View source for Company:Bayer

{{Short description|German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bayer AG
| logo = [[File:Logo Bayer.svg|160px]]
| image = Leverkusen Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 0004.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in Leverkusen
| type = [[Finance:Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{FWB|BAYN}}|DAX component|Euro Stoxx 50 component}}
| founder = Friedrich Bayer
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1863|08|01}}<ref name="bayer1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1863-1881|title=History of Bayer: 1863–1881|publisher=Bayer AG}}</ref>
| location = Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, {{wipe|Germany}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* Bill Anderson (CEO)
* Norbert Winkeljohann (Chairman of the supervisory board)
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{€|50.74 billion|link=yes}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.bayer.com/sites/default/files/2023-02/Bayer-Annual-Report-2022.pdf |title=Bayer AG Annual Report 2022 |access-date=15 September 2023 |publisher=Bayer AG}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} €7.01 billion (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} €4.15 billion (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| assets = {{increase}} €124.9 billion (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| equity = {{increase}} €38.93 billion (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| num_employees = 101,369 (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| industry = {{plainlist|
* [[Medicine:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[Engineering:Chemical industry|Chemicals]]
* [[Engineering:Biotechnology|Biotechnology]]
* Healthcare
}}
| products = {{hlist|Prescription pharmaceuticals|[[Medicine:Medical imaging|diagnostic imaging]]|therapeutics|[[Medicine:Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter drug]]s|pesticides|seeds|[[Biology:Plant breeding|plant biotechnology]]}}
| homepage = {{url|https://www.bayer.com/|bayer.com}}
| subsid = 
| parent = 
}}

'''Bayer AG''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|.|ər}}, commonly pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|ər}};<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Susanna |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Ikea and Other Brand Names You've Been Mispronouncing |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/ikea-brand-names-mispronouncing/story?id=25248511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002142040/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/ikea-brand-names-mispronouncing/story?id=25248511 |archive-date=Oct 2, 2022 |website=ABC News}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈbaɪɐ|lang}}) is a German [[Finance:Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Chemistry:Pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical]] and [[Engineering:Biotechnology|biotechnology]] company and is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies and biomedical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include: pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the EURO STOXX 50 stock market index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euro Stoxx 50, Börse Frankfurt (Frankfurt Stock Exchange) |url=http://en.boerse-frankfurt.de/index/constituents/Euro_Stoxx_50#Constituents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100901/http://en.boerse-frankfurt.de/index/constituents/Euro_Stoxx_50 |archive-date=Jan 18, 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Deutsche Boerse}}</ref>

Bayer was founded in 1863 in Barmen as a partnership between dye salesman Friedrich Bayer (1825–1880) and dyer Friedrich Weskott (1821–1876). The company was established as a dyestuffs producer, but the versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand its business into other areas. In 1899, Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name [[Chemistry:Aspirin|Aspirin]]. Aspirin is on the [[Medicine:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 |  publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2020, it was the 36th most commonly [[Medicine:Prescription drug|prescribed medication]] in the United States, with more than 17{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|access-date=7 October 2022|website=ClinCalc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aspirin - Drug Usage Statistics, US 2013-2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Aspirin|access-date=7 October 2022|website=ClinCalc}}</ref>
In 1904, Bayer received a trademark for the "Bayer Cross" logo, which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin tablet, creating an iconic product that is still sold by Bayer. Other commonly known products initially commercialized by Bayer include [[Chemistry:Heroin|heroin]], phenobarbital, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.

In 1925, Bayer merged with five other German companies to form IG Farben, creating the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. Following [[Social:World War II|World War II]], the [[Organization:Allied Control Council|Allied Control Council]] seized IG Farben's assets{{efn|name=seized}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |title=Law No. 9 |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf |publisher=Allied Control Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922015412/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/GerRecon/PropControl/reference/history.propcontrol.i0039.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in [[Social:The Holocaust|the Holocaust]], including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous medical testing, and production of [[Biology:Zyklon B|Zyklon B]], a chemical used in gas chambers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bayer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108110822/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bayer |archive-date=2021-11-08 |access-date=2021-11-08 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref> In 1951, IG Farben was split into its constituent companies, and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Bayer played a key role in the {{Lang|de|Wirtschaftswunder}} in post-war West Germany, quickly regaining its position as one of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations.

In 2016 Bayer merged with the American multinational Monsanto in what was the biggest acquisition by a German company to date.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Ruth Bender {{!}} Graphics by Merrill |date=28 August 2019 |title=How Bayer-Monsanto Became One of the Worst Corporate Deals—in 12 Charts |language=en-US |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bayer-monsanto-became-one-of-the-worst-corporate-dealsin-12-charts-11567001577 |access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref> However, owing to the massive financial and reputational blows caused by ongoing litigation concerning Monsanto's herbicide [[Biology:Roundup (herbicide)|Roundup]], the deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history,<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Worst deal ever? Bayer's market cap now close to the total cost it paid for Monsanto |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/worst-deal-ever-bayer-s-market-cap-now-close-to-total-cost-it-paid-for-monsanto |access-date=2019-09-23 |website=FiercePharma}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Randazzo |first=Sara |date=2021-02-03 |title=Bayer Tries Again to Limit Roundup Liability |language=en-US |work={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-tries-again-to-limit-roundup-liability-11612388834 |access-date=2021-02-04 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=2023-12-06 |title=Years After Monsanto Deal, Bayer's Roundup Bills Keep Piling Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref> so Bayer became the second biggest pharma company in Europe by revenue because of it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/20036/umfrage/umsatz-der-bayer-ag-seit-1995/#:~:text=Im%20Gesch%C3%A4ftsjahr%202022%20erwirtschaftete%20die,Rekordergebnis%20war%20jedoch%20der%20Agrarsektor |title=Umsatz der Bayer AG in den Jahren 1995 bis Q3 2023 |language=de |website=Statista.com |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

Bayer owns the Bundesliga football club Bayer 04 Leverkusen.

