View source for Chemistry:Moscovium


'''Moscovium''' is a [[Physics:Synthetic element|synthetic chemical element]]; it has [[Chemistry:Chemical symbol|symbol]] '''Mc''' and [[Physics:Atomic number|atomic number]] 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the [[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in [[Organization:Dubna|Dubna]], Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies [[Organization:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] and [[Organization:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|IUPAP]]. On 28 November 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow Oblast, in which the JINR is situated.<ref name="IUPAC-20161130">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 |url=https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118/ |date=30 November 2016 |work=IUPAC |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161201">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html |date=1 December 2016 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="IUPAC-June2016">{{cite web
| url         = http://iupac.org/iupac-is-naming-the-four-new-elements-nihonium-moscovium-tennessine-and-oganesson/
| title       = IUPAC Is Naming The Four New Elements Nihonium, Moscovium, Tennessine, And Oganesson
| date        = 2016-06-08
| publisher   = IUPAC
| access-date = 2016-06-08
}}</ref>

Moscovium is an extremely [[Physics:Radioactive|radioactive]] element: its most stable known isotope, moscovium-290, has a [[Physics:Half-life|half-life]] of only 0.65 seconds.<ref name="SHEsummary">{{cite journal|last=Oganessian|first=Y.T.|date=2015|title=Super-heavy element research|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273327193|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=78|issue=3|pages=036301|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301|pmid=25746203|bibcode=2015RPPh...78c6301O|s2cid=37779526}}</ref> In the [[Chemistry:Periodic table|periodic table]], it is a p-block [[Physics:Transactinide element|transactinide element]]. It is a member of the [[Chemistry:Period 7 element|7th period]] and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest [[Chemistry:Pnictogen|pnictogen]], although it has not been confirmed to behave as a heavier [[Chemistry:Homologous series|homologue]] of the pnictogen bismuth. Moscovium is calculated to have some properties similar to its lighter homologues, [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]], and [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]], and to be a [[Chemistry:Post-transition metal|post-transition metal]], although it should also show several major differences from them. In particular, moscovium should also have significant similarities to [[Chemistry:Thallium|thallium]], as both have one rather loosely bound electron outside a quasi-closed [[Physics:Electron shell|shell]]. Over a hundred atoms of moscovium have been observed to date, all of which have been shown to have mass numbers from 286 to 290.

==Introduction==
{{Excerpt|Superheavy element|Introduction|subsections=yes}}

==History==
[[File:RedSquare (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|A view of the famous Red Square in Moscow. The region around the city was honored by the discoverers as "the ancient Russian land that is the home of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research" and became the namesake of moscovium.]]

===Discovery===
The first successful synthesis of moscovium was by a joint team of Russian and American scientists in August 2003 at the [[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in [[Organization:Dubna|Dubna]], Russia. Headed by Russian nuclear physicist [[Biography:Yuri Oganessian|Yuri Oganessian]], the team included American scientists of the [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]. The researchers on February 2, 2004, stated in ''[[Physics:Physical Review|Physical Review C]]'' that they bombarded [[Chemistry:Americium|americium]]-243 with calcium-48 ions to produce four atoms of moscovium. These atoms decayed by emission of alpha-particles to [[Chemistry:Nihonium|nihonium]] in about 100&nbsp;milliseconds.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Lobanov |first3=Yu. V. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. Sh. |last5=Polyakov |first5=A. N. |last6=Shirokovsky |first6=I. V. |last7=Tsyganov |first7=Yu. |last8=Gulbekian |first8=G. |last9=Bogomolov |first9=S. |last10=Mezentsev |first10=A. N. |last11=Iliev |first11=S. |last12=Subbotin |first12=V. G. |last13=Sukhov |first13=A. M. |last14=Voinov |first14=A. A. |last15=Buklanov |first15=G. V. |last16=Subotic |first16=K. |last17=Zagrebaev |first17=V. I. |last18=Itkis |first18=M. G. |last19=Patin |first19=J. B. |last20=Moody |first20=K. J. |last21=Wild |first21=J. F. |last22=Stoyer |first22=M. A. |last23=Stoyer |first23=N. J. |last24=Shaughnessy |first24=D. A. |last25=Kenneally |first25=J. M. |last26=Lougheed |first26=R. W. |date=Feb 2004 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=021601-1–5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.69.021601 |bibcode=2004PhRvC..69b1601O |title=Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction <sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>48</sup>Ca,''xn'')<sup>291−''x''</sup>115 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235458292_Experiments_on_the_synthesis_of_element_115_in_the_reaction_243Am48Caxn291-x115}} {{cite journal |title=preprint |journal=JINR Preprints |date=2003 |url=http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2003/178(E7-2003-178).pdf}}</ref>

{{block indent|{{nuclide|link=yes|Americium|243}} + {{nuclide|link=yes|Calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|link=yes|Moscovium|288}} + 3 {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|10neutron}} → {{nuclide|link=yes|Nihonium|284}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|alpha}}}}
{{block indent|{{nuclide|Americium|243}} + {{nuclide|Calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|link=yes|Moscovium|287}} + 4 {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|10neutron}} → {{nuclide|link=yes|Nihonium|283}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=no|alpha}}}}

