View source for Chemistry:Lead(II) iodide

{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 451315615
| ImageFile = Lead-diiodide-3D-polyhedra.png
| ImageName = Lead(II) iodide
| ImageFile1 = Lead_iodide.jpg
| IUPACName =
| OtherNames = Plumbous iodide
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 10101-63-0
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 24931
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 23305
| EINECS = 233-256-9
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = OTL90F2GLT
| UNNumber = 2291 3077
| InChI = 1/2HI.Pb/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
| InChIKey = RQQRAHKHDFPBMC-NUQVWONBAP
| SMILES = I[Pb]I
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2HI.Pb/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RQQRAHKHDFPBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L
 }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem|Pb|I|2}}
| MolarMass = 461.01 g/mol
| Appearance = bright yellow powder
| Odor = odorless
| Density = 6.16 g/cm<sup>3</sup>{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.69}}
| Solubility = {{ubl|0.44 g/L (0 °C) | 0.76 g/L (20 °C){{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.69}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clever |first1=H. L. |last2=Johnston |first2=F. J. |date=1980 |title=The Solubility of Some Sparingly Soluble Lead Salts: An Evaluation of the Solubility in Water and Aqueous Electrolyte Solution |url=https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd166.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=J. Phys. Chem. |series=Ref. Data (NIST data review) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=751–784 |bibcode=1980JPCRD...9..751C |doi=10.1063/1.555628 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211021914/https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd166.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-11 |access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> | 4.1 g/L (100 °C){{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=5.171}}<ref name="patnaik" />}}
| SolubilityProduct = 4.41{{e|−9}} (20 °C)
| SolubleOther = {{ubl|insoluble in [[Chemistry:Ethanol|ethanol]],{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.69}} cold [[Chemistry:Hydrochloric acid|HCl]] | soluble in [[Chemistry:Alkali|alkali]]s, [[Biology:Potassium iodide|K<span style="font-family:serif;">I</span>]] solution, [[Chemistry:Methyl isopropyl ketone|methyl isopropyl ketone]]<ref name="west" />}}
| MeltingPtC = 410
| MeltingPt_ref={{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.69}}
| BoilingPtC = 872
| BoilingPt_notes=decomp.{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.69}}
| BandGap = 2.34 eV (direct)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahuja |first1=R. |last2=Arwin |first2=H. |last3=Ferreira Da Silva |first3=A. |last4=Persson |first4=C. |last5=Osorio-Guillén |first5=J. M. |last6=Souza De Almeida |first6=J. |last7=Moyses Araujo |first7=C. |last8=Veje |first8=E. |last9=Veissid |first9=N. |last10=An |first10=C. Y. |last11=Pepe |first11=I. |last12=Johansson |first12=B. |date=2002 |title=Electronic and optical properties of lead iodide |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=7219–7224 |bibcode=2002JAP....92.7219A |doi=10.1063/1.1523145 |s2cid=29398039 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10495/11556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=Mianzeng |last2=Zhang |first2=Shuai |last3=Huang |first3=Le |last4=You |first4=Jingbi |last5=Wei |first5=Zhongming |last6=Liu |first6=Xinfeng |last7=Li |first7=Jingbo |date=2017 |title=Large-scale 2D PbI<sub>2</sub> monolayers: experimental realization and their indirect band-gap related properties |journal=Nanoscale |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=3736–3741 |doi=10.1039/c6nr07924e |pmid=28102404}}</ref>
| MagSus = &minus;126.5·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol{{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=4.128}}
 }}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| Structure_ref =<ref name=str>{{Cite journal |last1=Brixner |first1=L.H. |last2=Chen |first2=H.-Y. |last3=Foris |first3=C.M. |date=1981 |title=X-ray study of the PbCl<sub>2−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> and PbBr<sub>2−x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> systems |journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=336–343 |bibcode=1981JSSCh..40..336B |doi=10.1016/0022-4596(81)90400-X}}</ref>
| Coordination = octahedral
| CrystalStruct = Hexagonal [[Physics:Pearson symbol|hP6]]
| SpaceGroup = P6<sub>3</sub>mc, No. 186
| LattConst_a = 0.4556 nm
| LattConst_b = 0.4556 nm
| LattConst_c = 1.3973 nm
| LattConst_alpha = 
| LattConst_beta = 
| LattConst_gamma = 120°
| LattConst_ref =
| LattConst_Comment = 
| UnitCellVolume = 
| UnitCellFormulas = 2
 }}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| Thermochemistry_ref ={{sfnp|Haynes|2016|p=5.24}}
| HeatCapacity = 77.4 J/(mol·K)
| Entropy = 174.9 J/(mol·K)
| DeltaHform = -175.5 kJ/mol
| DeltaGfree = -173.6 kJ/mol
| DeltaHcombust =
| DeltaHfus =
| DeltaHvap =
| DeltaHsublim =
 }}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|332|360|373|410}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|260|261|264|270|271|273|281|301+312|304+312|304+340|308+313|312|314|330|391|405|501}}
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-S =
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
 }}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = {{ubl|[[Chemistry:Lead(II) fluoride|Lead(II) fluoride]] | [[Chemistry:Lead(II) chloride|Lead(II) chloride]] | [[Chemistry:Lead(II) bromide|Lead(II) bromide]]}}
| OtherCations = [[Chemistry:Tin(II) iodide|Tin(II) iodide]]
| OtherCompounds = {{ubl|[[Chemistry:Thallium(I) iodide|Thallium(I) iodide]] | [[Chemistry:Bismuth(III) iodide|Bismuth(III) iodide]]}}
 }}
}}

