View source for Chemistry:Copernicium

'''Copernicium'''  is a [[Physics:Synthetic element|synthetic chemical element]]; it has [[Chemistry:Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Cn''' and [[Physics:Atomic number|atomic number]] 112. Its known isotopes are extremely [[Physics:Radioactive|radioactive]], and have only been created in a laboratory. The most stable known [[Physics:Isotope|isotope]], copernicium-285, has a [[Physics:Half-life|half-life]] of approximately 30 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the [[Organization:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research|GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] near Darmstadt, Germany. It was named after the astronomer [[Biography:Nicolaus Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]].<!-- Please do not add nationality here, as this much-debated issue is not relevant to this article. Please refer to the [[Biography:Nicolaus Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]] article instead -->

In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block [[Physics:Transactinide element|transactinide element]] and a [[Chemistry:Group 12 element|group 12 element]]. During reactions with [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]], it has been shown<ref name="07Ei01">
{{cite journal
|last1=Eichler |first1=R.
|year=2007
|title=Chemical Characterization of Element 112
|journal=Nature
|volume=447 |issue=7140 |pages=72–75
|bibcode=2007Natur.447...72E
|doi=10.1038/nature05761
|pmid=17476264
|s2cid=4347419
|display-authors=0}}</ref> to be an extremely volatile element, so much so that it is possibly a gas or a volatile liquid at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard temperature and pressure]].

Copernicium is calculated to have several properties that differ from its lighter [[Chemistry:Homologous series|homologues]] in group 12, [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]], [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]] and [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]]; due to [[Chemistry:Relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]], it may give up its 6d electrons instead of its 7s ones, and it may have more similarities to the [[Chemistry:Noble gas|noble gas]]es such as [[Chemistry:Radon|radon]] rather than its group 12 homologues. Calculations indicate that copernicium may show the [[Chemistry:Oxidation state|oxidation state]] +4, while mercury shows it in [[Chemistry:Mercury(IV) fluoride|only one compound]] of disputed existence and zinc and cadmium do not show it at all. It has also been predicted to be more difficult to oxidize copernicium from its neutral state than the other group 12 elements. Predictions vary on whether solid copernicium would be a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. Copernicium is one of the heaviest elements whose chemical properties have been experimentally investigated.

==Introduction==
{{Excerpt|Superheavy element|Introduction|subsections=yes}}

==History==

===Discovery===
Copernicium was first created on February 9, 1996, at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany, by [[Biography:Sigurd Hofmann|Sigurd Hofmann]], Victor Ninov et al.<ref name="96Ho01" /> This element was created by firing accelerated [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]]-70 nuclei at a target made of [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]-208 nuclei in a heavy ion accelerator. A single atom of copernicium was produced with a [[Chemistry:Mass number|mass number]] of 277. (A second was originally reported, but was found to have been based on data fabricated by Ninov, and was thus retracted.)<ref name="96Ho01">
{{cite journal
|last1=Hofmann |first1=S.
|year=1996
|title=The new element 112
|journal=[[Physics:Zeitschrift für Physik A|Zeitschrift für Physik A]]
|volume=354 |issue=1 |pages=229–230
|bibcode=1996ZPhyA.354..229H
|doi=10.1007/BF02769517
|s2cid=119975957
|display-authors=0}}</ref>

:{{su|p=208|b=82|a=r}}Pb + {{su|p=70|b=30}}Zn → {{su|p=278|b=112}}Cn* → {{su|p=277|b=112}}Cn + {{su|p=1|b=0}}n