==Early history==
===Foundation===
[[File:Farbenfabrik vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Comp 1908.jpg|left|thumb|Share of Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Comp in Elberfeld, issued 1 May 1908]]

Bayer AG was founded as a dyestuffs factory in 1863 in Barmen (later part of Wuppertal), Germany, by Friedrich Bayer and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer.{{sfn|Lewis|Zitzlsperger|2016|p=92}} Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks. [[Chemistry:Fuchsine|Fuchsine]] and [[Chemistry:Aniline|aniline]] became the company's most important products.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fagin |first=Dan |title=Dye Me a River: How a Revolutionary Textile Coloring Compound Tainted a Waterway [Excerpt] |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toms-river-excerpt-on-aniline-dye/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>

The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866. Friedrich Bayer (1851–1920), the son of the company's founder, was a chemist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his father in 1880, the company became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co, also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken.<ref>{{cite web |title=The mordant dyestuffs of the Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co., Elberfeld, and their application to printing and dyeing |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-d73f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=NYPL Digital Collections |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bayer-Kreuz.jpg|thumb|upright|Bayer cross, Leverkusen|left]]
A further expansion in Elberfeld was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the [[Chemistry:Alizarin|alizarin]] producer Leverkus and Sons. A new city, Leverkusen, was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG's headquarters. The company's corporate logo, the Bayer cross, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the word ''BAYER'' written vertically and horizontally, sharing the ''Y'' and enclosed in a circle.{{sfn|Sánchez-Serrano|2011|p=51}} An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen.<ref>Europe Tourism. 5 March 2015 [http://europetourism.ga/category/landmarks/ landmarks Landmarks: Cologne: Nearby Attractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307094031/http://europetourism.ga/category/landmarks/ |date=7 March 2015 }}</ref>

===Aspirin===
[[File:Aspirin-Fläschchen.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Bottle of Bayer aspirin, 1899]]
Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid—first described by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853{{sfn|Schrör|2016|p=12}}—a modification of [[Chemistry:Salicylic acid|salicylic acid]] or [[Chemistry:Salicin|salicin]], a folk remedy found in the [[Biology:Bark (botany)|bark]] of the [[Biology:Willow|willow]] plant.{{sfn|Schrör|2016|p=8}}<ref name=Mahdi2006/> By 1899, Bayer's trademark [[Chemistry:Aspirin|Aspirin]] was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but it lost its trademark status in the United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during [[Social:World War I|World War I]] by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word.<ref name=Tulett28May2014/>

[[File:Bayer Aspirin advert Life Magazine 1927.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Advert for Bayer Aspirin in Life magazine, 1927]]
The term ''aspirin'' continued to be used in the {{wipe|United States}}, {{wipe|United Kingdom}} and {{wipe|France}} for all brands of the drug,<ref name=Tulett28May2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27026704|title='Genericide': Brands destroyed by their own success|first=Simon|last=Tulett|date=28 May 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref> but it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, {{wipe|Germany}} and {{wipe|Switzerland}}. As of 2011, approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuster|first1=Valentin|last2=Sweeny|first2=Joseph M. |title=Aspirin: A Historical and Contemporary Therapeutic Overview |journal=Circulation |volume=123 |issue=7 |pages=768–778 |date=22 February 2011 |pmid=21343593 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.963843 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is on the [[Medicine:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Model List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[Medicine:Health system|health system]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=October 2013}}</ref>

There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin. [[Biography:Arthur Eichengrün|Arthur Eichengrün]], a Bayer chemist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant [[Medicine:Adverse effect|side effects]] of nausea and gastric pain. He also said he had invented the name ''aspirin'' and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father, who had [[Medicine:Arthritis|arthritis]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Felix Hoffmann ist der "Vater" des Aspirin|date=September 1999|publisher=Bayer AG, courtesy of LaHave Media Services Limited|url=http://pressearchiv-kubitschek.www.de/pharma-presse/presseerklaerungen/texte/pharma_medikamente/bayer/bayer_110999.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928132933/http://pressearchiv-kubitschek.www.de/pharma-presse/presseerklaerungen/texte/pharma_medikamente/bayer/bayer_110999.html|url-status = dead|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Various sources support the conflicting claims.<ref>{{cite press release|date=1999|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|url=http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/1999/annconf99press3.pdf|title=Jewish Scientist's Claim to Discover Aspirin Denied by Nazis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050528215006/http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/1999/annconf99press3.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2005|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=Sneader>{{cite journal|author=Sneader, Walter|date=23 December 2000|title=The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal|journal=BMJ|volume=321 |issue=7276 |pages=1591–1594 |pmid=11124191 |pmc=1119266 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591}}</ref> Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün.<ref name=Mahdi2006>{{cite journal |last1=Mahdi|first1=J.G.| last2=Mahdi|first2=A.J.|last3=Mahdi|first3=A.J.|last4=Bowen|first4=I.D. |s2cid=16515437|title=The historical analysis of aspirin discovery, its relation to the willow tree and antiproliferative and anticancer potential |journal=Cell Proliferation |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=147–155 |date=April 2006  |pmid=16542349 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00377.x |pmc=6496865}}</ref><ref name=Sneader/>

===Heroin===
[[File:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|upright|Bayer Heroin bottle]]
[[Chemistry:Heroin|Heroin]] (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for [[Biology:Morphine|morphine]],<ref name=TimesUnion>Moore, Deborah (24 August 2014). [http://www.timesunion.com/518life/article/Heroin-A-brief-history-of-unintended-consequences-5705610.php "Heroin: A brief history of unintended consequences"]. ''Times Union''.</ref> and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including [[Medicine:Pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Medicine:Tuberculosis|tuberculosis]].{{sfn|Fernandez|Libby|2011|p=22}} While Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, the company did lead the way in commercializing it.<ref name="CHFBio">{{cite web|title=Felix Hoffmann|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/felix-hoffmann|website=Science History Institute|date=8 December 2017}}</ref> ''Heroin'' was a Bayer trademark until after World War I.<ref>Edwards Jim (17 November 2011). [http://www.businessinsider.com/yes-bayer-promoted-heroin-for-children-here-are-the-ads-that-prove-it-2011-11 "Yes, Bayer Promoted Heroin for Children — Here Are The Ads That Prove It"]. ''Business Insider''.</ref> Bayer's director of pharmacology did not want the drug to have "too complicated a name" so Bayer settled on heroisch, the German word for heroic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sneader |first1=Walter |title=The discovery of heroin |journal=The Lancet |date=21 November 1998 |volume=352 |issue=9141 |pages=1697–1699 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07115-3 |pmid=9853457 |s2cid=1819676 }}</ref>