'''Lead(II) iodide''' (or '''lead iodide''') is a chemical compound with the formula {{chem|Pb|I|2}}. At [[Physics:Room temperature|room temperature]], it is a bright yellow odorless [[Earth:Crystal|crystal]]line solid, that becomes orange and red when heated.<ref name="sigma" /> It was formerly called '''plumbous iodide'''.

The compound currently has a few specialized applications, such as the manufacture of solar cells,<ref name=Dhiaputra/> [[Physics:X-ray|X-ray]]s and gamma-ray detectors.<ref name=Shah/> Its preparation is an entertaining and popular demonstration in [[Chemistry:Chemistry|chemistry]] education, to teach topics such as precipitation reactions and [[Chemistry:Stoichiometry|stoichiometry]].<ref name="anthony" /> It is decomposed by light at temperatures above {{convert|125|C|F}}, and this effect has been used in a patented [[Photography|photographic]] process.<ref name="patnaik" /><ref name="patphot" />

Lead iodide was formerly employed as a yellow pigment in some paints, with the name '''iodide yellow'''. However, that use has been largely discontinued due to its toxicity and poor stability.<ref name=Eastaugh/>

== Preparation ==

{{chem|Pb|I|2}} is commonly synthesized via a precipitation reaction between [[Biology:Potassium iodide|potassium iodide]] {{chem|K|I}} and [[Chemistry:Lead(II) nitrate|lead(II) nitrate]] {{chem|Pb}}({{chem|N|O|3}})<sub>2</sub> in water solution:

: {{chem2|Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI → PbI2 + 2 KNO3}}

While the potassium nitrate {{chem|K|N|O|3}} is soluble, the lead iodide {{chem|Pb|I|2}} is nearly insoluble at [[Physics:Room temperature|room temperature]], and thus precipitates out.<ref name=Ahmad/>

Other soluble compounds containing lead(II) and iodide can be used instead, for example [[Chemistry:Lead(II) acetate|lead(II) acetate]]<ref name=Dhiaputra/> and [[Chemistry:Sodium iodide|sodium iodide]].