In May 2000, the GSI successfully repeated the experiment to synthesize a further atom of copernicium-277.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1           = Hofmann
|first1          = S.
|year            = 2000
|title           = New Results on Element 111 and 112
|journal = European Physical Journal A
|volume = 14
|issue = 2
|pages = 147–157
|url             = https://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Nuc_St/7/ar-2000-z111-z112.pdf
|publisher       = Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
|display-authors = etal
|access-date      = March 2, 2008
|archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227134031/https://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Nuc_St/7/ar-2000-z111-z112.pdf
|archive-date    = February 27, 2008
|url-status      = dead
|bibcode = 2002EPJA...14..147H
|doi = 10.1140/epja/i2001-10119-x
|s2cid = 8773326
}}</ref>
This reaction was repeated at RIKEN using the Search for a Super-Heavy Element Using a Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set-up in 2004 and 2013 to synthesize three further atoms and confirm the decay data reported by the GSI team.<ref name="japan">
{{cite conference
|last1=Morita |first1=K.
|year=2004
|title=Decay of an Isotope <sup>277</sup>112 produced by <sup>208</sup>Pb + <sup>70</sup>Zn reaction
|editor1-last=Penionzhkevich |editor1-first=Yu. E.
|editor2-last=Cherepanov |editor2-first=E. A.
|book-title=Exotic Nuclei: Proceedings of the International Symposium
|pages=188–191
|publisher=[[Company:World Scientific|World Scientific]]
|doi=10.1142/9789812701749_0027
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.7566/JPSJ.82.024202|title = New Result on the Production of277Cn by the208Pb +70Zn Reaction| journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan| volume=82| issue=2| pages=024202|year = 2013|last1 = Sumita|first1 = Takayuki| last2=Morimoto| first2=Kouji| last3=Kaji| first3=Daiya| last4=Haba| first4=Hiromitsu| last5=Ozeki| first5=Kazutaka| last6=Sakai| first6=Ryutaro| last7=Yoneda| first7=Akira| last8=Yoshida| first8=Atsushi| last9=Hasebe| first9=Hiroo| last10=Katori| first10=Kenji| last11=Sato| first11=Nozomi| last12=Wakabayashi| first12=Yasuo| last13=Mitsuoka| first13=Shin-Ichi| last14=Goto| first14=Shin-Ichi| last15=Murakami| first15=Masashi| last16=Kariya| first16=Yoshiki| last17=Tokanai| first17=Fuyuki| last18=Mayama| first18=Keita| last19=Takeyama| first19=Mirei| last20=Moriya| first20=Toru| last21=Ideguchi| first21=Eiji| last22=Yamaguchi| first22=Takayuki| last23=Kikunaga| first23=Hidetoshi| last24=Chiba| first24=Junsei| last25=Morita| first25=Kosuke|bibcode = 2013JPSJ...82b4202S}}</ref> This reaction had also previously been tried in 1971 at the [[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Organization:Dubna|Dubna]], {{wipe|Russia}} to aim for <sup>276</sup>Cn (produced in the 2n channel), but without success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |title=Synthesis of superheavy elements |last=Popeko |first=Andrey G. |date=2016 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=[[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124109/https://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/Practice2016/EU/2016-07%20AGP_SHE.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) assessed the claim of copernicium's discovery by the GSI team in 2001<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Karol
|first1=P. J.
|last2=Nakahara
|first2=H.
|last3=Petley
|first3=B. W.
|last4=Vogt
|first4=E.
|year=2001
|title=On the Discovery of the Elements 110–112
|url=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7306x0959.pdf
|journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
|volume=73
|issue=6
|pages=959–967
|doi=10.1351/pac200173060959
|s2cid=97615948
|access-date=January 9, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212208/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7306x0959.pdf
|archive-date=March 9, 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and 2003.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Karol
|first1=P. J.
|last2=Nakahara
|first2=H.
|last3=Petley
|first3=B. W.
|last4=Vogt
|first4=E.
|year=2003
|title=On the Claims for Discovery of Elements 110, 111, 112, 114, 116 and 118
|url=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7510x1601.pdf
|journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
|volume=75
|issue=10
|pages=1061–1611
|doi=10.1351/pac200375101601
|s2cid=95920517
|access-date=January 9, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073903/https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7510x1601.pdf
|archive-date=August 22, 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> In both cases, they found that there was insufficient evidence to support their claim. This was primarily related to the contradicting decay data for the known [[Physics:Nuclide|nuclide]] rutherfordium-261. However, between 2001 and 2005, the GSI team studied the reaction <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>26</sup>Mg,5n)<sup>269</sup>Hs, and were able to confirm the decay data for [[Physics:Hassium-269|hassium-269]] and [[Physics:Rutherfordium-261|rutherfordium-261]]. It was found that the existing data on rutherfordium-261 was for an [[Physics:Nuclear isomer|isomer]],<ref>
{{cite web
|last1=Dressler
|first1=R.
|last2=Türler
|first2=A.
|year=2001
|title=Evidence for Isomeric States in <sup>261</sup>Rf
|url=https://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep01/B-02heavies.pdf
|work=Annual Report
|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institute
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707001918/https://lch.web.psi.ch/files/anrep01/B-02heavies.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-07
}}</ref> now designated rutherfordium-261m.

In May 2009, the JWP reported on the claims of discovery of element&nbsp;112 again and officially recognized the GSI team as the discoverers of element 112.<ref name="GSINewElement">{{cite web
|date         = 10 June 2009
|title        = A New Chemical Element in the Periodic Table
|url          = https://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/10062009_e.html
|publisher    = Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
|access-date   = April 14, 2012
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090823022637/https://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/10062009_e.html
|archive-date = August 23, 2009
|url-status   = dead
}}</ref> This decision was based on the confirmation of the decay properties of daughter nuclei as well as the confirmatory experiments at RIKEN.<ref name="fusion">
{{cite journal
|last1=Barber |first1=R. C.
|year=2009
|title=Discovery of the element with atomic number 112
|journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
|volume=81 |issue=7 |page=1331
|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05
|s2cid=95703833
|url=https://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8107x1331.pdf
|display-authors=0}}</ref>

Work had also been done at the [[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] in [[Organization:Dubna|Dubna]], Russia from 1998 to synthesise the heavier isotope <sup>283</sup>Cn in the hot fusion reaction <sup>238</sup>U(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n)<sup>283</sup>Cn; most observed atoms of <sup>283</sup>Cn decayed by spontaneous fission, although an alpha decay branch to <sup>279</sup>Ds was detected. While initial experiments aimed to assign the produced nuclide with its observed long half-life of 3&nbsp;minutes based on its chemical behaviour, this was found to be not mercury-like as would have been expected (copernicium being under mercury in the periodic table),<ref name="fusion" /> and indeed now it appears that the long-lived activity might not have been from <sup>283</sup>Cn at all, but its [[Physics:Electron capture|electron capture]] daughter <sup>283</sup>Rg instead, with a shorter 4-second half-life associated with <sup>283</sup>Cn. (Another possibility is assignment to a metastable isomeric state, <sup>283m</sup>Cn.)<ref name="EXON">{{cite conference |title=Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120 |first1=S. |last1=Hofmann |first2=S. |last2=Heinz |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Schneidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Pospiech |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |year=2016 |conference=Exotic Nuclei |editor1-first=Yu. E. |editor1-last=Peninozhkevich |editor2-first=Yu. G. |editor2-last=Sobolev |book-title=Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei |pages=155–164 |isbn=9789813226555}}</ref> While later cross-bombardments in the <sup>242</sup>Pu+<sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>245</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca reactions succeeded in confirming the properties of <sup>283</sup>Cn and its parents <sup>287</sup>Fl and <sup>291</sup>Lv, and played a major role in the acceptance of the discoveries of [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]] and [[Chemistry:Livermorium|livermorium]] (elements 114 and 116) by the JWP in 2011, this work originated subsequent to the GSI's work on <sup>277</sup>Cn and priority was assigned to the GSI.<ref name="fusion" />