===Phenobarbital===
In 1903, Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of [[Chemistry:Phenobarbital|phenobarbital]] in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of [[Medicine:Epilepsy|epilepsy]] through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications.<ref name="Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD 26–39">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD |title=How phenobarbital revolutionized epilepsy therapy: the story of phenobarbital therapy in epilepsy in the last 100 years |journal=Epilepsia |volume=53 |pages=26–39 |date=December 2012  |issue=Suppl 8 |pmid=23205960 |doi=10.1111/epi.12026 |s2cid=8934654 }}</ref><ref name="López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C 329–43">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C |title=The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=329–343 |date=December 2005 |pmid=18568113 |pmc=2424120 }}</ref>

===World War I===
[[File:BayerHeroin1911.png|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Bayer advertisement, 1911]]
During [[Social:World War I|World War I]] (1914–1918), Bayer's assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada and several other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1914-1925|title=History of Bayer: 1914–1925|publisher=Bayer AG}}</ref> In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks, including the well-known Bayer cross, were acquired by Sterling Drug, a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994.

Throughout the war, Bayer was involved in production and development of various chemical weapons. In 1914, Bayer manufactured [[Chemistry:O-Dianisidine|dianisidine chlorosulfate]] for use in 105&nbsp;mm artillery shell, intended as a lung irritant against British forces.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Legg, J.|author2=Parker, G.|year=2002|title=The Germans develop a new weapon: the gas cloud|url=http://www.greatwar.co.uk/westfront/ypsalient/secondypres/prelude/gasdev.htm|access-date=6 August 2007|publisher=The Great War}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abelshauser|first=Werner|url=https://archive.org/details/germanindustrygl00wern|title=German Industry and Global Enterprise, BASF: The History of a Company|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-82726-4}}</ref>

In 1916, Bayer scientists discovered [[Chemistry:Suramin|suramin]], an anti-parasite drug that is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept secret by Bayer for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the [[Organization:Pasteur Institute|Pasteur Institute]].{{sfn|Sneader|2005|pp=378–379}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fourneau | first1 = E. | last2 = Th | last3 = Vallée | first3 = J. | year = 1924 | title = Sur une nouvelle série de médicaments trypanocides | journal = Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences | volume = 178 | page = 675 }}</ref> It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|access-date=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref>

===IG Farben===
In 1925, Bayer became part of IG Farben, a German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies: BASF, Bayer, Hoechst (including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle), Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer.{{sfn|Tammen|1978|p=195}} In the 1930s, [[Biography:Gerhard Domagk|Gerhard Domagk]], director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered [[Chemistry:Prontosil|prontosil]], the first commercially available antibacterial drug.{{sfn|Vardanyan|Hruby|2016|p=645}} The discovery and development of this first [[Medicine:Sulfonamide|sulfonamide]] drug opened a new era in medicine.{{sfn|Hager|2006}}{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerhard Domagk |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1939/domagk/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> He was forced by the [[Social:Nazi Party|Nazi Party]] to relinquish the reward; German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist, [[Biography:Carl von Ossietzky|Carl von Ossietzky]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerhard Domagk |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/gerhard-domagk |publisher=Science History Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531170910/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/gerhard-domagk |archive-date=31 May 2018 |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

===World War II and the Holocaust===
IG Farben, Bayer's parent company, used slave labour in factories it built in Nazi concentration camps, most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp (known as Auschwitz III), part of the [[Social:Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz camp complex]] in German-occupied Poland.{{sfn|Dickerman|2017|p=440}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/ig_auschwitz_en | title=I.G. Auschwitz | place=Frankfurt| publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute}}</ref><!--and the sub-camps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.--> By 1943, almost half of IG Farben's 330,000-strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|pp=xxi–xxii}}

Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of the Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp.{{sfn|Lifton|Hackett|1998|p=310}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Other doctor-perpetrators |url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/medical-experiments/other-doctor-perpetrators/ |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062104/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/medical-experiments/other-doctor-perpetrators/ |archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> In one study of an anaesthetic, the company paid RM&nbsp;170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz.<ref>{{harvnb|Strzelecka|2000|p=363}}; {{harvnb|Rees|2006|p=179}}; {{harvnb|Jacobs|2017|pp=312–314}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Worthington |first1=Daryl |title=IG Farben Opens Factory at Auschwitz |url=https://www.newhistorian.com/ig-farben-opens-factory-at-auschwitz/3822/ |work=New Historian |date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522040626/https://www.newhistorian.com/ig-farben-opens-factory-at-auschwitz/3822/ |archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price."<ref>{{harvnb|Strzelecka|2000|p=363}}; {{harvnb|Rees|2006|p=179}}; that the letter was directed at Höss, see {{harvnb|Jeffreys|2009|p=278}}.</ref><!--IG Farben employees frequently said, "If you don't work faster, you'll be gassed."<ref>(Benedikt Kautsky, hearing of witness, 29 January 1953. HHStAW, Sec. 460, No. 1424 (Wollheim v. IG Farben), Vol. II, pp. 257–264, here p. 264. (Transl. KL))</ref>--><!--add source: Bayer's position is that the company did not exist during this period, and that the name "Bayer" was simply a trademark of IG Farben.-->