The Dubna–Livermore collaboration strengthened their claim to the discoveries of moscovium and nihonium by conducting chemical experiments on the final [[Physics:Decay product|decay product]] <sup>268</sup>Db. None of the nuclides in this decay chain were previously known, so existing experimental data was not available to support their claim. In June 2004 and December 2005, the presence of a [[Chemistry:Dubnium|dubnium]] isotope was confirmed by extracting the final decay products, measuring [[Physics:Spontaneous fission|spontaneous fission]] (SF) activities and using chemical identification techniques to confirm that they behave like a [[Chemistry:Group 5 element|group 5 element]] (as dubnium is known to be in group 5 of the periodic table).<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="E115" /> Both the half-life and the decay mode were confirmed for the proposed <sup>268</sup>Db, lending support to the assignment of the parent nucleus to moscovium.<ref name="E115">{{cite conference |title=Results of the experiment on chemical identification of Db as a decay product of element 115 |last1=Dmitriev |first1=S. N. |last2=Oganessian |first2=Yu. Ts. |last3=Utyonkov |first3=V. K. |last4=Shishkin |first4=S. V. |last5=Yeremin |first5=A. V. |last6=Lobanov |first6=Yu. V. |last7=Tsyganov |first7=Yu. S. |last8=Chepygin |first8=V. I. |last9=Sokol |first9=E. A. |last10=Vostokin |first10=G. K. |last11=Aksenov |first11=N. V. |last12=Hussonnois |first12=M. |last13=Itkis |first13=M. G. |last14=Géaggeler |first14=H. W. |last15=Schumann |first15=D. |last16=Bruchertseifer |first16=H. |last17=Eichler |first17=R. |last18=Shaughnessy |first18=D. A. |last19=Wilk |first19=P. A. |last20=Kenneally |first20=J. M. |last21=Stoyer |first21=M. A. |last22=Wild |first22=J. F. |display-authors=3 |editor-last1=Penionzhkevich |editor-first1=Yu. E. |editor-last2=Cherepanov |editor-first2=E. A. |book-title=EXOTIC NUCLEI (EXON2004) |conference=International Symposium On Exotic Nuclei, Peterhof, Russian Federation, 5–12 July 2004 |date=September 2005 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing |isbn=9789812701749 |doi=10.1142/9789812701749_0040 |bibcode=2005exnu.conf..285D |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253753564_Results_of_the_Experiment_for_Chemical_Identification_of_db_as_a_Decay_Product_of_Element_115 |pages=285-294}} {{cite journal |title=preprint |journal=JINR Preprints |date=2004 |url=http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/157(e12-2004-157).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction <sup>243</sup>Am + <sup>48</sup>Ca |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611 |date=2005 |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |journal=Physical Review C |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=034611 |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. |last3=Dmitriev |first3=S.|last4=Lobanov |first4=Yu. |last5=Itkis |first5=M. |last6=Polyakov |first6=A. |last7=Tsyganov |first7=Yu. |last8=Mezentsev |first8=A. |last9=Yeremin |first9=A. |first10=A. A. |last10=Voinov |first11=E. A. |last11=Sokol |first12=G. G. |last12=Gulbekian |first13=S. L. |last13=Bogomolov |first14=S. |last14=Iliev |first15=V. G. |last15=Subbotin |first16=A. M. |last16=Sukhov |first17=G. V. |last17=Buklanov |first18=S. V. |last18=Shishkin |first19=V. I. |last19=Chepygin |first20=G. K. |last20=Vostokin |first21=N. V. |last21=Aksenov|first22=M. |last22=Hussonnois |first23=K. |last23=Subotic |first24=V. I. |last24=Zagrebaev |first25=K. J. |last25=Moody |first26=J. B. |last26=Patin |first27=J. F. |last27=Wild |first28=M. A. |last28=Stoyer |first29=N. J. |last29=Stoyer |first30=D. A. |last30=Shaughnessy |first31=J. M. |last31=Kenneally|first32=P. A. |last32=Wilk |first33=R. W. |last33=Lougheed |first34=H. W. |last34=Gäggeler |first35=D. |last35=Schumann|first36=H. |last36=Bruchertseifer |first37=R. |last37=Eichler |bibcode=2005PhRvC..72c4611O |display-authors=3 |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A13194}}</ref> However, in 2011, the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) did not recognize the two elements as having been discovered, because current theory could not distinguish the chemical properties of [[Chemistry:Group 4 element|group 4]] and group 5 elements with sufficient confidence.<ref name="JWP">{{cite journal |author=Barber, Robert C. |author2=Karol, Paul J. |author3=Nakahara, Hiromichi |author4=Vardaci, Emanuele |author5=Vogt, Erich W. |title=Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report) |doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01 |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |date=2011 |volume=83 |issue=7 |page=1485 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, the decay properties of all the nuclei in the decay chain of moscovium had not been previously characterized before the Dubna experiments, a situation which the JWP generally considers "troublesome, but not necessarily exclusive".<ref name="JWP" />

===Road to confirmation===
Two heavier isotopes of moscovium, <sup>289</sup>Mc and <sup>290</sup>Mc, were discovered in 2009–2010 as daughters of the [[Chemistry:Tennessine|tennessine]] isotopes <sup>293</sup>Ts and <sup>294</sup>Ts; the isotope <sup>289</sup>Mc was later also synthesized directly and confirmed to have the same properties as found in the tennessine experiments.<ref name="E117" />