===Naming===
[[File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=a painted portrait of Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus, who formulated a heliocentric model with the planets orbiting around the Sun, replacing Ptolemy's earlier geocentric model. |185x185px]]
Using [[Chemistry:Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], copernicium should be known as ''eka-[[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]]''. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ''ununbium'' (with the corresponding symbol of ''Uub''),<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal|author=Chatt, J.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|date=1979|volume=51 |issue=2|pages=381–384|title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 |doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|doi-access=free}}</ref> a [[Chemistry:Systematic element name|systematic element name]] as a placeholder, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it "element 112", with the symbol of ''E112'', ''(112)'', or even simply ''112''.<ref name="Haire" />

After acknowledging the GSI team's discovery, the IUPAC asked them to suggest a permanent name for element 112.<ref name="fusion" /><ref>
{{cite web
|date=11 June 2009
|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090611210039.htm
|title=New Chemical Element in the Periodic Table
|website=Science Daily
}}</ref> On 14 July 2009, they proposed ''copernicium'' with the element symbol Cp, after [[Biography:Nicolaus Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]] "to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world".<ref>
{{Cite web
|date=14 July 2009
|title=Element 112 shall be named "copernicium"
|url=https://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/14072009_e.html
|publisher=Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718113516/https://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/14072009_e.html
|archive-date=18 July 2009
}}</ref>