After the war, the [[Organization:Allied Control Council|Allied Control Council]] seized IG Farben for "knowingly and prominently&nbsp;... building up and maintaining German war potential".{{efn|name=seized|Peter Hayes (Cambridge University Press, 2001): "[O]ne of the first acts of the American occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for 'knowingly and prominently&nbsp;... building up and maintaining German war potential'. Two years later, twenty-three of the firm's principal officers went on trial&nbsp;... By the time John McCloy, the American high commissioner [for Germany], pardoned the last of them in 1951, IG&nbsp;Farben scarcely existed. Its holdings in the German Democratic Republic had been nationalized; those in the Federal Republic had been divided into six, later chiefly three, separate corporations: BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst."{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=xxii}}}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/> It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst.{{sfn|Hayes|2001|p=xxii}}<ref name=Schneibel19Aug2011>{{cite news| url=http://www.dw.com/en/stock-of-former-nazi-chemicals-giant-to-be-delisted/a-15327052| first=Gerhard|last=Schneibel| title=Stock of former Nazi chemicals giant to be delisted|work=Deutsche Welle| date=19 August 2011}}</ref> Bayer was at that point known as Farbenfabriken Bayer [[Finance:Aktiengesellschaft|AG]]; it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972.{{sfn|Lewis|Zitzlsperger|2016|p=92}} After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was Fritz ter Meer, who helped to plan the Monowitz camp (Auschwitz III) and IG Farben's Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25,000 forced laborers were deployed. Ter Meer was sentenced to seven years, but was released in 1950 for good behavior. {{sfn|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949|p=63}} He was elected to Bayer AG's supervisory board in 1956, a position he retained until 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/fritz_friedrich_hermann_ter_meer_18841967 |title=Fritz (Friedrich Hermann) ter Meer (1884–1967)  |place=Frankfurt |publisher=Wollheim Memorial, Fritz Bauer Institute|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>

Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to [[Biography:Elie Wiesel|Elie Wiesel]] for the company's actions during [[Social:World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945) and [[Social:The Holocaust|the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bayer's CEO Helge Wehmeier Faces Past and Fights for Future |url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/26/pin.00.html |publisher=CNN |date=26 January 2002}}</ref>

==Products==
===Overview===
In 1953, Bayer brought the first neuroleptic ([[Chemistry:Chlorpromazine|chlorpromazine]]) onto the German market.<ref>Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992, p. 98 {{ISBN|3-927408-82-4}}</ref> In the 1960s, Bayer
introduced a pregnancy test, [[Chemistry:Primodos|Primodos]], that consisted of two pills that contained [[Chemistry:Norethisterone|norethisterone]] (as acetate) and [[Chemistry:Ethinylestradiol|ethinylestradiol]]. It detected pregnancy by inducing [[Medicine:Menstruation|menstruation]] in women who were not pregnant; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for [[Medicine:Birth defect|birth defect]]s, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the [[Organization:Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive.<ref name=MHRAreview2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/comms-ic/documents/websiteresources/con404471.pdf|title=Assessment of historical evidence on Primodos and congenital malformations – a synopsis|publisher=Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|date=2014|access-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215100/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/comms-ic/documents/websiteresources/con404471.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Alka-Seltzer Ged Handelsmerk.JPG|thumb|Bayer has owned Alka-Seltzer since 1978.]]
In 1978, Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and [[Organization:Cutter Laboratories|Cutter Laboratories]], acquiring along with them a variety of product lines including [[Chemistry:Alka-Seltzer|Alka-Seltzer]], Flintstones vitamins and [[Chemistry:One A Day|One-A-Day]] vitamins, and Cutter [[Chemistry:Insect repellent|insect repellent]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/adualtrusttrans02cuttrich/adualtrusttrans02cuttrich_djvu.txt "Cutter Laboratories: 1897–1972. A Dual Trust"]. The Bancroft Library, University of California/Berkeley, Regional Oral History Office, transcript 1972–1974.</ref>

Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter's [[Biology:Factor VIII|Factor VIII]] business. Factor VIII, a clotting agent used to treat hemophilia, was produced, at the time, by processing donated blood. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection. According to the ''New York Times'', this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history". Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States. But in 2003, documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US; they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product.<ref name = NYTimes2003>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/22/business/2-paths-of-bayer-drug-in-80-s-riskier-one-steered-overseas.html | title = 2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80's: Riskier One Steered Overseas | last1=Bogdanich|first1=Walt|last2=Koli|first2=Eric|work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2003}}</ref>

Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products. In the late 1990s it introduced a [[Biology:Statin|statin]] drug, Baycol ([[Chemistry:Cerivastatin|cerivastatin]]), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was [[Medicine:Rhabdomyolysis|rhabdomyolysis]], causing [[Medicine:Kidney failure|kidney failure]], which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1186/CVM-2-5-205| last1 = Furberg | first1 = C.| last2 = Pitt | first2 = B.| title = Withdrawal of cerivastatin from the world market| journal = Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine| volume = 2| issue = 5| pages = 205–207| year = 2001| pmid = 11806796| pmc = 59524 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Trasylol ([[Biology:Aprotinin|aprotinin]]), used to control bleeding during major surgery, was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-05-15 |title=Bayer pulls Trasylol supplies after study |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-trasylol-idINN1449840720080515 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>

===Top-selling pharmaceutical products===
In 2014, pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer 2014 Annual report |url=http://www.investor.bayer.com/en/overview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415062802/http://www.investor.bayer.com/en/overview |archive-date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Bayer }}</ref> In 2019, identified "key growth" products were Xarelto ([[Chemistry:Rivaroxaban|rivaroxaban]]), Eylea ([[Chemistry:Aflibercept|aflibercept]]), Stivarga ([[Chemistry:Regorafenib|regorafenib]]), Xofigo ([[Chemistry:Radium-223|radium-223]]), and Adempas (riociguat).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bayer.com/en/bayer-annual-report-2018.pdfx|title=Bayer Annual Report – 2018|date=2018|publisher=Bayer}}</ref>{{Rp|93}} Top-selling products as of 2014 included:

[[File:Leverkusen, straatzicht Bayer - Science for a better life foto2 2015-04-18 12.10.jpg|thumb|265px|Bayer facility in Leverkusen]]

