View source for Chemistry:Pediculicide

'''Pediculicides''' are substances used to treat lice (''Pediculus humanus capitis'').<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/06/pfizeranalysis.htm FTC.gov]</ref>
==Chemical treatments==
Today, insecticides used for the treatment of [[Biology:Head louse|head lice]] include organochlorines ([[Chemistry:Lindane|lindane]]), organophosphates ([[Chemistry:Malathion|malathion]]), [[Chemistry:Carbamate|carbamate]]s ([[Chemistry:Carbaryl|carbaryl]]), [[Biology:Pyrethrin|pyrethrin]]s ([[Biology:Pyrethrum|pyrethrum]]), and pyrethroids ([[Chemistry:Permethrin|permethrin]], [[Chemistry:Phenothrin|phenothrin]], bio-allethrin).

Laboratory and clinical studies found that many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions.<ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal| last =Roberts | first =RJ |author2=Casey D |author3=Morgan DA |author4=Petrovic M  | title =Comparison of Wet Combing With Malathion for Treatment of Head Lice in the UK: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial | journal =The Lancet | volume =356 | issue =9229 | pages =540–544
 | publisher =[[Company:Elsevier|Elsevier]] | location =[[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | date =12 August 2000 | url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600025782/abstract | accessdate =2008-01-03 | doi =10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02578-2 | format =abstract }}</ref><ref name="IJMS">{{cite journal| last =Mumcuoglu | first =KY |author2=Miller, J. | title =The Efficacy of Pediculicides in Israel | journal =Israel Journal of Medical Sciences | volume =27 | issue =10 | pages =562–565 | publisher =Weizmann Science Press | location =[[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] | date =1991 }}</ref><ref name="BMJ">{{cite journal| last =Vander Stichele | first =Robert H |author2=Dezeure Els M |author3=Bogaert Marc G. | title =Systematic Review of Clinical Efficacy of Topical Treatments for Head Lice | journal =British Medical Journal | volume =311 | issue =7005 | pages =604–608 | publisher =BMJ Publishing Group Ltd | location =[[Place:London|London]] | date =2 September 1999 | url =http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/7005/604 | accessdate =2008-01-03 | pmid =7545045| pmc =2550649 }}</ref><ref name="Arch">{{cite journal| last =Meinking | first =Terri L. |author2=Entzel, Pamela |author3=Villar, Maria Elena |author4=Vicaria, Maureen |author5=Lemard, Glendene A |author6= Porcelain, Sherri L.  | title =Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Pediculosis Capitis Infestations | journal =Archives of Dermatology | volume =137 | issue =3 | pages =287–292 | publisher =American Medical Association | location ={{wipe|Chicago}} | date =March 2001 | url =http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/137/3/287 | accessdate =2008-01-03 | pmid =11255326 }}</ref>

Pediculicides may rapidly lose their efficacy because of the development of resistance. Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as [[Chemistry:Lindane|lindane]], [[Chemistry:Malathion|malathion]], [[Chemistry:Phenothrin|phenothrin]] and [[Chemistry:Permethrin|permethrin]] has been reported.<ref name="ArchPed">{{cite journal | vauthors =Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P, Hahn C, Wolfe N, Rahman HA, Laserson K, Telford SR, Spielman A | title =Differential Permethrin Susceptibility of Head Lice Sampled in the United States and Borneo | journal =Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine | volume =153 | issue =9 | pages =969–973 | publisher =American Medical Association | location ={{wipe|Chicago}} | date =September 1999 | url =http://www.gvfi.org/Wolf_pubs/43_Pollack_1999.pdf | format =PDF | accessdate =2008-01-03 | pmid =10482215 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Mayo">{{cite journal| last =Burkhart | first =Craig G. | title =Relationship of Treatment-Resistant Head Lice to the Safety and Efficacy of Pediculicides| journal =Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume =79 | pages =661–666 | publisher =Mayo Clinic | location =Rochester, Minnesota | date =May 2004 | url =http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F7905%2F7905r.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate =2008-01-03| doi =10.4065/79.5.661| pmid =15132409| issue =5 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="ArchDerm">{{cite journal| last =Yoon | first =Kyong Sup |author2=Gao, Jian-Rong |author3=Lee, Si Hyeock |author4=Clark, J. Marshall |author5=Brown, Leon |author6= Taplin, David | title =Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment| journal =Archives of Dermatology | volume =139 | issue =8 | pages =994–1000 | publisher =American Medical Association | location ={{wipe|Chicago}} | date =August 2003 | url =http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/139/8/994 | accessdate =2008-01-03| doi =10.1001/archderm.139.8.994| pmid =12925385 }}</ref>