During the standard six-month discussion period among the scientific community about the naming,<ref name="bbc 20090716">
{{Cite web
|date=16 July 2009
|title=New element named 'copernicium'
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8153596.stm
|work=BBC News
|access-date=2010-02-22
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|date         = 20 July 2009
|title        = Start of the Name Approval Process for the Element of Atomic Number 112
|url          = https://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/start-of-the-name-approval-process-for-the-element-of-atomic-number-112.html
|publisher    = IUPAC
|access-date   = April 14, 2012
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127231211/https://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/start-of-the-name-approval-process-for-the-element-of-atomic-number-112.html
|archive-date = November 27, 2012
|url-status   = dead
}}</ref>
it was pointed out that the symbol ''Cp'' was previously associated with the name ''cassiopeium'' (cassiopium), now known as [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]] (Lu).<ref>
{{Cite journal
|last1=Meija |first1=Juris 
|year=2009
|title=The need for a fresh symbol to designate copernicium
|journal=Nature
|volume=461 |issue=7262 |page=341
|bibcode=2009Natur.461..341M
|doi=10.1038/461341c
|pmid=19759598
|doi-access=free
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|last1=van der Krogt |first1=P.
|title=Lutetium
|url=https://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Lu
|work=Elementymology & Elements Multidict
|access-date=2010-02-22
}}</ref> Moreover, Cp is frequently used today to mean the [[Chemistry:Cyclopentadienyl complex|cyclopentadienyl ligand]] (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/VIII_09min.pdf |title=Minutes, Division VIII Committee meeting, Glasgow, 2009 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2009 |website=iupac.org |publisher=IUPAC |access-date=11 January 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Primarily because cassiopeium (Cp) was (until 1949) accepted by IUPAC as an alternative allowed name for lutetium,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tatsumi |first1=Kazuyuki |last2=Corish |first2=John |date=2010 |title=Name and symbol of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Recommendations 2010) |url=https://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/2010/pdf/8203x0753.pdf |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=753–755 |doi=10.1351/PAC-REC-09-08-20 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> the IUPAC disallowed the use of Cp as a future symbol, prompting the GSI team to put forward the symbol Cn as an alternative. On 19 February 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth, IUPAC officially accepted the proposed name and symbol.<ref name="bbc 20090716" /><ref>{{cite web
|date         = 19 February 2010
|title        = IUPAC Element 112 is Named Copernicium
|url          = https://stage.iupac.org/web/nt/2010-02-20_112_Copernicium
|publisher    = IUPAC
|access-date   = 2012-04-13
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090404/https://stage.iupac.org/web/nt/2010-02-20_112_Copernicium
|archive-date = March 4, 2016
|url-status   = dead
}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Isotopes==
{{Main|Physics:Isotopes of copernicium}}
{{Isotopes summary
|element=copernicium
|reaction ref=<ref name=thoennessen2016>{{Thoennessen2016|pages=229, 234, 238}}</ref>
|isotopes=
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=277 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|0.79|0.79 ms}} |ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
|dm=α |year=1996 |re=<sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>70</sup>Zn,n)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=281 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|180|0.18 s}} |ref=<ref name=PuCa2017>{{cite journal |last1=Utyonkov |first1=V. K. |last2=Brewer |first2=N. T. |first3=Yu. Ts. |last3=Oganessian |first4=K. P. |last4=Rykaczewski |first5=F. Sh. |last5=Abdullin |first6=S. N. |last6=Dimitriev |first7=R. K. |last7=Grzywacz |first8=M. G. |last8=Itkis |first9=K. |last9=Miernik |first10=A. N. |last10=Polyakov |first11=J. B. |last11=Roberto |first12=R. N. |last12=Sagaidak |first13=I. V. |last13=Shirokovsky |first14=M. V. |last14=Shumeiko |first15=Yu. S. |last15=Tsyganov |first16=A. A. |last16=Voinov |first17=V. G. |last17=Subbotin |first18=A. M. |last18=Sukhov |first19=A. V. |last19=Karpov |first20=A. G. |last20=Popeko |first21=A. V. |last21=Sabel'nikov |first22=A. I. |last22=Svirikhin |first23=G. K. |last23=Vostokin |first24=J. H. |last24=Hamilton |first25=N. D. |last25=Kovrinzhykh |first26=L. |last26=Schlattauer |first27=M. A. |last27=Stoyer |first28=Z. |last28=Gan |first29=W. X. |last29=Huang |first30=L. |last30=Ma |date=30 January 2018 |display-authors=3 |title=Neutron-deficient superheavy nuclei obtained in the <sup>240</sup>Pu+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |journal=Physical Review C |volume=97 |issue=14320 |page=014320 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014320|bibcode=2018PhRvC..97a4320U|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|dm=α |year=2010 |re=<sup>285</sup>Fl(—,α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=282 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|0.83|0.83 ms}} |ref=<ref name=PuCa2022/>
|dm=SF |year=2003 |re=<sup>290</sup>Lv(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=283 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|3810|3.81 s}} |ref=<ref name=PuCa2022/>
|dm=α, SF, EC? |year=2003 |re=<sup>287</sup>Fl(—,α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=284 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|121|121 ms}} |ref=<ref name=280Ds2021>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.032503|title = Spectroscopy along Flerovium Decay Chains: Discovery of <sup>280</sup>Ds and an Excited State in <sup>282</sup>Cn|journal = Physical Review Letters|volume = 126|pages = 032503|year = 2021|last1 = Såmark-Roth|first1 = A.|last2 = Cox|first2 = D. M.|last3 = Rudolph|first3 = D.|last4 = Sarmento|first4 = L. G.|last5 = Carlsson|first5 = B. G.|last6 = Egido|first6 = J. L.|last7 = Golubev|first7 = P|last8 = Heery|first8 = J.|last9 = Yakushev|first9 = A.|last10 = Åberg|first10 = S.|last11 = Albers|first11 = H. M.|last12 = Albertsson|first12 = M.|last13 = Block|first13 = M.|last14 = Brand|first14 = H.|last15 = Calverley|first15 = T.|last16 = Cantemir|first16 = R.|last17 = Clark|first17 = R. M.|last18 = Düllmann|first18 = Ch. E.|last19 = Eberth|first19 = J.|last20 = Fahlander|first20 = C.|last21 = Forsberg|first21 = U.|last22 = Gates|first22 = J. M.|last23 = Giacoppo|first23 = F.|last24 = Götz|first24 = M.|last25 = Hertzberg|first25 = R.-D.|last26 = Hrabar|first26 = Y.|last27 = Jäger|first27 = E.|last28 = Judson|first28 = D.|last29 = Khuyagbaatar|first29 = J.|last30 = Kindler|first30 = B.| issue=3 | pmid=33543956 | bibcode=2021PhRvL.126c2503S | s2cid=231818619 |display-authors = 3|doi-access = free|hdl = 10486/705608|hdl-access = free}}</ref>
|dm=α, SF |year=2004 |re=<sup>288</sup>Fl(—,α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=285 |sym=Cn |hl={{sort|30000|30 s}} |ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
|dm=α |year=1999 |re=<sup>289</sup>Fl(—,α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=285m |sym=Cn{{efn|name=nc}} |hl={{sort|15000|15 s}} |ref={{NUBASE2020|ref}}
|dm=α |year=2012 |re=<sup>293m</sup>Lv(—,2α)
}}
{{isotopes summary/isotope
|mn=286 |sym=Cn{{efn|name=nc|This isotope is unconfirmed}} |hl={{sort|8450|8.45 s}} |ref=<ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K}}</ref>
|dm=SF |year=2016 |re=<sup>294</sup>Lv(—,2α)
}}}}
Copernicium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Seven different isotopes have been reported with mass numbers 277 and 281–286, and one unconfirmed [[Physics:Nuclear isomer|metastable isomer]] in <sup>285</sup>Cn has been reported.<ref name="gsi12">{{cite journal |doi=10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=62 |title=The reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>116<sup>*</sup> studied at the GSI-SHIP |journal=The European Physical Journal A| year=2012 |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |last3=Mann |first3=R. |last4=Maurer |first4=J. |last5=Khuyagbaatar |first5=J. |last6=Ackermann |first6=D. |last7=Antalic |first7=S. |last8=Barth |first8=W. |last9=Block |first9=M. |last10=Burkhard |first10=H. G. |last11=Comas |first11=V. F. |last12=Dahl |first12=L. |last13=Eberhardt |first13=K. |last14=Gostic |first14=J. |last15=Henderson |first15=R. A. |last16=Heredia |first16=J. A. |last17=Heßberger |first17=F. P. |last18=Kenneally |first18=J. M. |last19=Kindler |first19=B. |last20=Kojouharov |first20=I. |last21=Kratz |first21=J. V. |last22=Lang |first22=R. |last23=Leino |first23=M. |last24=Lommel |first24=B. |last25=Moody |first25=K. J. |last26=Münzenberg |first26=G. |last27=Nelson |first27=S. L. |last28=Nishio |first28=K. |last29=Popeko |first29=A. G. |last30=Runke |first30=J. |last31=Saro |first31=S. |last32=Shaughnessy |first32=D. A. |last33=Leino |first33=M. |last34=Lommel |first34=B. |last35=Moody |first35=K. J. |last36=Münzenberg |first36=G. |last37=Stoyer |first37=M. A. |last38=Thörle-Pospiech |first38=P. |last39=Tinschert |first39=K. |last40=Trautmann |first40=N. |last41=Uusitalo |first41=J. |last42=Wilk |first42=P. A. |last43=Yeremin |first43=A. V. | display-authors=3 | bibcode=2012EPJA...48...62H| s2cid=121930293}}</ref> Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay, but some undergo [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|spontaneous fission]], and copernicium-283 may have an [[Physics:Electron capture|electron capture]] branch.<ref name="nuclidetable">
{{cite book
|last1=Holden
|first1=N. E.
|year=2004
|chapter=Table of the Isotopes
|editor=D. R. Lide
|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
|at=[https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/ Section 11]
|edition=85th
|publisher=CRC Press
|isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9
|title-link=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
}}</ref>