* '''Kogenate''' ([[Biology:Factor VIII|recombinant clotting factor VIII]]). Kogenate is a recombinant version of clotting factor VIII,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labeling.bayerhealthcare.com/html/products/pi/Kogenate_PI.pdf|title=labeling.bayerhealthcare.com}}</ref> the absence or deficiency of which causes the abnormal bleeding associated with haemophilia type A. Kogenate is one of several commercially available Factor VIII products having equivalent efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Mancuso ME, Santagostino E |s2cid=36273104 |title=How we choose factor VIII to treat hemophilia |journal=Blood |volume=119 |issue=18 |pages=4108–14 |year=2012 |pmid=22411872 |doi=10.1182/blood-2012-01-394411 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''Xarelto''' ([[Chemistry:Rivaroxaban|rivaroxaban]]) is a small molecule inhibitor of [[Biology:Factor X|Factor X]]a, a key enzyme involved in blood coagulation. In the United States, the FDA has approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in people with [[Medicine:Atrial fibrillation|atrial fibrillation]], for the treatment of [[Medicine:Deep vein thrombosis|deep vein thrombosis]] and [[Medicine:Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary embolism]], and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people undergoing hip surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/022406s004lbl.pdf|title=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> Rivaroxaban competes with other newer generation anticoagulants such as [[Chemistry:Edoxaban|edoxaban]], [[Chemistry:Apixaban|apixaban]], and [[Chemistry:Dabigatran|dabigatran]] as well as with the generic anticoagulant warfarin. It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, but unlike warfarin there is no established protocol for rapidly reversing its effects in the event of uncontrolled bleeding or the need for emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sardar P, Chatterjee S, Wu WC, Lichstein E, Ghosh J, Aikat S, Mukherjee D |title=New oral anticoagulants are not superior to warfarin in secondary prevention of stroke or transient ischemic attacks, but lower the risk of intracranial bleeding: insights from a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparisons |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e77694 |year=2013 |pmid=24204920 |pmc=3808395 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077694 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...877694S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''Betaseron''' ([[Chemistry:Interferon beta-1b|interferon beta-1b]]) is an injectable form of the protein interferon beta used to prevent relapses in the relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labeling.bayerhealthcare.com/html/products/pi/Betaseron_PI.pdf|title=Highlights of Prescribing Information |publisher=Bayer}}</ref> Betaseron competes with other injectable forms of interferon beta, [[Chemistry:Glatiramer acetate|glatiramer acetate]], and a variety of newer multiple sclerosis drugs, some of which can be taken orally ([[Chemistry:Dimethyl fumarate|Dimethyl fumarate]], [[Chemistry:Teriflunomide|teriflunomide]], others).
* '''Yasmin / Yaz birth control pills''' are part of a group of birth control pill products based on the [[Chemistry:Progestin|progestin]] [[Biology:Drospirenone|drospirenone]]. Yaz is approved in the United States for the prevention of pregnancy, to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception, and to treat moderate acne in women at least 14 years of age who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception. The FDA conducted a safety review regarding the potential of Yaz and other drospirenone-containing products to increase the risk of blood clots; Yaz and Yasmin were associated with the deaths of 23 women in Canada, leading [[Organization:Health Canada|Health Canada]] to issue a warning in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yaz and Yasmin pills linked to 23 deaths, say Health Canada documents |url=https://www.macleans.ca/general/yaz-and-yasmin-pills-linked-to-23-deaths-say-health-canada-documents/ |work=Macleans |agency=The Canadian Press |date=11 June 2013}}{{pb}}
{{cite web |title=Health Canada reviewing safety of drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives (Yasmin and Yaz) and risk of venous thromboembolism |url=http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2011/13611a-eng.php |publisher=Health Canada |date=7 June 2011}}{{pb}}
{{cite web |title=Yasmin and Yaz (drospirenone): Updated information on increased risk of blood clots |url=http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2011/13563a-eng.php |publisher=Health Canada |date=5 December 2011}}</ref> Although conflicting results were obtained in different studies, the FDA added a warning to the label in 2012 that Yaz and related products may be associated with an increased risk of clotting relative to other birth control pill products.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm299305.htm |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Updated information about the risk of blood clots in women taking birth control pills containing drospirenone |publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration |date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, a meta analysis suggested that birth control pills of the class Yasmin belongs to raise the risk of blood clots to a greater extent than some other classes of birth control pills.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR |title=Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=347 |pages=f5298 |year=2013 |pmid=24030561 |pmc=3771677 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.f5298|display-authors=0}}</ref>
*'''Nexavar''' ([[Chemistry:Sorafenib|sorafenib]]) is a kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of liver cancer ([[Medicine:Hepatocellular carcinoma|hepatocellular carcinoma]]), kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma), and certain types of [[Medicine:Thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-54490-3_8 |chapter=Sorafenib: Targeting Multiple Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer |title=Small Molecules in Oncology |series=Recent Results in Cancer Research |year=2014 |last1=Hasskarl |first1=Jens |volume=201 |pages=145–164 |pmid=24756790 |isbn=978-3-642-54489-7 }}</ref>
* '''Trasylol''' ([[Biology:Aprotinin|Aprotinin]]) Trasylol is a trypsin inhibitor used to control bleeding during major surgery. In a 2006 meeting called by the FDA to review the drug's safety, Bayer scientists failed to reveal the results of an ongoing large study suggesting that Trasylol may increase the risks of death and stroke. According to a FDA official who preferred to remain anonymous, the FDA learned of the study only through information provided to the FDA by a whistleblowing scientist who was involved in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108751.htm|title=FDA Statement Regarding New Trasylol Data|website=[[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref name=NYTtrasylol>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Gardiner |title=F.D.A. Says Bayer Failed to Reveal Drug Risk Study |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/30/health/30fda.html |work=The New York Times |date=30 September 2006 }}</ref> The study concluded Trasylol carried greater risks of death, serious kidney damage, congestive heart failure and strokes. On 15 December of the same year, the FDA restricted the use of Trasylol,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108808.htm|title=FDA Revises Labeling for Trasylol (Aprotinin Injection) to Strengthen Safety Warnings and Limit Usage of Drug to Specific Situations|website=[[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> and in November 2007, they requested that the company suspend marketing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109021.htm|title=FDA Requests Marketing Suspension of Trasylol|website=[[Organization:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> In 2011, Health Canada lifted its suspension of Trasylol for its originally approved indication of limiting bleeding in coronary bypass surgery, citing flaws in the design of the studies that led to its suspension.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/res/hc-sc_res-rep-trasylol-eng.php |title=MedEffect – Health Canada's Response to the Final Report of the Expert Advisory Panel on Trasylol (aprotinin) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402043811/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/res/hc-sc_res-rep-trasylol-eng.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This decision was controversial.<ref name="Medscape Multispecialty">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832483 | title=Aprotinin Reintroduction Puts Lives at Risk in Canada, EU | website=Medscape | date=29 September 2014 | access-date=18 April 2015 | author=Wood, Shelly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McMullan V, Alston RP |title=III. Aprotinin and cardiac surgery: a sorry tale of evidence misused |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=675–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23599511 |doi=10.1093/bja/aet008 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2013, the European Medicines Agency lifted its suspension of the Trasylol marketing authorization for selected patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery, citing a favorable risk-benefit ratio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Antifibrinolytic_medicines/WC500122924.pdf|title=www.ema.europa.eu}}</ref>
* '''Cipro''' ([[Chemistry:Ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) Ciprofloxacin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987. Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second-generation quinolone antibiotics that came into clinical use in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goossens H, Ferech M, Coenen S, Stephens P |title=Comparison of outpatient systemic antibacterial use in 2004 in the United States and 27 European countries |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1091–5 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366456 |doi=10.1086/512810 |others=European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Group |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bccdc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/BC629780-7E03-4153-B67B-5CFD4F521DAC/0/Full2010AntibioticConsumptionReport_aug2012.pdf|title=British Columbia Annual Summary of Antibiotics Utilization 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232309/http://www.bccdc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/BC629780-7E03-4153-B67B-5CFD4F521DAC/0/Full2010AntibioticConsumptionReport_aug2012.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2010, over 20 million outpatient prescriptions were written for ciprofloxacin, making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed drug, and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial, in the US.<ref>Drug topics June 2011 [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121937/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/data/articlestandard//drugtopics/252011/727243/article.pdf 2010 Top 200 generic drugs by total prescriptions]</ref>
*'''Rennie''' [[Chemistry:Antacid|antacid]] tablets, one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £29.8 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=A breakdown of the over-the-counter medicines market in Britain in 2016|url=http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/20202662.article|access-date=29 May 2017|publisher=Pharmaceutical Journal|date=28 April 2017|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022174148/https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/20202662.article|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Agricultural===
Bayer produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer's Agricultural Products |url=http://www.bayer.com/en/cropscience.aspx#ECFA-1|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