[[Chemistry:Ivermectin|Ivermectin]] (which can be given orally) has been shown to reduce levels of [[Medicine:Head lice infestation|louse infestation]].<ref name="pmid20220184">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, etal |title=Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=10 |pages=896–905 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20220184 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0905471 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=20220184&promo=ONFLNS19 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130113014258/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=20220184&promo=ONFLNS19 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-13 |format=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20064176">{{cite journal |vauthors=Munirathinam A, Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Tyagi BK |title=Impact of ivermectin drug combinations on Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in primary schoolchildren of south Indian rural villages |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=1201–5 |date=November 2009 |pmid=20064176 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.04059.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0011-9059&date=2009&volume=48&issue=11&spage=1201}}</ref><ref name="pmid16388498">{{cite journal |vauthors=Foucault C, Ranque S, Badiaga S, Rovery C, Raoult D, Brouqui P |title=Oral ivermectin in the treatment of body lice |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=474–6 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16388498 |doi=10.1086/499279 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID35187}}</ref>  Originally approved for [[Medicine:Onchocerciasis|onchocerciasis]] and [[Medicine:Strongyloidiasis|strongyloidiasis]],<ref name="McMichaelHordinsky2008">{{cite book|author1=Amy J. McMichael|author2=Maria K. Hordinsky|title=Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-dT_21KZOIC&pg=PA289|accessdate=27 April 2010|year=2008|publisher=Informa Health Care|isbn=978-1-57444-822-1|pages=289–}}</ref><ref name="urlPediculosis: Treatment & Medication - eMedicine Emergency Medicine">{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785248-treatment |title=Pediculosis: Treatment & Medication - eMedicine Emergency Medicine |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Ivermectin|Ivermectin]] is now approved by the [[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] for pediculosis.<ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202736s000lbl.pdf</ref>

==Natural products==
Clinical studies of natural products are very limited, and most have methodological problems such as lack of a comparison group.<ref name="BMJ"/><ref name="IMAJ">{{cite journal| last =Mumcuoglu | first =Kosta |author2=Miller, Jacqueline |author3=Zamir, Chen |author4=Zentner, Gary |author5=Helbin, Valery |author6= Ingber, Arieh | title =The In Vivo Pediculicidal Efficacy of a Natural Remedy | journal =Israel Medical Association Journal | volume =4 | pages =790–793 | publisher =Israel Medical Association | location =Ramat Gan | date =October 2002}} http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar02oct-8.pdf</ref>

==Enzyme-based products==
Certain [[Biology:Protease|protease]]s can have insecticidal effects. This process works through using naturally occurring [[Biology:Enzymes|enzymes]] similar to those within the insects themselves. These [[Biology:Proteolysis|proteolytic]] enzymes cause the insect to hatch and molt prematurely, destroying the creature's exoskeleton. These enzymes are similar to those found in meat tenderizers and digestive aids. The benefits of this type of treatment is that the lice do not develop resistance and these products are less toxic.