The isotope copernicium-283 was instrumental in the confirmation of the discoveries of the elements [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]] and [[Chemistry:Livermorium|livermorium]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Barber |first1=R. C.
|year=2011
|title=Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113
|url=https://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8307x1485.pdf
|journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
|volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=5–7
|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01
|s2cid=98065999
|display-authors=0}}</ref>

===Half-lives===
All confirmed copernicium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive; in general, heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter. The most stable known isotope, <sup>285</sup>Cn, has a half-life of 30&nbsp;seconds; <sup>283</sup>Cn has a half-life of 4&nbsp;seconds, and the unconfirmed <sup>285m</sup>Cn and <sup>286</sup>Cn have half-lives of about 15 and 8.45&nbsp;seconds respectively. Other isotopes have half-lives shorter than one&nbsp;second. <sup>281</sup>Cn and <sup>284</sup>Cn both have half-lives on the order of 0.1&nbsp;seconds, and the other two isotopes have half-lives slightly under one millisecond.<ref name="nuclidetable" /> It is predicted that the heavy isotopes <sup>291</sup>Cn and <sup>293</sup>Cn may have half-lives longer than a few decades, for they are predicted to lie near the center of the theoretical [[Physics:Island of stability|island of stability]], and may have been produced in the [[Physics:R-process|r-process]] and be detectable in [[Astronomy:Cosmic ray|cosmic ray]]s, though they would be about 10<sup>−12</sup> times as abundant as [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]].{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013|pp=1–15}}

The lightest isotopes of copernicium have been synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as [[Physics:Decay product|decay product]]s (except for <sup>277</sup>Cn, which is not known to be a decay product), while the heavier isotopes are only known to be produced by decay of heavier nuclei. The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is <sup>283</sup>Cn; the three heavier isotopes, <sup>284</sup>Cn, <sup>285</sup>Cn, and <sup>286</sup>Cn, have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers.<ref name="nuclidetable" />

In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of <sup>293</sup>Og.<ref name="Ninov1999">
{{cite journal
|last1=Ninov |first1=V.
|year=1999
|title=Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of {{SimpleNuclide|Krypton|86}} with {{SimpleNuclide|Lead|208}}
|journal=[[Physics:Physical Review Letters|Physical Review Letters]]
|volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=1104–1107
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104
|bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1104N
|display-authors=0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233919}}</ref> These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium-281 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energy 10.68&nbsp;MeV and half-life 0.90&nbsp;ms, but their claim was retracted in 2001<ref>{{Cite news
|author       = Public Affairs Department
|date         = 21 July 2001
|title        = Results of element 118 experiment retracted
|url          = https://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html
|publisher    = Berkeley Lab
|access-date   = 2008-01-18
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129191344/https://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html
|archive-date = January 29, 2008
|url-status   = dead
}}</ref> as it had been based on data fabricated by Ninov.<ref name="NYT20021015">[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/science/at-lawrence-berkeley-physicists-say-a-colleague-took-them-for-a-ride.html?scp=2&sq=victor%20ninov&st=cse&pagewanted=1 At Lawrence Berkeley, Physicists Say a Colleague Took Them for a Ride] George Johnson, The New York Times, 15 October 2002</ref> This isotope was truly produced in 2010 by the same team; the new data contradicted the previous fabricated data.<ref name="281Cn">
{{Cite news
|author=Public Affairs Department
|date=26 October 2010
|title=Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered: Moving Closer to Understanding the Island of Stability
|url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/10/26/six-new-isotopes
|publisher=Berkeley Lab
|access-date=2011-04-25
}}</ref>

==Predicted properties==
Very few properties of copernicium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<ref name="Bloomberg-Copernicium">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist|title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist|last=Subramanian|first=S.|website=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=August 28, 2019 |access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> and the fact that copernicium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemical properties have been measured, as well as the boiling point, but properties of the copernicium metal remain generally unknown and for the most part, only predictions are available.