*'''Fungicides''' are primarily marketed for cereal crops, fresh produce, fungal with bacteria-based pesticides, and control of [[Biology:Mildew|mildew]] and [[Biology:Rust (fungus)|rust]] diseases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fungicide list|url=http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Fungicides.aspx|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416011948/http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Fungicides.aspx|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Nativo'' products are a mixture of trifloxystrobin [[Chemistry:Tebuconazole|tebuconazole]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Nativo label| url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-129112_20-Sep-99.pdf| date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Nativo label|url= http://www.bayercropscience.ie/manual/Nativo_75_WG.pdf|access-date= 15 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416015851/http://www.bayercropscience.ie/manual/Nativo_75_WG.pdf|archive-date= 16 April 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> ''XPro'' products are a mix of bixafen and prothioconazole,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayercropscience.ie/manual/Aviator_Xpro.pdf|title=Xpro label|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416005436/http://www.bayercropscience.ie/manual/Aviator_Xpro.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> while ''Luna'' contains [[Chemistry:Fluopyram|fluopyram]] and [[Chemistry:Pyrimethanil|pyrimethanil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Luna_Tranquility_Label1p.pdf|title=Luna label}}</ref>
*'''Herbicides''' are marketed primarily for field crops and orchards.<ref>{{cite web|title= Herbicide list|url= http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Herbicides.aspx|access-date= 15 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416005741/http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Herbicides.aspx|archive-date= 16 April 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> ''Liberty'' brands containing [[Chemistry:Glufosinate|glufosinate]] (a.k.a. Liberty or Basta) are used for general weed control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Liberty_280_SL_Herbicide_Label1t.pdf|title=Liberty label}}</ref> ''Capreno'' containing a mixture of thiencarbazone-methyl and tembotrione is used for grass and broad-leaf control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Capreno_Herbicide_Label1d.pdf|title=Capreno label}}</ref>
*'''Insecticides''' are marketed according to specific crop and insect pest type.<ref>{{cite web|title= Insecticide list|url= http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Insecticides.aspx|access-date= 15 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150416004829/http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Products-and-Innovation/Brands/Insecticides.aspx|archive-date= 16 April 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> Foliar insecticides include ''Belt'' containing flubendiamide, which is marketed against Lepidopteran pests,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Belt_SC_Insecticide_Label2b.pdf|title=Belt label}}</ref> and ''Movento'' containing [[Chemistry:Spirotetramat|spirotetramat]], which is marketed against sucking insects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Movento_Label1v.pdf|title=Movento label}}</ref> Neonicotinoids such as [[Chemistry:Clothianidin|clothianidin]] and [[Chemistry:Imidacloprid|imidacloprid]] are used as systemic seed treatments products such as Poncho and Gaucho.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Poncho_600_Label3a.pdf|title=Poncho label}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrian.com/pdfs/Gaucho_600_Flowable_Label4b.pdf|title=Gaucho label}}</ref> In 2008, neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impacts starting in Germany. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cressey | first1 = D. | title = Europe debates risk to bees | doi = 10.1038/496408a | journal = Nature | volume = 496 | issue = 7446 | page = 408 | year = 2013 | pmid =  23619669| bibcode = 2013Natur.496..408C | doi-access = free }}<br />{{cite journal | last1 = Gill | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Ramos-Rodriguez | first2 = O. | last3 = Raine | first3 = N. E. | doi = 10.1038/nature11585 | title = Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees | journal = Nature | volume = 491 | issue = 7422 | pages = 105–108 | year = 2012 | pmid =  23086150| pmc =3495159 | bibcode = 2012Natur.491..105G }}<br />{{cite journal | last1 = Dicks | first1 = L. | title = Bees, lies and evidence-based policy | doi = 10.1038/494283a | journal = Nature | volume = 494 | issue = 7437 | page = 283 | year = 2013 | pmid =  23426287| bibcode = 2013Natur.494..283D | doi-access = free }}<br />{{cite journal | last1 = Stoddart | first1 = C. | doi = 10.1038/nature.2012.11626 | title = The buzz about pesticides | journal = Nature | year = 2012 | s2cid = 208530336 | doi-access = free }}<br />{{cite journal | last1 = Osborne | first1 = J. L. | title = Ecology: Bumblebees and pesticides | doi = 10.1038/nature11637 | journal = Nature | volume = 491 | issue = 7422 | pages = 43–45 | year = 2012 | pmid =  23086148| bibcode = 2012Natur.491...43O | s2cid = 532877 }}<br />{{cite journal | last1 = Cressey | first1 = D. | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.12234 | title = Reports spark row over bee-bothering insecticides | journal = Nature | year = 2013 | s2cid = 88428354 }}<br />[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/nature_studies/nature-studies-by-michael-mccarthy-have-we-learned-nothing-since-silent-spring-2177935.html "Nature Studies by Michael McCarthy: Have we learned nothing since 'Silent Spring'?"] ''The Independent'' 7 January 2011
<br />[http://io9.com/5726862/do-people-know-perfectly-well-whats-killing-bees "Do people know perfectly well what’s killing bees?"] ''IO9.com'' 6 January 2011
</ref><ref name=ECbees>[http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/bees/neonicotinoids_en.htm Bees & Pesticides: Commission goes ahead with plan to better protect bees.] 30 May 2013.</ref><ref name=victory>{{cite news|title='Victory for bees' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population|work=The Independent|date=29 April 2013|first=Charlotte|last=McDonald-Gibson|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/victory-for-bees-as-european-union-bans-neonicotinoid-pesticides-blamed-for-destroying-bee-population-8595408.html|access-date=1 May 2013|location=London}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Parathion|Parathion]] was discovered by scientists at IG Farben in the 1940s as a [[Biology:Cholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitor]] insecticide. [[Chemistry:Propoxur|Propoxur]] is a [[Chemistry:Carbamate|carbamate]] insecticide that was introduced by Bayer in 1959.<ref Name=EXTOXNET>[http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/propoxur.htm EXTOXNET Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide Information Profile. Propoxur.] June 1996.</ref>

