View source for Chemistry:List of inorganic pigments

{{Short description|none}}
The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|last=Völz|first=Hans G.|display-authors=0|title=Pigments, Inorganic|doi=10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2}}.</ref>

==Purple pigments==

'''Aluminum pigments'''

*Ultramarine violet: ({{not a typo|PV15}}) - a synthetic or naturally occurring [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]] containing [[Chemistry:Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]].

'''Copper pigments'''

*Han purple: BaCuSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.

'''Cobalt pigments'''

*Cobalt violet: ({{not a typo|PV14}}) Co<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.

'''Manganese pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Manganese violet|Manganese violet]]: NH<sub>4</sub>MnP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> ({{not a typo|PV16}}) manganic ammonium [[Chemistry:Pyrophosphate|pyrophosphate]].<!--see also the mineral [[Chemistry:Purpurite|purpurite]]--><ref>{{Ullmann|first1=Hugo|last1=Müller|first2=Wolfgang|last2=Müller|first3=Manfred|last3=Wehner|first4=Heike|last4=Liewald|title=Artists' Colors|doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2}}</ref>

'''Gold pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Purple of Cassius|Purple of Cassius]]: Gold [[Physics:Nanoparticle|nanoparticle]]s suspended in tin dioxide - Au<sub>x</sub> • SnO<sub>2</sub>.

==Blue pigments==
'''Aluminum pigments'''

*[[Ultramarine]] ( ): a synthetic or naturally occurring [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]] containing [[Chemistry:Silicate minerals|silicate mineral]] - {{chem|Na|8–10|Al|6|Si|6|O|24|S|2–4}} (generalized formula) *[[Persian blue]]: made by grinding up the mineral [[Chemistry:Lapis lazuli|Lapis lazuli]]. The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is [[Chemistry:Lazurite|lazurite]] (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula {{chem|(Na,Ca)|8|(AlSiO|4|)|6|(S,SO|4|,Cl)|1–2}}.

'''Cobalt pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Cobalt blue|Cobalt blue]] ( ): cobalt(II) aluminate.
*Cerulean blue ({{not a typo|PB35}}): cobalt(II) stannate.
*[[Chemistry:Cerium uranium blue|Cerium uranium blue]]

'''Copper pigments'''

*[[Egyptian blue]]: a synthetic pigment of calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>). Thought to be the first synthetically produced pigment.
*Han blue: BaCuSi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.
*[[Azurite (pigment)|Azurite]]: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu<sub>3</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>).
*[[Chemistry:Basic copper carbonate|Basic copper carbonate]]: Cu<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.

'''Iron pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Prussian blue|Prussian blue]] ({{not a typo|PB27}}):  a synthetic inert pigment made of [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]] and [[Chemistry:Hydrogen cyanide|cyanide]]: C<sub>18</sub>Fe<sub>7</sub>N<sub>18</sub>.

'''Manganese pigments'''

*[[YInMn Blue]]: a synthetic pigment discovered in 2009 (YIn<sub>1−<var>x</var></sub>Mn<sub><var>x</var></sub>O<sub>3</sub>).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mn<sup>3+</sup> in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore|first1=Andrew E.|last1=Smith|first2=Hiroshi|last2=Mizoguchi|first3=Kris|last3=Delaney|first4=Nicola A.|last4=Spaldin|author4-link=Nicola Spaldin|first5=Arthur W.|last5=Sleight|first6=M. A.|last6=Subramanian|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|date=2009|volume=131|issue=47 |pages=17084–17086|doi=10.1021/ja9080666|pmid=19899792}}</ref>
*Manganese blue: barium manganate(VI) sulfate.

==Green pigments==

'''Cadmium pigments'''

*[[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium green]]: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of cadmium yellow (CdS) and chrome green (Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).

'''Chromium pigments'''

*Chrome green ( ): anhydrous [[Chemistry:Chromium(III) oxide|chromium(III) oxide]] (Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).
*[[Viridian]] ( ): hydrated [[Chemistry:Chromium(III) oxide|chromium(III) oxide]] Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> • xH<sub>2</sub>O.
'''Cobalt pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Cobalt green|Cobalt green]]: also known as Rinman's green or zinc green (CoZnO<sub>2</sub>).
 
'''Copper pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Malachite|Malachite]]: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>).
*[[Chemistry:Scheele's Green|Scheele's Green]] (also called Schloss green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO<sub>3</sub>).

'''Other pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Green earth|Green earth]]: also known as terre verte and Verona green ({{chem2|K[(Al,Fe^{3+}),(Fe^{2+},Mg](AlSi3,Si4)O10(OH)2}}).

== Yellow pigments ==

'''Arsenic pigments'''
* [[Chemistry:Orpiment|Orpiment]]: natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide ({{chem2|As2S3}}).

'''Bismuth pigments'''
* Primrose yellow (PY184): [[Chemistry:Bismuth vanadate|bismuth vanadate]] ({{chem2|BiVO4}}).

'''Cadmium pigments'''
* Cadmium yellow (PY37): [[Chemistry:Cadmium sulfide|cadmium sulfide]] (CdS), which also occurs as the mineral [[Chemistry:Greenockite|greenockite]].

'''Chromium pigments'''
* [[Chrome yellow]] or [[Chemistry:Crocoite|crocoite]] ({{not a typo|PY34}}): lead chromate ({{chem2|PbCrO4}}).