===Chemical===
Copernicium is the tenth and last member of the 6d series and is the heaviest [[Chemistry:Group 12 element|group 12 element]] in the periodic table, below [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]], [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]] and [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]]. It is predicted to differ significantly from the lighter group&nbsp;12 elements. The valence s-[[Physics:Electron shell#Subshells|subshells]] of the group 12 elements and period 7 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at copernicium. This and the closed-shell configuration of copernicium result in it probably being a very [[Chemistry:Noble metal|noble metal]]. A standard reduction potential of +2.1&nbsp;V is predicted for the Cn<sup>2+</sup>/Cn couple. Copernicium's predicted first ionization energy of 1155&nbsp;kJ/mol almost matches that of the noble gas [[Chemistry:Xenon|xenon]] at 1170.4&nbsp;kJ/mol.<ref name="Haire" /> Copernicium's metallic bonds should also be very weak, possibly making it extremely volatile like the noble gases, and potentially making it gaseous at room temperature.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="NS1975">"Chemistry on the islands of stability", ''New Scientist'', 11 September 1975, p. 574, ISSN 1032-1233</ref> However, it should be able to form metal–metal bonds with [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]], [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]], [[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]], [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]], and [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]]; these bonds are predicted to be only about 15–20&nbsp;kJ/mol weaker than the analogous bonds with mercury.<ref name="Haire" /> In opposition to the earlier suggestion,<ref name="Eliav1995">{{cite journal |last1=Pitzer |first1=K. S. |title=Are elements 112, 114, and 118 relatively inert gases? |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=1032–1033 |year=1975 |doi=10.1063/1.431398 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qw742ss}}</ref> ab initio calculations at the high level of accuracy<ref name="Mosyagin2006">{{cite journal |last1=Mosyagin |first1=N. S. |last2=Isaev |first2=T. A. |last3=Titov |first3=A. V. |title=Is E112 a relatively inert element? Benchmark relativistic correlation study of spectroscopic constants in E112H and its cation |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=124 |issue=22 |pages=224302 |year=2006 |doi=10.1063/1.2206189 |pmid=16784269 |bibcode=2006JChPh.124v4302M |arxiv=physics/0508024|s2cid=119339584 }}</ref> predicted that the chemistry of singly-valent copernicium resembles that of mercury rather than that of the noble gases. The latter result can be explained by the huge [[Physics:Spin–orbit interaction|spin–orbit interaction]] which significantly lowers the energy of the vacant 7p<sub>1/2</sub> state of copernicium.

Once copernicium is ionized, its chemistry may present several differences from those of zinc, cadmium, and mercury. Due to the stabilization of 7s electronic orbitals and destabilization of 6d ones caused by [[Chemistry:Relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]], Cn<sup>2+</sup> is likely to have a [Rn]5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>8</sup>7s<sup>2</sup> electronic configuration, using the 6d orbitals before the 7s one, unlike its homologues. The fact that the 6d electrons participate more readily in chemical bonding means that once copernicium is ionized, it may behave more like a [[Chemistry:Transition metal|transition metal]] than its lighter [[Chemistry:Homologous series|homologues]], especially in the possible +4 oxidation state. In [[Chemistry:Aqueous solution|aqueous solution]]s, copernicium may form the +2 and perhaps +4 oxidation states.<ref name="Haire" /> The diatomic ion {{chem|Hg|2|2+}}, featuring mercury in the +1 oxidation state, is well-known, but the {{chem|Cn|2|2+}} ion is predicted to be unstable or even non-existent.<ref name="Haire" /> Copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF<sub>2</sub>, should be more unstable than the analogous mercury compound, [[Chemistry:Mercury(II) fluoride|mercury(II) fluoride]] (HgF<sub>2</sub>), and may even decompose spontaneously into its constituent elements. As the most electronegative reactive element, fluorine may be the only element able to oxidise copernicium even further to the +4 and even +6 oxidation states in CnF<sub>4</sub> and CnF<sub>6</sub>; the latter may require matrix-isolation conditions to be detected, as in the disputed detection of [[Chemistry:Mercury(IV) fluoride|HgF<sub>4</sub>]]. CnF<sub>4</sub> should be more stable than CnF<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=VI/> In [[Chemistry:Chemical polarity|polar]] solvents, copernicium is predicted to preferentially form the {{chem|CnF|5|-}} and {{chem|CnF|3|-}} anions rather than the analogous neutral fluorides (CnF<sub>4</sub> and CnF<sub>2</sub>, respectively), although the analogous bromide or iodide ions may be more stable towards [[Chemistry:Hydrolysis|hydrolysis]] in aqueous solution. The anions {{chem|CnCl|4|2-}} and {{chem|CnBr|4|2-}} should also be able to exist in aqueous solution.<ref name="Haire" /> The formation of thermodynamically stable copernicium(II) and (IV) fluorides would be analogous to the chemistry of xenon.<ref name="CRNL" /> Analogous to [[Chemistry:Mercury(II) cyanide|mercury(II) cyanide]] (Hg(CN)<sub>2</sub>), copernicium is expected to form a stable [[Chemistry:Cyanide|cyanide]], Cn(CN)<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demissie |first1=Taye B. |last2=Ruud |first2=Kenneth |date=25 February 2017 |title=Darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium form strong bonds with cyanide |journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry |volume=2017 |pages=e25393 |doi=10.1002/qua.25393|hdl=10037/13632|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Physical and atomic===
Copernicium should be a dense metal, with a [[Physics:Density|density]] of 14.0&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the liquid state at 300&nbsp;K; this is similar to the known density of mercury, which is 13.534&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>. (Solid copernicium at the same temperature should have a higher density of 14.7&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>.) This results from the effects of copernicium's higher atomic weight being cancelled out by its larger interatomic distances compared to mercury.<ref name="CRNL" /> Some calculations predicted copernicium to be a gas at room temperature due to its closed-shell electron configuration,<ref name="Kratz">Kratz, Jens Volker. [https://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614021708/http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf |date=June 14, 2022 }}. 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements, 5 – 11 September 2011, Sochi, Russia</ref> which would make it the first gaseous metal in the periodic table.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="NS1975" /> A 2019 calculation agrees with these predictions on the role of relativistic effects, suggesting that copernicium will be a volatile liquid bound by dispersion forces under standard conditions. Its melting point is estimated at {{val|283|11|u=K}} and its boiling point at {{val|340|10|u=K}}, the latter in agreement with the experimentally estimated value of {{val|357|112|108|u=K}}.<ref name="CRNL" /> The atomic radius of copernicium is expected to be around 147&nbsp;pm. Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, the Cn<sup>+</sup> and Cn<sup>2+</sup> ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons, which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues.<ref name="Haire" />