In 2011, the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies [[Organization:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) and [[Organization:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP) evaluated the 2004 and 2007 Dubna experiments, and concluded that they did not meet the criteria for discovery. Another evaluation of more recent experiments took place within the next few years, and a claim to the discovery of moscovium was again put forward by Dubna.<ref name="JWP" /> In August 2013, a team of researchers at [[Organization:Lund University|Lund University]] and at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, {{wipe|Germany}} announced they had repeated the 2004 experiment, confirming Dubna's findings.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Lund University |title=Existence of new element confirmed |date=27 August 2013 |url=http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/existence-of-new-element-confirmed |access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spectroscopy of element 115 decay chains (Accepted for publication on Physical Review Letters on 9 August 2013) |url=http://prl.aps.org/accepted/2207dY2bS631e84382e425232df55fb5da302c431 |access-date=2 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827142134/http://prl.aps.org/accepted/2207dY2bS631e84382e425232df55fb5da302c431 |archive-date=August 27, 2013}}</ref> Simultaneously, the 2004 experiment had been repeated at Dubna, now additionally also creating the isotope <sup>289</sup>Mc that could serve as a cross-bombardment for confirming the discovery of the [[Chemistry:Tennessine|tennessine]] isotope <sup>293</sup>Ts in 2010.<ref name="Karol" /> Further confirmation was published by the team at the [[Organization:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.92.021301 |title=Decay spectroscopy of element 115 daughters: <sup>280</sup>Rg→<sup>276</sup>Mt and <sup>276</sup>Mt→Bh |journal=Physical Review C |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=021301 |bibcode=2015PhRvC..92b1301G |year=2015 |last1=Gates |first1=J. M. |last2=Gregorich |first2=K. E. |last3=Gothe |first3=O. R. |last4=Uribe |first4=E. C. |last5=Pang |first5=G. K. |last6=Bleuel |first6=D. L. |last7=Block |first7=M. |last8=Clark |first8=R. M. |last9=Campbell |first9=C. M. |last10=Crawford |first10=H. L. |last11=Cromaz |first11=M. |last12=Di Nitto |first12=A. |last13=Düllmann |first13=Ch. E. |last14=Esker |first14=N. E. |last15=Fahlander |first15=C. |last16=Fallon |first16=P. |last17=Farjadi |first17=R. M. |last18=Forsberg |first18=U. |last19=Khuyagbaatar |first19=J. |last20=Loveland |first20=W. |last21=MacChiavelli |first21=A. O. |last22=May |first22=E. M. |last23=Mudder |first23=P. R. |last24=Olive |first24=D. T. |last25=Rice |first25=A. C. |last26=Rissanen |first26=J. |last27=Rudolph |first27=D. |last28=Sarmiento |first28=L. G. |last29=Shusterman |first29=J. A. |last30=Stoyer |first30=M. A. |last31=Wiens |first31=A. |last32=Yakushev |first32=A. |last33=Nitsche |first33=H. |display-authors=3 |url=http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/3897577/7761361.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In December 2015, the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party recognized the element's discovery and assigned the priority to the Dubna-Livermore collaboration of 2009–2010, giving them the right to suggest a permanent name for it.<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118.html Discovery and Assignment of Elements with Atomic Numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231074712/http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118.html |date=2015-12-31}}. IUPAC (2015-12-30)</ref> While they did not recognise the experiments synthesising <sup>287</sup>Mc and <sup>288</sup>Mc as persuasive due to the lack of a convincing identification of atomic number via cross-reactions, they recognised the <sup>293</sup>Ts experiments as persuasive because its daughter <sup>289</sup>Mc had been produced independently and found to exhibit the same properties.<ref name="Karol">{{cite journal |last1=Karol |first1=Paul J. |last2=Barber |first2=Robert C. |last3=Sherrill |first3=Bradley M. |last4=Vardaci |first4=Emanuele |last5=Yamazaki |first5=Toshimitsu |date=22 December 2015 |title=Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-1-2/pac-2015-0502/pac-2015-0502.pdf |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |volume=88 |issue=1–2 |pages=139–153 |doi=10.1515/pac-2015-0502 |s2cid=101634372 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[Organization:Lund University|Lund University]] (Lund, Scania, Sweden) and GSI cast some doubt on the syntheses of moscovium and tennessine. The decay chains assigned to <sup>289</sup>Mc, the isotope instrumental in the confirmation of the syntheses of moscovium and tennessine, were found based on a new statistical method to be too different to belong to the same nuclide with a reasonably high probability. The reported <sup>293</sup>Ts decay chains approved as such by the JWP were found to require splitting into individual data sets assigned to different tennessine isotopes. It was also found that the claimed link between the decay chains reported as from <sup>293</sup>Ts and <sup>289</sup>Mc probably did not exist. (On the other hand, the chains from the non-approved isotope <sup>294</sup>Ts were found to be congruent.) The multiplicity of states found when nuclides that are not [[Physics:Even and odd atomic nuclei|even–even]] undergo alpha decay is not unexpected and contributes to the lack of clarity in the cross-reactions. This study criticized the JWP report for overlooking subtleties associated with this issue, and considered it "problematic" that the only argument for the acceptance of the discoveries of moscovium and tennessine was a link they considered to be doubtful.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forsberg |first1=U. |last2=Rudolph |first2=D. |first3=C. |last3=Fahlander |first4=P. |last4=Golubev |first5=L. G. |last5=Sarmiento |first6=S. |last6=Åberg |first7=M. |last7=Block |first8=Ch. E. |last8=Düllmann |first9=F. P. |last9=Heßberger |first10=J. V. |last10=Kratz |first11=A. |last11=Yakushev |display-authors=3 |date=9 July 2016 |title=A new assessment of the alleged link between element 115 and element 117 decay chains |url=http://portal.research.lu.se/portal/files/9762047/PhysLettB760_293_2016.pdf |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=760 |issue=2016 |pages=293–6 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.008 |access-date=2 April 2016|bibcode=2016PhLB..760..293F |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-02003.pdf |title=Congruence of decay chains of elements 113, 115, and 117 |last1=Forsberg |first1=Ulrika |last2=Fahlander |first2=Claes |last3=Rudolph |first3=Dirk |date=2016 |conference=Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613102003|doi-access=free}}</ref>