==Acquisitions==
{{Wide image|Pano-bayer-leverkusen.jpg|800px|Bayer factory in Leverkusen, Germany, 2009}}
===Overview===
In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's [[Medicine:Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] (OTC) drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the Bayer cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada.<ref name=latsept1994>{{cite news|last=OLMOS|first=DAVID|title=German Firm to Reclaim Bayer Aspirin Name : Drugs: It will acquire Sterling Winthrop's over-the-counter business and recover the rights it lost after WWI|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-13/business/fi-38019_1_bayer-aspirin|access-date=3 May 2013|newspaper=LA Times|date=14 September 1994}}</ref>

In 2004, Bayer HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of [[Company:Roche|Roche]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Sale of Roche Consumer Health to Bayer completed|date=3 January 2005|publisher=Roche|url=http://www.roche.com/media/store/releases/med-cor-2005-01-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917084811/http://www.roche.com/media/store/releases/med-cor-2005-01-03.htm|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> In March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as {{wipe|Russia}}, {{wipe|Ukraine}}, Kazakhstan, {{wipe|Belarus}}, and others.<ref>[http://www.bayer.com/en/News-Detail.aspx?id=10657 Bayer HealthCare to acquire OTC Business of Sagmel, Inc], official press release {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314230857/http://www.bayer.com/en/News-Detail.aspx?id=10657 |date=14 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=aAbNG8blrsgk&refer=germany |title = Bayer Buys Over-the-Counter Health Unit From Sagmel |work = Bloomberg |date=11 March 2008}}</ref>

On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia, {{wipe|United States}}. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.csb.gov/bayer-cropscience-pesticide-waste-tank-explosion/|title = Bayer CropScience Pesticide Waste Tank Explosion|access-date = 4 September 2014|website = U.S. Chemical Safety Board}}</ref> The ruptured tank was close to a [[Chemistry:Methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate]] tank which was undamaged by the explosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=619 |title=Bayer Pesticide Plant Disaster, 2008, Institute, West Virginia |publisher=Semp.us |access-date=14 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140150/http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=619| archive-date= 18 July 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

===Acquisition of Schering===
In March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn bid for Schering AG, founded in 1851. By 2006, Schering had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=2005 a Record Year for Schering AG |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2005-a-record-year-for-schering-ag-55363567.html |publisher=Shering AG press release, PR Newswire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008072507/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2005-a-record-year-for-schering-ag-55363567.html |archive-date=8 October 2016 |date=20 February 2006|url-status = dead}}</ref> and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide.{{sfn|Kumar|2012|pp=49–52}} Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6bn,<ref>Laforte, Marie-Eve (12 July 2006). [http://www.firstwordpharma.com/node/144265 Bayer completes acquisition of Schering AG]. ''First Word Pharma''.</ref> and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer's history,{{sfn|Kumar|2012|pp=49–52}}<ref name=telegraph2006>{{cite news |agency = The Daily Telegraph | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2941133/Bayer-acquires-Schering-in-17bn-deal.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2941133/Bayer-acquires-Schering-in-17bn-deal.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title=Bayer acquires Schering in €17bn deal| first =Katherine| last =Griffiths| date=25 June 2006}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and as of 2015, was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time.<ref>Staff (13 April 2015). [http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/featurehealthy-appetite---the-biggest-pharmaceutical-takeovers-in-the-last-ten-years-4543965/ "Healthy appetite – the ten biggest pharmaceutical takeovers"]. ''Pharmaceutical Technology''.</ref>