'''Cobalt pigments'''
* [[Aureolin]] or cobalt yellow ({{not a typo|PY40}}): potassium cobaltinitrite ({{chem2|K3Co(NO2)6}}).

'''Iron Pigments'''
* Yellow ochre ({{not a typo|PY43}}): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide ({{chem2|Fe2O3*H2O}}).

'''Lead pigments'''
* [[Naples yellow]] (PY41).
* [[Chemistry:Lead-tin-yellow|Lead-tin-yellow]]: {{chem2|PbSnO4}} or {{chem2|Pb(Sn,Si)O3}}.

'''Strontium pigments'''
* Strontium yellow ({{not a typo|PY32}}): {{chem2|SrCrO4}}

'''Titanium pigments'''
* [[Chemistry:Titanium yellow|Titanium yellow]] (PY53): {{chem2|NiO*Sb2O3*20TiO2}}

'''Tin Pigments'''
* [[Chemistry:Mosaic gold|Mosaic gold]]: stannic sulfide (SnS<sub>2</sub>).

'''Zinc Pigments'''
* [[Chemistry:Zinc chromate|Zinc yellow]] ({{not a typo|PY36}}): zinc chromate ({{chem2|ZnCrO4}}), a highly toxic substance with anti-corrosive properties which was historically most often used to paint over metals.

==Orange pigments==

'''Bismuth pigments'''

*Bismuth vanadate orange ({{not a typo|PO83}}) non-toxic pigment similar to vermilion.

'''Cadmium pigments'''

*[[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium orange]] ({{not a typo|PO20}}): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium [[Physics:Sulfoselenide|sulfoselenide]].

'''Chromium pigments'''
 
*[[Chrome orange]]: a now obscure pigment composed of a mixture of lead chromate and [[Chemistry:Lead(II) oxide|lead(II) oxide]] (PbCrO<sub>4</sub>•PbO).

==Red pigments==

'''Arsenic pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Realgar|Realgar]]: As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> - a highly toxic natural pigment.

'''Cadmium pigments'''

*Cadmium red (PR108): cadmium sulfo-selenide (Cd2SSe).
 
'''Cerium pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Cerium(III) sulfide|Cerium sulfide red]] (PR265).

'''Iron oxide pigments'''

*[[Sanguine]], Caput mortuum, [[Indian red (color)|Indian red]], [[Venetian red]], oxide red (PR102).
*Red ochre ( ): anhydrous Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
*[[Burnt sienna]] ( ): a pigment produced by heating raw sienna.

'''Lead pigments'''

*[[Minium (pigment)]]: also known as [[Chemistry:Red lead|red lead]], lead tetroxide, Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.

'''Mercury pigments'''

*[[Chemistry:Vermilion|Vermilion]] or [[Chemistry:Cinnabar|cinnabar]] ({{not a typo|PR106}}): HgS.

==Brown pigments==

'''Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)'''

*Raw umber ( ): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + MnO<sub>2</sub> + {{mvar|n}}H<sub>2</sub>O + Si + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors.
*[[Sienna#Raw Sienna|Raw sienna]] ({{not a typo|PBr7}}): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.

==Black pigments==

'''Carbonaceous pigments''' 

'''Iron pigments''' 
*[[Mars Black (pigment)|Mars black]] or Iron black ({{not a typo|PBk11}}) (C.I. No.77499) Synthetic [[Chemistry:Magnetite|magnetite]] Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.
'''Manganese pigments'''
*[[Chemistry:Manganese dioxide|Manganese dioxide]]: blackish or brown in color, used since prehistoric times (MnO<sub>2</sub>).
'''Titanium pigments''' 
*[[Chemistry:Titanium(III) oxide|Titanium black]]: Titanium(III) oxide (Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).

==White pigments==
'''Antimony pigment'''
*Antimony white: [[Chemistry:Antimony(III) oxide|antimony(III) oxide]] (Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).
'''Barium pigments'''
*[[Chemistry:Barium sulfate|Barium sulfate]] ({{not a typo|PW5}} or [[Chemistry:Baryte|baryte]]): [[Chemistry:Barium sulfate|barium sulfate]] (BaSO<sub>4</sub>).
*[[Chemistry:Lithopone|Lithopone]]: BaSO<sub>4</sub>•ZnS.
'''Lead pigment''' 
*[[Chemistry:White lead|Cremnitz white]] ({{not a typo|PW1}}): basic lead(II) carbonate ({{chem2|(PbCO3)2*Pb(OH)2}}).
'''Titanium pigment'''
*[[Titanium white]] ({{not a typo|PW6}}): [[Chemistry:Titanium(IV) oxide|titanium(IV) oxide]] (TiO<sub>2</sub>).
'''Zinc pigments'''
*[[Zinc white]] ( ): [[Chemistry:Zinc oxide|zinc oxide]] (ZnO).
*Sachtolith: [[Chemistry:Zinc sulfide|zinc sulfide]] (ZnS).

==Fluorescent pigments==
{{Main|Chemistry:Uranium glass}}
*[[Chemistry:Uranate|Uranium]] salts.

==Safety==
A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that are highly toxic.  The use of these pigments is now highly restricted in many countries.<ref name=Ullmann/>

==See also==
* [[Chemistry:List of dyes|List of dyes]]
* Blue pigments
* Green pigments
* Red pigments

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Mineral Paints|short=x}}

[[Category:Inorganic pigments| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of inorganic pigments}}