==Silicone-based lotions==
[[Chemistry:Polydimethylsiloxane|Dimethicone]] is a silicone oil, which coats and smothers the lice causing their death either by suffocation or dehydration. Most dimethicone lotions do not kill nits because the nits have only one breathing orifice, the [[Biology:Operculum (animal)|operculum]], so the dimethicone has less access there. [[File:licemov.ogg|thumb|right|250px|Accelerated Nano X-ray tomography of headlice treated with Silcap(4% dimethicone/96% mineral oil) ([http://www.oystershell.com/silcap.htm]). After 15 min the lice and nits are suffocated and dry out. Courtesy of Oystershell NV & University of Ghent]] Therefore, most treatments should be repeated after 7&ndash;10 days to kill any lice that hatch from the eggs or to treat reinfection by family members or classmates .<ref name="Dimeticone">{{cite journal| last =Burgess | first =Ian F. |author2=Brown, Christine M. |author3=Lee, Peter N. | title =Treatment of head louse infestation with 4% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial | journal =British Medical Journal | volume =330 | issue =7505 | pages =1423 | publisher =BMJ Publishing Group Ltd | location =[[Place:London|London]] | date =10 June 2005 | url =http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7505/1423 | doi =10.1136/bmj.38497.506481.8F | accessdate =2008-01-03 | pmid =15951310| pmc =558378 }}</ref> Combination lotions and foams exist (Silcap,<ref>
  {{cite web
 |title       = Silcap
 |publisher   = Oystershell NV
 |url         = http://www.oystershell.be/silcap.htm
 |accessdate  = July 7, 2010
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100403024049/http://www.oystershell.be/silcap.htm
 |archivedate = April 3, 2010
 |df          = 
}}</ref> manufactured by Oystershell NV) that have an immediate effect on nits (15 min, 96% mortality) by combining the rather viscous dimethicone with penetrating excipients that increase the delivery through the abdominal spiracles of adults and the [[Biology:Operculum (animal)|operculum]] of the nits.<ref>PCT/EP2008/050417 Foamable composition for killing arthropods and uses thereof.</ref> However, "Silcap is not yet available in the US.  Import and distribution is still waiting for final FDA approval."<ref>
  {{cite web
 |last        = Janssens
 |first       = Andre
 |title       = Silcap
 |publisher   = Oystershell NV
 |url         = http://www.oystershell.be/silcap.htm
 |accessdate  = July 9, 2010
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100403024049/http://www.oystershell.be/silcap.htm
 |archivedate = April 3, 2010
 |df          = 
}}</ref>

==Gasoline/Kerosene==
The use of [[Chemistry:Kerosene|kerosene]] or [[Chemistry:Gasoline|gasoline]] for prevention or treatment of lice is dangerous due to the inherent fire hazard.<ref name="JDD">
{{cite journal
 | last =Mumcuoglu
 | first =Kosta Y.
 |author2=Barker CS |author3=Burgess IF |author4=Combescot-Lang C |author5=Dagleish RC |author6=Larsen KS |author7=Miller J |author8=Roberts RJ |author9=Taylan-Ozkan A.
   | title =International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations
 | journal =Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
 | volume =6
 | pages =409–414
 | date =2007
 | accessdate =
 | pmid =17668538
 | issue =4 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
|publisher=FOX News
|title=Indiana Teenager Critically Burned Trying to Kill Head Lice
|date=February 26, 2009
}}</ref> Since 1989, there have been at least nine cases of children being severely burned during such attempts. These cases apparently occurred because, contrary to popular belief, it is the fumes of the gasoline, rather than the liquid itself, that are flammable. These fumes can ignite due to the presence of even a small spark or open flame - such as those caused by electrical appliances, cigarette lighters, or pilot lights in stoves and water heaters. The use of gasoline to treat lice also carries a high risk of [[Medicine:Dermatitis|dermatitis]] (i.e. irritation of the scalp).<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/medical/homecure/lice.asp Gasoline Lice Treatment] at snopes.com.</ref>

Before [[Chemistry:Gasoline|gasoline (Petrol)]] was used as fuel, it was sold in small bottles as a treatment against lice and their eggs.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} At that time, the word ''Petrol'' was a trade name.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.vintagegarage.co.uk/histories/carless%20capel%20&%20leonard.htm
 |title       = History of Carless, Capel & Leonard
 |author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
 |date        = 2008
 |website     = Vintage Garage
 |accessdate  = 2014-12-28
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20141229034101/http://www.vintagegarage.co.uk/histories/carless%20capel%20%26%20leonard.htm
 |archivedate = 2014-12-29
 |df          = 
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Anti-arthropod medications}}

[[Category:Antiparasitic agents]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pediculicide|1}}