On June 8, 2017, two members of the Dubna team published a journal article answering these criticisms, analysing their data on the nuclides <sup>293</sup>Ts and <sup>289</sup>Mc with widely accepted statistical methods, noted that the 2016 studies indicating non-congruence produced problematic results when applied to radioactive decay: they excluded from the 90% confidence interval both average and extreme decay times, and the decay chains that would be excluded from the 90% confidence interval they chose were more probable to be observed than those that would be included. The 2017 reanalysis concluded that the observed decay chains of <sup>293</sup>Ts and <sup>289</sup>Mc were consistent with the assumption that only one nuclide was present at each step of the chain, although it would be desirable to be able to directly measure the mass number of the originating nucleus of each chain as well as the excitation function of the <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zlokazov |first1=V. B. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |date=8 June 2017 |title=Analysis of decay chains of superheavy nuclei produced in the <sup>249</sup>Bk+<sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reactions |journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics |volume=44 |issue=75107 |pages=075107 |doi=10.1088/1361-6471/aa7293 |bibcode=2017JPhG...44g5107Z |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Naming===
Using [[Chemistry:Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], moscovium is sometimes known as ''eka-[[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]''. In 1979, IUPAC recommended that the placeholder [[Chemistry:Systematic element name|systematic element name]] ''ununpentium'' (with the corresponding symbol of ''Uup'')<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal |author=Chatt, J. |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |date=1979 |volume=51 |pages=381–384 |title=Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100 |doi=10.1351/pac197951020381 |issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> be used until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a permanent name is decided. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it "element 115", with the symbol of ''E115'', ''(115)'' or even simply ''115''.<ref name="Haire" />

On 30 December 2015, discovery of the element was recognized by the [[Organization:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118.html |title=IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Discovery and Assignment of Elements with Atomic Numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 |date=2015-12-30 |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-date=2015-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231074712/http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/discovery-and-assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers-113-115-117-and-118.html}}</ref> According to IUPAC recommendations, the discoverer(s) of a new element has the right to suggest a name.<ref>
{{cite journal 
|last=Koppenol |first=W. H. 
|date=2002 
|title=Naming of new elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)
|url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf 
|journal=[[Chemistry:Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure and Applied Chemistry]] 
|volume=74 |page=787 |issue=5 
|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787 
|s2cid=95859397
}}</ref> A suggested name was ''langevinium'', after [[Biography:Paul Langevin|Paul Langevin]]<!--: the symbol suggested was Ln, although that would clash with the symbol for a generic [[Chemistry:Lanthanide|lanthanide]]-->.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oane.ws/2013/08/28/115-yy_element_ununpentium_mozhet_poyavitsya_v_tablitse_mendeleeva.html |title=115-ый элемент Унунпентиум может появиться в таблице Менделеева |date=28 August 2013 |website=oane.ws |access-date=23 September 2015 |quote=В свою очередь, российские физики предлагают свой вариант – ланжевений (Ln) в честь известного французского физика-теоретика прошлого столетия Ланжевена. |language=ru}}</ref> Later, the Dubna team mentioned the name ''moscovium'' several times as one among many possibilities, referring to the Moscow Oblast where Dubna is located.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/news_article.asp?n_id=841&language=rus |title=Весенняя сессия Комитета полномочных представителей ОИЯИ |last1=Fedorova|first1=Vera |date=30 March 2011 |website=JINR |publisher=[[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |access-date=22 September 2015 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rbth.com/economics/technology/2015/08/25/element-115-in-moscows-name_392319 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160106064853/http://in.rbth.com/economics/technology/2015/08/25/element-115-in-moscows-name_392319 |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |title=Element 115, in Moscow's name |last1=Zavyalova |first1=Victoria |date=25 August 2015 |website=Russia & India Report |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

In June 2016, IUPAC endorsed the latter proposal to be formally accepted by the end of the year, which it was on 28 November 2016.<ref name="IUPAC-June2016" /> The naming ceremony for moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson was held on 2 March 2017 at the Russian Academy of Sciences in [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/at-the-inauguration-ceremony-of-the-new-elements-of-the-periodic-table-of-d-i-mendeleev/ |title=At the inauguration ceremony of the new elements of the Periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev |last=Fedorova |first=Vera |date=3 March 2017 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=[[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref>

==Predicted properties==
Other than nuclear properties, no properties of moscovium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=S. |date=28 August 2019 |title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist |website=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist |access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref> and the fact that it decays very quickly. Properties of moscovium remain unknown and only predictions are available.