In addition to the relativistic contraction and binding of the 7s subshell, the 6d<sub>5/2</sub> orbital is expected to be destabilized due to spin–orbit coupling, making it behave similarly to the 7s orbital in terms of size, shape, and energy. Predictions of the expected band structure of copernicium are varied. Calculations in 2007 expected that copernicium may be a [[Physics:Semiconductor|semiconductor]]<ref name="Eichler">{{cite journal |last1=Eichler |first1=R. |last2=Aksenov |first2=N. V. |last3=Belozerov |first3=A. V. |last4=Bozhikov |first4=G. A. |last5=Chepigin |first5=V. I. |last6=Dmitriev |first6=S. N. |last7=Dressler |first7=R. |last8=Gäggeler |first8=H. W. |last9=Gorshkov |first9=A. V. | display-authors=8 |date=2008 |title=Thermochemical and physical properties of element 112 |journal=[[Chemistry:Angewandte Chemie|Angewandte Chemie]] |volume=47 |issue=17 |pages=3262–6 |doi=10.1002/anie.200705019 |pmid=18338360}}</ref> with a [[Physics:Band gap|band gap]] of around 0.2&nbsp;[[Physics:Electronvolt|eV]],<ref name="hcp">{{cite journal |last1=Gaston |first1=Nicola |last2=Opahle |first2=Ingo |last3=Gäggeler |first3=Heinz W. |last4=Schwerdtfeger |first4=Peter |date=2007 |title=Is eka-mercury (element 112) a group 12 metal? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51380328 |journal=[[Chemistry:Angewandte Chemie|Angewandte Chemie]] |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=1663–6 |doi=10.1002/anie.200604262 |pmid=17397075 |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> crystallizing in the hexagonal close-packed [[Chemistry:Crystal structure|crystal structure]].<ref name="hcp" /> However, calculations in 2017 and 2018 suggested that copernicium should be a [[Chemistry:Noble metal|noble metal]] at standard conditions with a body-centered cubic crystal structure: it should hence have no band gap, like mercury, although the density of states at the [[Physics:Fermi level|Fermi level]] is expected to be lower for copernicium than for mercury.<ref name="bcc">{{cite journal |last1=Gyanchandani |first1=Jyoti |last2=Mishra |first2=Vinayak |first3=G. K. |last3=Dey |first4=S. K. |last4=Sikka |date=January 2018 |title=Super heavy element Copernicium: Cohesive and electronic properties revisited |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038109817303344 |journal=Solid State Communications |volume=269 |pages=16–22 |doi=10.1016/j.ssc.2017.10.009 |bibcode=2018SSCom.269...16G |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Čenčariková |first1=Hana |last2=Legut |first2=Dominik |year=2018 |title=The effect of relativity on stability of Copernicium phases, their electronic structure and mechanical properties |journal=Physica B |volume=536 |pages=576–582 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2017.11.035 |bibcode=2018PhyB..536..576C |arxiv=1810.01955|s2cid=119100368 }}</ref> 2019 calculations then suggested that in fact copernicium has a large band gap of 6.4 ± 0.2&nbsp;eV, which should be similar to that of the noble gas [[Chemistry:Radon|radon]] (predicted as 7.1&nbsp;eV) and would make it an insulator; bulk copernicium is predicted by these calculations to be bound mostly by dispersion forces, like the noble gases.<ref name="CRNL" /> Like mercury, radon, and flerovium, but not [[Chemistry:Oganesson|oganesson]] (eka-radon), copernicium is calculated to have no [[Physics:Electron affinity|electron affinity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |title=Fully relativistic ''ab initio'' studies of superheavy elements |last1=Borschevsky |first1=Anastasia |first2=Valeria |last2=Pershina |first3=Uzi |last3=Kaldor |first4=Ephraim |last4=Eliav |website=www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de |publisher=[[Organization:Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz|Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz]] |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184921/https://www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de/downloads/che_7/presentations/borschevsky.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref>