The compound can also be synthesized by reacting [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]] vapor with molten [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]] between 500 and 700&nbsp;°C.<ref name="matuz" />

A thin film of {{chem|Pb|I|2}} can also be prepared by depositing a film of [[Chemistry:Lead(II) sulfide|lead sulfide]] {{chem|Pb|S}} and exposing it to iodine vapor, by the reaction

: {{chem2|PbS + I2 → PbI2 + S}}

The [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]] is then washed with [[Chemistry:Dimethyl sulfoxide|dimethyl sulfoxide]].<ref name="chaud" />

== Crystallization ==

Lead iodide prepared from cold solutions usually consists of many small hexagonal platelets, giving the yellow precipitate a silky appearance. Larger crystals can be obtained by exploiting the fact that [[Chemistry:Solubility|solubility]] of lead iodide in water (like those of [[Chemistry:Lead(II) chloride|lead chloride]] and [[Chemistry:Lead(II) bromide|lead bromide]]) increases dramatically with temperature. The compound is colorless when dissolved in hot water, but crystallizes on cooling as thin but visibly larger bright yellow flakes, that settle slowly through the liquid — a visual effect often described as "golden rain".<ref name="gold" /> Larger crystals can be obtained by [[Organization:Autoclave|autoclaving]] the {{chem|Pb|I|2}} with water under pressure at 200&nbsp;°C.<ref name="zhu"/>

Even larger crystals can be obtained by slowing down the common reaction. A simple setup is to submerge two beakers containing the concentrated reactants in a larger container of water, taking care to avoid currents. As the two substances [[Physics:Diffusion|diffuse]] through the water and meet, they slowly react and deposit the iodide in the space between the beakers.<ref name="tub" />

Another similar method is to react the two substances in a [[Physics:Gel|gel]] medium, that slows down the diffusion and supports the growing crystal away from the container's walls. Patel and Rao have used this method to grow crystals up to 30&nbsp;mm in diameter and 2&nbsp;mm thick.<ref name="patrao" />

The reaction can be slowed also by separating the two reagents with a permeable membrane. This approach, with a [[Chemistry:Cellulose|cellulose]] membrane, was used in September 1988 to study the growth of {{chem|Pb|I|2}} crystals in zero gravity, in an experiment flown on the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle Discovery]].<ref name=Scaife/>

{{chem|Pb|I|2}} can also be crystallized from powder by [[Sublimation (phase transition)|sublimation]] at 390&nbsp;°C, in near [[Physics:Vacuum|vacuum]]<ref name="forn" /> or in a current of [[Chemistry:Argon|argon]] with some [[Chemistry:Hydrogen|hydrogen]].<ref name=Liu/>

Large high-purity crystals can be obtained by [[Physics:Zone melting|zone melting]] or by the [[Physics:Bridgman–Stockbarger technique|Bridgman–Stockbarger technique]].<ref name="matuz" /><ref name="forn" /> These processes can remove various impurities from commercial {{chem|Pb|I|2}}.<ref name=Tonn/>

== Applications ==

Lead iodide is a precursor material in the fabrication of highly efficient [[Physics:Perovskite solar cell|Perovskite solar cell]]. Typically, a solution of {{chem|Pb|I|2}} in an inorganic solvent, such as [[Chemistry:Dimethylformamide|dimethylformamide]] or dimethylsulfoxide, is applied over a [[Chemistry:Titanium dioxide|titanium dioxide]] layer by [[Physics:Spin coating|spin coating]]. The layer is then treated with a solution of [[Chemistry:Methylammonium iodide|methylammonium iodide]] {{chem|C|H|3|N|H|3|I}} and [[Engineering:Annealing (metallurgy)|annealed]], turning it into the [[Chemistry:Double salt|double salt]] methylammonium lead iodide {{chem|C|H|3|N|H|3|Pb|I|3}}, with a [[Chemistry:Perovskite|perovskite]] structure. The reaction changes the film's color from yellow to light brown.<ref name=Dhiaputra/>

{{chem|Pb|I|2}} is also used as a high-energy photon detector for gamma-rays and X-rays, due to its wide band gap which ensures low noise operation.<ref name="patnaik" /><ref name=Shah/><ref name="forn" />