===Nuclear stability and isotopes===
{{Main|Physics:Isotopes of moscovium}}
[[File:Island of Stability derived from Zagrebaev.png|right|thumb|upright=1.8|The expected location of the island of stability. The dotted line is the line of beta stability.]]
Moscovium is expected to be within an [[Physics:Island of stability|island of stability]] centered on [[Chemistry:Copernicium|copernicium]] (element 112) and [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]] (element 114).<ref name="Zagrebaev">{{cite conference |last1=Zagrebaev |first1=Valeriy |last2=Karpov |first2=Alexander |last3=Greiner |first3=Walter |date=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |publisher=IOP Science |book-title=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=420 |pages=1–15 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/420/1/012001/pdf/1742-6596_420_1_012001.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia|first1=Glenn D. |last1= Considine |first2=Peter H. |last2= Kulik|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|date=2002|edition=9th|isbn=978-0-471-33230-5|oclc=223349096}}</ref> Due to the expected high fission barriers, any nucleus within this island of stability exclusively decays by alpha decay and perhaps some electron capture and [[Physics:Beta decay|beta decay]].{{Fricke1975|ref}} Although the known isotopes of moscovium do not actually have enough neutrons to be on the island of stability, they can be seen to approach the island as in general, the heavier isotopes are the longer-lived ones.<ref name="E117"/><ref name="SHEsummary" /><ref name="E115" />

The hypothetical isotope <sup>291</sup>Mc is an especially interesting case as it has only one neutron more than the heaviest known moscovium isotope, <sup>290</sup>Mc. It could plausibly be synthesized as the daughter of <sup>295</sup>Ts, which in turn could be made from the reaction {{nowrap|<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>48</sup>Ca,2n)<sup>295</sup>Ts}}.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> Calculations show that it may have a significant [[Physics:Electron capture|electron capture]] or [[Physics:Positron emission|positron emission]] decay mode in addition to alpha decay and also have a relatively long half-life of several seconds. This would produce <sup>291</sup>[[Chemistry:Flerovium|Fl]], <sup>291</sup>Nh, and finally <sup>291</sup>[[Chemistry:Copernicium|Cn]] which is expected to be in the middle of the island of stability and have a half-life of about 1200&nbsp;years, affording the most likely hope of reaching the middle of the island using current technology. Possible drawbacks are that the cross section of the production reaction of <sup>295</sup>Ts is expected to be low and the decay properties of superheavy nuclei this close to the line of beta stability are largely unexplored.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> The light isotopes <sup>284</sup>Mc, <sup>285</sup>Mc, and <sup>286</sup>Mc could be made from the <sup>241</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction. They would undergo a chain of alpha decays, ending at transactinide isotopes too light to be made by hot fusion and too heavy to be made by cold fusion.<ref name=Zagrebaev/> The isotope <sup>286</sup>Mc was found in 2021 at Dubna, in the {{nowrap|<sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>48</sup>Ca,5n)<sup>286</sup>Mc}} reaction: it decays into the already-known <sup>282</sup>Nh and its daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flerovlab.jinr.ru/update-on-the-experiments-at-the-she-factory/|title=Update on the experiments at the SHE Factory |publisher=Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions |date=27 January 2022 |first=N. |last=Kovrizhnykh |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

Other possibilities to synthesize nuclei on the island of stability include quasifission (partial fusion followed by fission) of a massive nucleus.<ref name="ZG" /> Such nuclei tend to fission, expelling doubly [[Physics:Magic number|magic]] or nearly doubly magic fragments such as [[Physics:Calcium-40|calcium-40]], [[Physics:Tin-132|tin-132]], [[Physics:Lead-208|lead-208]], or [[Physics:Bismuth-209|bismuth-209]].<ref name="jinr20006">{{cite web|title=JINR Annual Reports 2000–2006|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html|publisher=[[Organization:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR]]|access-date=2013-08-27}}</ref> Recently it has been shown that the multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei (such as [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]] and [[Chemistry:Curium|curium]]) might be used to synthesize the neutron-rich superheavy nuclei located at the [[Physics:Island of stability|island of stability]],<ref name="ZG">{{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev |first1=V.|last2=Greiner |first2=W.|date=2008|title=Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions|journal=[[Physics:Physical Review C|Physical Review C]]|volume=78 |issue=3 |page=034610|arxiv=0807.2537|bibcode=2008PhRvC..78c4610Z|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610}}</ref> although formation of the lighter elements [[Chemistry:Nobelium|nobelium]] or [[Chemistry:Seaborgium|seaborgium]] is more favored.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> One last possibility to synthesize isotopes near the island is to use controlled [[Physics:Nuclear explosion|nuclear explosion]]s to create a [[Physics:Neutron flux|neutron flux]] high enough to bypass the gaps of instability at <sup>258–260</sup>[[Chemistry:Fermium|Fm]] and at [[Chemistry:Mass number|mass number]] 275 (atomic numbers [[Chemistry:Rutherfordium|104]] to [[Chemistry:Hassium|108]]), mimicking the [[Physics:R-process|r-process]] in which the [[Chemistry:Actinide|actinide]]s were first produced in nature and the gap of instability around [[Chemistry:Radon|radon]] bypassed.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> Some such isotopes (especially <sup>291</sup>Cn and <sup>293</sup>Cn) may even have been synthesized in nature, but would have decayed away far too quickly (with half-lives of only thousands of years) and be produced in far too small quantities (about 10<sup>−12</sup> the abundance of [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]) to be detectable as [[Chemistry:Primordial nuclide|primordial nuclide]]s today outside [[Astronomy:Cosmic ray|cosmic ray]]s.<ref name="Zagrebaev" />