==Experimental atomic gas phase chemistry==
Interest in copernicium's chemistry was sparked by predictions that it would have the largest relativistic effects in the whole of period&nbsp;7 and group&nbsp;12, and indeed among all 118 known elements.<ref name="Haire" /> Copernicium is expected to have the ground state electron configuration [Rn] 5f<sup>14</sup> 6d<sup>10</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> and thus should belong to group&nbsp;12 of the periodic table, according to the [[Physics:Aufbau principle|Aufbau principle]]. As such, it should behave as the heavier homologue of [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]] and form strong binary compounds with [[Chemistry:Noble metal|noble metal]]s like gold. Experiments probing the reactivity of copernicium have focused on the [[Chemistry:Adsorption|adsorption]] of atoms of element&nbsp;112 onto a gold surface held at varying temperatures, in order to calculate an adsorption enthalpy. Owing to relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons, copernicium shows radon-like properties. Experiments were performed with the simultaneous formation of mercury and radon radioisotopes, allowing a comparison of adsorption characteristics.<ref name="superheavy" />

The first chemical experiments on copernicium were conducted using the <sup>238</sup>U(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n)<sup>283</sup>Cn reaction. Detection was by spontaneous fission of the claimed parent isotope with half-life of 5&nbsp;minutes. Analysis of the data indicated that copernicium was more volatile than mercury and had noble gas properties. However, the confusion regarding the synthesis of copernicium-283 has cast some doubt on these experimental results.<ref name="superheavy" /> Given this uncertainty, between April–May 2006 at the JINR, a FLNR–PSI team conducted experiments probing the synthesis of this isotope as a daughter in the nuclear reaction <sup>242</sup>Pu(<sup>48</sup>Ca,3n)<sup>287</sup>Fl.<ref name="superheavy" /> (The <sup>242</sup>Pu + <sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reaction has a slightly larger cross-section than the <sup>238</sup>U + <sup>48</sup>Ca reaction, so that the best way to produce copernicium for chemical experimentation is as an overshoot product as the daughter of flerovium.)<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30}}</ref> In this experiment, two atoms of copernicium-283 were unambiguously identified and the adsorption properties were interpret to show that copernicium is a more volatile homologue of mercury, due to formation of a weak metal-metal bond with gold.<ref name="superheavy" /> This agrees with general indications from some relativistic calculations that copernicium is "more or less" homologous to mercury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/07_Sep/S_3/04_Titov.pdf |title=Relativistic DFT and ab initio calculations on the seventh-row superheavy elements: E113 – E114 |last1=Zaitsevskii |first1=A. |first2=C. |last2=van Wüllen |first3=A. |last3=Rusakov |first4=A. |last4=Titov |date=September 2007 |website=jinr.ru |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> However, it was pointed out in 2019 that this result may simply be due to strong dispersion interactions.<ref name="CRNL" />

In April 2007, this experiment was repeated and a further three atoms of copernicium-283 were positively identified. The adsorption property was confirmed and indicated that copernicium has adsorption properties in agreement with being the heaviest member of group 12.<ref name="superheavy">
{{Cite web
|last1=Gäggeler
|first1=H. W.
|year=2007
|title=Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements
|url=https://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf
|pages=26–28
|publisher=Paul Scherrer Institute
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/https://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf
|archive-date=2012-02-20
}}</ref> These experiments also allowed the first experimental estimation of copernicium's boiling point: 84{{su|p=+112|b=−108}}&nbsp;°C, so that it may be a gas at standard conditions.<ref name="Eichler" />

Because the lighter group 12 elements often occur as [[Chemistry:Chalcogen|chalcogen]]ide ores, experiments were conducted in 2015 to deposit copernicium atoms on a [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]] surface to form copernicium selenide, CnSe. Reaction of copernicium atoms with trigonal selenium to form a selenide was observed, with -Δ''H''<sub>ads</sub><sup>Cn</sup>(t-Se) > 48&nbsp;kJ/mol, with the kinetic hindrance towards selenide formation being lower for copernicium than for mercury. This was unexpected as the stability of the group 12 selenides tends to decrease down the group from [[Chemistry:Zinc selenide|ZnSe]] to [[Chemistry:Mercury selenide|HgSe]].<ref name="selenide">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry |page=3 |publisher=Paul Scherrer Institute |url=https://www.psi.ch/luc/AnnualReportsEN/PSI_LCH_AnnualReport2015.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Physics:Island of stability|Island of stability]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Audi et al.|2017}} |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |issue=3 <!--Citation bot deny--> |at=030001 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A <!--|ref=none--><!--Cite not needed for SFN. Other obscured cite will work.--> }}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}-->
* {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1 |edition=6th |oclc=48965418}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |year=2000 |publisher=[[Company:World Scientific|World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kragh|first=H.|date=2018|title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation|publisher=[[Company:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-319-75813-8}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Zagrebaev |first1=Valeriy |last2=Karpov |first2=Alexander |last3=Greiner |first3=Walter |year=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |book-title=11th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (NN2012) |series=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=420 |publisher=IOP Publishing |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001 |doi-access=free |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/420/1/012001/pdf/1742-6596_420_1_012001.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013}}

==External links==
{{Commons|copernicium}}
* [https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/112.htm Copernicium] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham)

{{Periodic table (navbox)|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Transition metals]]
[[Category:Synthetic elements]]
[[Category:Nuclear physics]]

{{Sourceattribution|Copernicium}}