Lead iodide was formerly used as a paint pigment under the name "iodine yellow". It was described by Prosper Mérimée (1830) as "not yet much known in commerce, is as bright as [[Chemistry:Orpiment|orpiment]] or [[Chemistry:Lead(II) chromate|chromate of lead]]. It is thought to be more permanent; but time only can prove its pretension to so essential a quality. It is prepared by precipitating a solution of acetate or nitrate of lead, with potassium iodide: the nitrate produces a more brilliant yellow color."<ref name=Eastaugh/> However, due to the toxicity and instability of the compound it is no longer used as such.<ref name=Eastaugh/> It may still be used in art for [[Chemistry:Bronzing|bronzing]] and in gold-like [[Engineering:Mosaic|mosaic]] tiles.<ref name="patnaik" />

== Stability ==
Common [[Physics:Characterization (materials science)|material characterization]] techniques such as [[Engineering:Electron microscope|electron microscopy]] can damage samples of lead (II) iodide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forty |first=A. J. |date=August 1960 |title=Observations of the decomposition of crystals of lead iodide in the electron microscope |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=5 |issue=56 |pages=787–797 |bibcode=1960PMag....5..787F |doi=10.1080/14786436008241217}}</ref> [[Physics:Thin film|Thin film]]s of lead (II) iodide are unstable in ambient air.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Popov |first1=Georgi |last2=Mattinen |first2=Miika |last3=Hatanpää |first3=Timo |last4=Vehkamäki |first4=Marko |last5=Kemell |first5=Marianna |last6=Mizohata |first6=Kenichiro |last7=Räisänen |first7=Jyrki |last8=Ritala |first8=Mikko |last9=Leskelä |first9=Markku |date=2019-02-12 |title=Atomic Layer Deposition of PbI<sub>2</sub> Thin Films |journal=Chemistry of Materials |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=1101–1109 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04969 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ambient air oxygen oxidizes iodide into elemental [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]]:

: {{chem2|2 PbI2 + O2 → 2 PbO + 2 I2↑}}

== Toxicity ==

Lead iodide is very toxic to human health. Ingestion will cause many acute and chronic consequences characteristic of [[Medicine:Lead poisoning|lead poisoning]].<ref name=Flora/> Lead iodide has been found to be a carcinogen in animals suggesting the same may hold true in humans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haz-Map Category Details |url=https://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/category-details?id=2524 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=hazmap.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Lead iodide is an inhalation hazard, and appropriate respirators should be used when handling powders of lead iodide.

== Structure ==

The structure of {{chem|Pb|I|2}}, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction, is primarily hexagonal close-packed system with alternating between layers of lead atoms and iodide atoms, with largely ionic bonding. Weak van der Waals interactions have been observed between lead–iodide layers.<ref name=Shah/> The most common stacking forms are 2H and 4H. The 4H polymorph is most common in samples grown from the melt, by precipitation, or by sublimation, whereas the 2H polymorph is usually formed by sol-gel synthesis.<ref name=str/> The solid can also take an R6 rhombohedral structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sears |first1=W. M. |last2=Klein |first2=M. L. |last3=Morrison |first3=J. A. |date=1979 |title=Polytypism and the vibrational properties of I<sub>2</sub> |journal=Physical Review B |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=2305–2313 |bibcode=1979PhRvB..19.2305S |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.19.2305 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11375/12129}}</ref>

{{Gallery |mode=packed |align=center |height=300
|File:Lead (II) iodide precipitating out of solution.JPG|Lead(II) iodide precipitates when solutions of potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate are combined
|File:Iodide lead(II).jpg|Experiment "golden rain" where iodide of lead(II) was recrystallized from hot solution by cooling, forming crystals of golden-yellow
}}

== See also ==
{{columnslist|colwidth=28em|
* [[Chemistry:Lead(II) bromide|Lead(II) bromide]]
* [[Chemistry:Lead(II) chloride|Lead(II) chloride]]
* [[Chemistry:Tin(II) iodide|Tin(II) iodide]]
* [[Physics:Bridgman–Stockbarger technique|Bridgman–Stockbarger technique]]
}}
{{-}}

