicon'' are respectively shortened to ''bo'' and ''silic''. On the other hand, ''neon'', ''argon'', ''krypton'', ''xenon'' and ''radon'' do not have common shorter forms.
* Unlike the other [[Chemistry:Halogen|halogen]]s, ''astatine'' retains its suffix (''astatin'' in Vietnamese).
* Antimony is shortened to ''antimon'', and arsenic to ''asen''; these names are similar to the German ones (''Antimon'' and ''Arsen'', respectively).

Some elements have multiple names, for instance, potassium is known as ''pô-tát'' and ''kali'' (from ''kalium'', the element's Latin name).

== See also ==
*Discoveries of the chemical elements
*[[Chemistry:Organic nomenclature in Chinese|Organic nomenclature in Chinese]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*Wright, David (2000). ''Translating Science: The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China, 1840–1900''. Leiden; Boston: Brill. See especially Chapter Seven, "On Translation".

== External links ==

=== Periodic tables ===
* [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=zh-tw Interactive table in Traditional Chinese]
* [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=zh Interactive table in Simplified Chinese]
* [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=ja Interactive table in Japanese]
* [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=ko Interactive table in Korean]
* [http://www.ptable.com/?lang=vi Interactive table in Vietnamese]
* [http://www.davelo.net/pte-davelo.pdf English-Chinese periodic table of elements]

=== Articles ===
* [http://people.emich.edu/bramsay1/ChemEd%20in%20China/CPT%202004.pdf The Chinese Periodic Table: A Rosetta Stone for Understanding the Language of Chemistry in the Context of the Introduction of Modern Chemistry into China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310005707/http://people.emich.edu/bramsay1/ChemEd%20in%20China/CPT%202004.pdf |date=2016-03-10 }}
* [http://www.wsc.uni-erlangen.de/pdf/wang.pdf A New Inquiry into the Translation of Chemical Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184609/http://www.wsc.uni-erlangen.de/pdf/wang.pdf |date=2016-03-10 }} by John Fryer and Xu Shou
* [http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/jan2004.pdf Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements]

{{Navbox periodic table}}

[[Category:Naming of chemical elements|East Asian languages]]
[[Category:Periodic table]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chemical elements in East Asian languages}}