===Physical and atomic===
In the [[Chemistry:Periodic table|periodic table]], moscovium is a member of group 15, the pnictogens. It appears below [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]], and bismuth. Every previous pnictogen has five electrons in its valence shell, forming a [[Physics:Valence electron|valence electron]] configuration of ns<sup>2</sup>np<sup>3</sup>. In moscovium's case, the trend should be continued and the valence electron configuration is predicted to be 7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>3</sup>;<ref name="Haire" /> therefore, moscovium will behave similarly to its lighter [[Chemistry:Congener|congeners]] in many respects. However, notable differences are likely to arise; a largely contributing effect is the [[Physics:Spin–orbit interaction|spin–orbit (SO) interaction]]—the mutual interaction between the electrons' motion and [[Physics:Spin|spin]]. It is especially strong for the superheavy elements, because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities comparable to the [[Physics:Speed of light|speed of light]].<ref name="Thayer" /> In relation to moscovium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels<!--|level is an important word. Lv has no 8s electrons but they've been shown to affect its chem---> (stabilizing the corresponding electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilized more than the other four.<ref name="Faegri">{{cite journal|last1=Faegri |first1=K.|last2=Saue |first2=T.|date=2001|title=Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=2456|bibcode=2001JChPh.115.2456F|doi=10.1063/1.1385366|doi-access=free}}</ref> The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the [[Physics:Inert-pair effect|inert-pair effect]], and the effect "tearing" the 7p subshell into the more stabilized and the less stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computation chemists see the split as a change of the second ([[Physics:Azimuthal quantum number|azimuthal]]) [[Physics:Quantum number|quantum number]] ''l'' from 1 to {{frac|1|2}} and {{frac|3|2}} for the more stabilized and less stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively.<ref name="Thayer" />{{efn|The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc. See [[Physics:Azimuthal quantum number|azimuthal quantum number]] for more information.}} For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s{{su|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=1/2|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=3/2|p=1|w=70%}}.<ref name="Haire" /> These effects cause moscovium's chemistry to be somewhat different from that of its lighter [[Chemistry:Congener|congeners]].

The valence electrons of moscovium fall into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p<sub>1/2</sub> (two electrons), and 7p<sub>3/2</sub> (one electron). The first two of these are relativistically stabilized and hence behave as [[Physics:Inert-pair effect|inert pairs]], while the last is relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemistry.<ref name="Haire" /> (The 6d electrons are not destabilized enough to participate chemically.){{Fricke1975|name}} Thus, the +1 [[Chemistry:Oxidation state|oxidation state]] should be favored, like [[Chemistry:Thallium|Tl]]<sup>+</sup>, and consistent with this the first ionization potential of moscovium should be around 5.58&nbsp;[[Physics:Electronvolt|eV]], continuing the trend towards lower ionization potentials down the pnictogens.<ref name="Haire" /> Moscovium and nihonium both have one electron outside a quasi-closed shell configuration that can be delocalized in the metallic state: thus they should have similar [[Physics:Melting point|melting]] and [[Physics:Boiling point|boiling point]]s (both melting around 400&nbsp;°C and boiling around 1100&nbsp;°C) due to the strength of their metallic bonds being similar.{{Fricke1975|name}} Additionally, the predicted ionization potential, [[Chemistry:Ionic radius|ionic radius]] (1.5&nbsp;[[Angstrom|Å]] for Mc<sup>+</sup>; 1.0&nbsp;Å for Mc<sup>3+</sup>), and [[Physics:Polarizability|polarizability]] of Mc<sup>+</sup> are expected to be more similar to Tl<sup>+</sup> than its true congener [[Chemistry:Bismuth|Bi<sup>3+</sup>]].{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium should be a dense metal due to its high [[Physics:Atomic weight|atomic weight]], with a density around 13.5&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} The electron of the [[Physics:Hydrogen-like atom|hydrogen-like]] moscovium atom (oxidized so that it only has one electron, Mc<sup>114+</sup>) is expected to move so fast that it has a mass 1.82 times that of a stationary electron, due to [[Chemistry:Relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]]. For comparison, the figures for hydrogen-like bismuth and antimony are expected to be 1.25 and 1.077 respectively.<ref name="Thayer">{{cite book |last1=Thayer |first1=John S. |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |volume=10 |date=2010 |pages=63–67, 83 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2|chapter=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8|publisher=Springer |series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics}}</ref>