== References ==

{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Ahmad">{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=S. |last2=Prakash |first2=G. V. |date=2012 |title=Fabrication of excitonic luminescent inorganic{{nbhyph}}organic hybrid nano and microcrystals |journal=International Conference on Fibre Optics and Photonics |publisher=[[Organization:The Optical Society|OSA]] |pages=MPo.40 |doi=10.1364/photonics.2012.mpo.40}}</ref>

<ref name="Scaife">{{Cite journal |last1=Scaife |first1=C. W. J. |last2=Cavoli |first2=S. R. |last3=Blanton |first3=T. N. |last4=Morse |first4=M. D. |last5=Sever |first5=B. R. |last6=Willis |first6=W. S. |last7=Suib |first7=S. L. |date=1990 |title=Synthesis and characterization of lead(II) iodide grown in space |journal=Chemistry of Materials |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=777–780 |doi=10.1021/cm00012a034}}</ref>

<ref name="Tonn">{{Cite journal |last1=Tonn |first1=J. |last2=Matuchova |first2=M. |last3=Danilewsky |first3=A. N. |last4=Cröll |first4=A. |date=2015 |title=Removal of oxidic impurities for the growth of high purity lead iodide single crystals |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |volume=416 |pages=82–89 |bibcode=2015JCrGr.416...82T |doi=10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.01.024}}</ref>

<ref name="chaud">{{Cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=T.K. |last2=Acharya |first2=H.N. |date=1982 |title=Preparation of lead iodide films by iodination of chemically deposited lead sulphide films |journal=Materials Research Bulletin |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=279–286 |doi=10.1016/0025-5408(82)90074-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Dhiaputra">{{Cite conference |last1=Dhiaputra |first1=I. |last2=Permana |first2=B. |last3=Maulana |first3=Y. |last4=Dwi Inayatie |first4=Y. |last5=Purba |first5=Y. R. |last6=Bahtiar |first6=A. |date=2016 |title=Composition and crystal structure of perovskite films attained from electrodes of used car battery |conference=The 2nd Padjadjaran International Physics Symposium 2015 (PIPS-2015) |location=Jatinangor, Indonesia |volume=1712 |issue=50013 |doi=10.1063/1.4941896 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Eastaugh">{{Cite book |last1=Eastaugh |first1=N. |title=The Pigment Compendium: a Dictionary of Historical Pigments |last2=Walsh |first2=V. |last3=Chaplin |first3=T. |last4=Siddall |first4=R. |date=2004 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0750657495}}</ref>

<ref name="Flora">{{Cite journal |last1=Flora |first1=G. |last2=Gupta |first2=D. |last3=Tiwari |first3=A. |date=2012 |title=Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates |journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.2478/v10102-012-0009-2 |pmc=3485653 |pmid=23118587}}</ref>

<ref name="Liu">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=X. |last2=Ha |first2=S. T. |last3=Zhang |first3=Qing |last4=de la Mata |first4=M. |last5=Magen |first5=C. |last6=Arbiol |first6=J. |last7=Sum |first7=T. C. |last8=Xiong |first8=Q. |date=2015 |title=Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from Hexagonal Shaped Layered Lead Iodide Crystals |journal=ACS Nano |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=687–695 |doi=10.1021/nn5061207 |pmid=25562110 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10220/38493}}</ref>

<ref name="west">{{Cite journal |last1=West |first1=Philip W. |last2=Carlton |first2=Jack K. |date=1952 |title=The extraction of lead iodide by methyl iso-propyl ketone |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=6 |pages=406–411 |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86967-6}}</ref>

<ref name="sigma">{{Cite web |title=Sigma-Aldrich catalog: Lead(II) iodide 99% |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/211168?lang=en%C2%AEion=us |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.sigmaaldrich.com}}</ref>

<ref name="matuz">{{Cite journal |last1=Matuchova |first1=M. |last2=Zdansky |first2=K. |last3=Zavadil |first3=J. |last4=Danilewsky |first4=A. |last5=Riesz |first5=F. |last6=Hassan |first6=M.A.S. |last7=Alexiew |first7=D. |last8=Kral |first8=R. |date=2009 |title=Study of the influence of the rare-earth elements on the properties of lead iodide |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |volume=311 |issue=14 |pages=3557–3562 |bibcode=2009JCrGr.311.3557M |doi=10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.04.043}}</ref>

<ref name="gold">{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Declan |date=6 January 2015 |title=Golden rain |url=https://eic.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/golden-rain/2000048.article |journal=[[Chemistry:Education in Chemistry|Education in Chemistry]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |page=10}}</ref>

<ref name="anthony">{{Cite thesis |last=Anthony |first=Seth |title=I. Cognitive and instructional factors relating to students' development of personal models of chemical systems in the general chemistry laboratory. &#91;...&#93; |date=2014 |publisher=Colorado State University |hdl=10217/82503 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10217/82503}}</ref>

<ref name="patnaik">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals |publisher=McGraw-Hill |last=Patnaik |first=P. |date=2002 |isbn=978-0070494398}}</ref>

<ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Xinghua |last2=Wangyang |first2=Peihua |last3=Sun |first3=Hui |last4=Yang |first4=Dingyu |last5=Gao |first5=Xiuying |last6=Tian |first6=Haibo |date=2016 |title=Facile growth and characterization of freestanding single crystal PbI<sub>2</sub> film |journal=Materials Letters |volume=180 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.101}}</ref>

<ref name="patphot">{{Cite patent |inventor1-last=Jacobs |inventor1-first=J. |inventor2-last=Corrigan |inventor2-first=R. |pridate=1970 |title=Lead iodide film |country=US |number=3764368 |fdate=22 February 1972 |pubdate=9 October 1973}}</ref>

<ref name="tub">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernelius |first1=W. Conard |last2=Detling |first2=Kenneth D. |date=1934 |title=Preparation of crystals of sparingly soluble salts |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=176 |bibcode=1934JChEd..11..176F |doi=10.1021/ed011p176}}.</ref>

<ref name="patrao">{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=A.R. |last2=Rao |first2=A. Venkateswara |date=1980 |title=An improved design to grow larger and more perfect single crystals in gels |journal=Journal of Crystal Growth |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=589–590 |bibcode=1980JCrGr..49..589P |doi=10.1016/0022-0248(80)90134-7}}</ref>

<ref name="forn">{{Cite journal |last1=Fornaro |first1=L. |last2=Saucedo |first2=E. |last3=Mussio |first3=L. |last4=Yerman |first4=L. |last5=Ma |first5=X. |last6=Burger |first6=A. |date=2001 |title=Lead iodide film deposition and characterization |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=458 |issue=1–2 |pages=406–412 |bibcode=2001NIMPA.458..406F |doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(00)00933-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Shah">{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=K. S. |last2=Olschner |first2=F. |last3=Moy |first3=L. P. |last4=Bennett |first4=P. |last5=Misra |first5=M. |last6=Zhang |first6=J. |last7=Squillante |first7=M. R. |last8=Lund |first8=J. C. |date=1996 |title=Lead iodide x-ray detection systems |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |series=Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and γ-Ray Detectors, Associated Electronics and Applications |volume=380 |issue=1–2 |pages=266–270 |bibcode=1996NIMPA.380..266S |doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(96)00346-4}}</ref>
}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{Cite book |title=[[Physics:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781498754293 |editor-last=Haynes |editor-first=William M. |edition=97th}}

== External links ==
* [https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsLanding.aspx?id=93&tid=22 Toxic Substances Portal – Lead]

{{Lead compounds}}
{{Iodides}}

[[Category:Iodides]]
[[Category:Lead(II) compounds]]
[[Category:Metal halides]]
[[Category:Semiconductor materials]]

{{Sourceattribution|Lead(II) iodide}}