===Chemical===
Moscovium is predicted to be the third member of the 7p series of [[Chemistry:Chemical element|chemical element]]s and the heaviest member of group 15 in the periodic table, below [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Unlike the two previous 7p elements, moscovium is expected to be a good homologue of its lighter congener, in this case bismuth.<ref name="Zaitsevskii">{{cite web |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/07_Sep/S_3/04_Titov.pdf |title=Relativistic DFT and ab initio calculations on the seventh-row superheavy elements: E113 - E114 |last1=Zaitsevskii |first1=A. |first2=C. |last2=van Wüllen |first3=A. |last3=Rusakov |first4=A. |last4=Titov |date=September 2007 |website=jinr.ru |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> In this group, each member is known to portray the group oxidation state of +5 but with differing stability. For nitrogen, the +5 state is mostly a formal explanation of molecules like [[Chemistry:Dinitrogen pentoxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]]: it is very difficult to have five [[Chemistry:Covalent bond|covalent bond]]s to nitrogen due to the inability of the small nitrogen atom to accommodate five [[Chemistry:Ligand|ligand]]s. The +5 state is well represented for the essentially non-relativistic typical pnictogens [[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]], and [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]]. However, for bismuth it becomes rare due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals known as the [[Physics:Inert-pair effect|inert-pair effect]], so that the 6s electrons are reluctant to bond chemically. It is expected that moscovium will have an inert-pair effect for both the 7s and the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons, as the [[Physics:Binding energy|binding energy]] of the lone 7p<sub>3/2</sub> electron is noticeably lower than that of the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons. Nitrogen(I) and bismuth(I) are known but rare and moscovium(I) is likely to show some unique properties,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Keller|first=O. L. Jr.|author2=C. W. Nestor Jr.|date=1974|title=Predicted properties of the superheavy elements. III. Element 115, Eka-bismuth|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry|volume=78|page=1945|doi=10.1021/j100612a015|issue=19|url=https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2008102224700/1/Fricke_properties_1974.pdf}}</ref> probably behaving more like thallium(I) than bismuth(I).{{Fricke1975|name}} Because of spin-orbit coupling, [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]] may display closed-shell or noble gas-like properties; if this is the case, moscovium will likely be typically monovalent as a result, since the cation Mc<sup>+</sup> will have the same electron configuration as flerovium, perhaps giving moscovium some [[Chemistry:Alkali metal|alkali metal]] character.{{Fricke1975|name}} Calculations predict that moscovium(I) fluoride and chloride would be ionic compounds, with an ionic radius of about 109–114&nbsp;pm for Mc<sup>+</sup>, although the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> lone pair on the Mc<sup>+</sup> ion should be highly [[Physics:Polarizability|polarisable]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santiago |first1=Régis T. |last2=Haiduke |first2=Roberto L. A. |date=9 March 2020 |title=Determination of molecular properties for moscovium halides (McF and McCl) |journal=Theoretical Chemistry Accounts |volume=139 |issue=60 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/s00214-020-2573-4|s2cid=212629735}}</ref> The Mc<sup>3+</sup> cation should behave like its true lighter homolog Bi<sup>3+</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} The 7s electrons are too stabilized to be able to contribute chemically and hence the +5 state should be impossible and moscovium may be considered to have only three valence electrons.{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium would be quite a reactive metal, with a standard reduction potential of −1.5&nbsp;[[Volt|V]] for the Mc<sup>+</sup>/Mc couple.{{Fricke1975|name}}

The chemistry of moscovium in [[Chemistry:Aqueous solution|aqueous solution]] should essentially be that of the Mc<sup>+</sup> and Mc<sup>3+</sup> ions. The former should be easily [[Chemistry:Hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] and not be easily [[Chemistry:Coordination complex|complexed]] with [[Chemistry:Halide|halide]]s, [[Chemistry:Cyanide|cyanide]], and [[Chemistry:Ammonia|ammonia]].{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium(I) [[Chemistry:Hydroxide|hydroxide]] (McOH), [[Chemistry:Carbonate|carbonate]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), [[Chemistry:Oxalate|oxalate]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), and [[Chemistry:Fluoride|fluoride]] (McF) should be soluble in water; the [[Chemistry:Sulfide|sulfide]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>S) should be insoluble; and the [[Chemistry:Chloride|chloride]] (McCl), [[Chemistry:Bromide|bromide]] (McBr), [[Chemistry:Iodide|iodide]] (McI), and [[Chemistry:Thiocyanate|thiocyanate]] (McSCN) should be only slightly soluble, so that adding excess [[Chemistry:Hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric acid]] would not noticeably affect the solubility of moscovium(I) chloride.{{Fricke1975|name}} Mc<sup>3+</sup> should be about as stable as Tl<sup>3+</sup> and hence should also be an important part of moscovium chemistry, although its closest [[Chemistry:Homologous series|homolog]] among the elements should be its lighter congener Bi<sup>3+</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium(III) fluoride (McF<sub>3</sub>) and thiozonide (McS<sub>3</sub>) should be insoluble in water, similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds, while moscovium(III) chloride (McCl<sub>3</sub>), bromide (McBr<sub>3</sub>), and iodide (McI<sub>3</sub>) should be readily soluble and easily hydrolyzed to form oxyhalides such as McOCl and McOBr, again analogous to bismuth.{{Fricke1975|name}} Both moscovium(I) and moscovium(III) should be common oxidation states and their relative stability should depend greatly on what they are complexed with and the likelihood of hydrolysis.{{Fricke1975|name}}

Like its lighter homologues [[Chemistry:Ammonia|ammonia]], [[Chemistry:Phosphine|phosphine]], [[Chemistry:Arsine|arsine]], [[Chemistry:Stibine|stibine]], and [[Chemistry:Bismuthine|bismuthine]], moscovine (McH<sub>3</sub>) is expected to have a [[Physics:Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry|trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry]], with an Mc–H bond length of 195.4&nbsp;pm and a H–Mc–H bond angle of 91.8° (bismuthine has bond length 181.7&nbsp;pm and bond angle 91.9°; stibine has bond length 172.3&nbsp;pm and bond angle 92.0°).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santiago |first1=Régis T. |last2=Haiduke |first2=Roberto L. A. |date=2018 |title=Relativistic effects on inversion barriers of pyramidal group 15 hydrides |journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=e25585 |doi=10.1002/qua.25585}}</ref> In the predicted [[Chemistry:Aromaticity|aromatic]] pentagonal planar {{chem|Mc|5|-}} cluster, analogous to [[Chemistry:Pentazole|pentazolate]] ({{chem|N|5|-}}), the Mc–Mc bond length is expected to be expanded from the extrapolated value of 156–158&nbsp;pm to 329&nbsp;pm due to spin–orbit coupling effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez-Thon |first1=Luis |last2=Inostroza-Pino |first2=Natalia |date=2018 |title=Spin–Orbit Effects on Magnetically Induced Current Densities in the {{chem|M|5|-}} (M = N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc) Clusters |journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry |volume=2018 |issue=14 |pages=862–868 |doi=10.1002/jcc.25170|pmid=29396895 |s2cid=4721588}}</ref>

==Experimental chemistry==
Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of moscovium has yet to have been established.<ref name="Düllmann">{{cite journal |last1=Düllmann |first1=Christoph E. |date=2012 |title=Superheavy elements at GSI: a broad research program with element 114 in the focus of physics and chemistry |journal=Radiochimica Acta |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1524/ract.2011.1842 |s2cid=100778491}}</ref><ref name="Eichler">{{cite journal |last=Eichler |first=Robert |date=2013 |title=First foot prints of chemistry on the shore of the Island of Superheavy Elements |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Science |volume=420 |issue=1 |pages=012003 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2003E |arxiv=1212.4292 |s2cid=55653705}}</ref> In 2011, experiments were conducted to create [[Chemistry:Nihonium|nihonium]], [[Chemistry:Flerovium|flerovium]], and moscovium isotopes in the reactions between calcium-48 projectiles and targets of americium-243 and [[Physics:Plutonium-244|plutonium-244]]. However, the targets included [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]] and [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]] impurities and hence some isotopes of bismuth and [[Chemistry:Polonium|polonium]] were generated in nucleon transfer reactions. This, while an unforeseen complication, could give information that would help in the future chemical investigation of the heavier homologs of bismuth and polonium, which are respectively moscovium and [[Chemistry:Livermorium|livermorium]].<ref name="Eichler" /> The produced nuclides [[Physics:Bismuth-213|bismuth-213]] and polonium-212m were transported as the hydrides <sup>213</sup>BiH<sub>3</sub> and [[Chemistry:Polonium hydride|<sup>212m</sup>PoH<sub>2</sub>]] at 850&nbsp;°C through a quartz wool filter unit held with [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]], showing that these hydrides were surprisingly thermally stable, although their heavier congeners McH<sub>3</sub> and LvH<sub>2</sub> would be expected to be less thermally stable from simple extrapolation of [[Chemistry:Periodic trends|periodic trends]] in the p-block.<ref name="Eichler" /> Further calculations on the stability and electronic structure of BiH<sub>3</sub>, McH<sub>3</sub>, PoH<sub>2</sub>, and LvH<sub>2</sub> are needed before chemical investigations take place. However, moscovium and livermorium are expected to be volatile enough as pure elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future. The moscovium isotopes <sup>288</sup>Mc, <sup>289</sup>Mc, and <sup>290</sup>Mc may be chemically investigated with current methods, although their short half-lives would make this challenging.<ref name="Eichler" /> Moscovium is the heaviest element that has known isotopes that are long-lived enough for chemical experimentation.<ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=9783642374661|date=2013-11-30}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{section link|Materials science in science fiction|Moscovium}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Clear}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Audi et al.|2017}} |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |display-authors=3 |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |issue=3 <!--Citation bot deny-->|pages=030001 |year=2017 
|bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A}}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}-->
* {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |year=2000 |publisher=[[Company:World Scientific|World Scientific]] |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kragh |first=H. |date=2018 |title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation |publisher=[[Company:Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-75813-8}}

==External links==
* [http://radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/115.html Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table]
* [http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/7/7 Superheavy elements]
* [http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Mc History and etymology]
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/115.htm Moscovium] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham)

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}

[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Pnictogens]]
[[Category:Synthetic elements]]

{{Sourceattribution|Moscovium}}