===Other acquisitions===
In November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group.<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Bayer Acquires Animal Health Co Bomac in New Zealand|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201011030324dowjonesdjonline000254&title=bayer-acquires-animal-health-co-bomac-in-new-zealand|publisher=Nasdaq|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Bayer partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014, moved to acquire the company for about $2.9 billion.<ref>{{cite news | title=Algeta Board OKs $2.9B Acquisition by Bayer | author=<!--Staff--> | work=Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News | page=10 | date=15 January 2014 | type = paper | volume=34 | issue=2 }}</ref> In 2014, Bayer agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spiderbook.com/company/117638/details?rel=304110&show_current=True&show_others=True&people_page=0&document_page=0&current_tab=supporting_documents|title=Bayer and Merck – Investment Information|work=spiderbook.com|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091054/http://spiderbook.com/company/117638/details?rel=304110&show_current=True&show_others=True&people_page=0&document_page=0&current_tab=supporting_documents|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2015, Bayer agreed to sell its diabetic care business to [[Company:Panasonic|Panasonic]] Healthcare Holdings for a fee of $1.02 billion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ludwig |last=Burger |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-m-a-kkr-idUSKBN0OQ0KF20150610 |title=Bayer sells Diabetes Care business to Panasonic Healthcare |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612045536/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/10/us-bayer-m-a-kkr-idUSKBN0OQ0KF20150610 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2019, the business acquired the ≈60% of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn't already own for up to $600 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/bayer-acquires-bluerock-therapeutics-to-build-leading-position-in-cell-therapy/?s=79 | title=Bayer acquires BlueRock Therapeutics to build leading position in cell therapy | date=8 August 2019 | publisher=BioSpace | access-date=27 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/bayer-buys-bluerock-therapeutics-for-600-million/|title=Already Owning 40.8% of BlueRock Therapeutics, Bayer Buys Rest of Company for $600 Million|website=BioSpace}}</ref>

In August 2020, Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd, helping to boost its female healthcare business, for $425 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/bayer-acquires-kandy-therapeutics-and-its-investigational-menopause-treatment/?s=79|title = Bayer Bolsters Women's Health Pipeline with Acquisition of KaNDy Therapeutics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/bayer-to-acquire-uk-based-biotech-kandy-therapeutics-ltd-/|title=Bayer to Acquire UK-Based Biotech KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd.|website=BioSpace}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kandy-m-a-bayer-idUKKCN2570WV|title=Bayer takes on Astellas in purchase of experimental menopause relief|newspaper=Reuters |date=11 August 2020|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> In October, Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for $2 billion upfront.<ref>{{cite web|last=Conover|first=Damien|date=26 October 2020|title=Bayer's Announced Acquisition Adds Needed Boost|url=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1006344/bayers-announced-acquisition-adds-needed-boost|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Morningstar.com|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2021, the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc. and PSMA Therapeutics Inc. gaining rights to a number of cancer-based investigational compounds based on [[Physics:Actinium-225|actinium-225]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/bayer-acquires-noria-and-psma-therapeutics-to-expand-pipeline-in-prostate-cancer/?s=79|title = Bayer Acquires Noria and PSMA Therapeutics to Expand Pipeline in Prostate Cancer}}</ref>

===Spin off of Covestro===
In September 2015, Bayer spun out its $12.3 billion materials science division into a separate, publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70% interest.<ref name="WSJCovestro2015"/><ref>Gannon, Joyce (1 September 2015). [http://www.post-gazette.com/business/healthcare-business/2015/09/01/Bayer-s-material-science-unit-now-under-Covestro-name-pittsburgh-robinson/stories/201509010151 "Bayer MaterialScience assumes its new identity as Covestro"]. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''.</ref> Bayer spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions (10.2%, compared with 24.9% for the agriculture business and 27.5% for healthcare) and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth, and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences.<ref name=WSJCovestro2015>Alessi, Christopher (1 September 2015). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-separates-material-science-business-covestro-1441121859 "Bayer Separates Material Science Business Covestro"]. ''Wall Street Journal''.</ref> Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015.<ref>Matthews, Sheenagh and Webb, Alex (6 October 2015).  [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-06/covestro-jumps-on-first-day-of-trading-in-frankfurt-after-ipo "Covestro Jumps on First Day of Trading in Frankfurt After IPO"]. Bloomberg News.</ref> Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health.<ref name=2015ARstructure>Bayer, 2015 Annual Report. [http://www.annualreport2015.bayer.com/management-report-annexes/fundamental-information-about-the-group/bayer-at-a-glance/corporate-structure.html Corporate Structure]</ref>

===Acquisition of Monsanto===
In May 2016, Bayer offered to buy U.S. seeds company Monsanto for $62 billion.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=23 March 2016|title=Bayer defies critics with $62 billion Monsanto offer|first1=Ludwig  |last1=Burger  |first2=Georgina  |last2=Prodhan  |access-date=23 March 2016|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-monsanto-m-a-bayer-idUSKCN0YE0DZ}}</ref> Shortly after Bayer's offer, Monsanto rejected the acquisition bid, seeking a higher price.<ref>{{cite news|work =Reuters |date=24 March 2016|title=Exclusive: Monsanto to reject Bayer bid seeking a higher price – sources|access-date=24 March 2016|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-monsanto-m-a-bayer-exclusive-idUSKCN0YF1ZG}}</ref> In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to a $66 billion offer by Bayer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37361556|title=Bayer confirms $66bn Monsanto takeover|date=14 September 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> In order to receive regulatory approval, Bayer agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies/basf-winner-bayer-monsanto-merger-901801|title=BASF: The unexpected winner in the Bayer-Monsanto merger|date=22 March 2018|work=Handelsblatt Global Edition|access-date=5 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-26/bayer-will-sell-more-units-to-basf-paving-way-for-monsanto-deal|title=Bayer Will Sell More Units to BASF in Bid to Clinch Monsanto|date=26 April 2018|work=Bloomberg News|access-date=5 June 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-to-sell-assets-to-basf-for-7-billion-subject-to-monsanto-acquisition-1507877275|title=Bayer to Sell Assets to BASF for $7 Billion Amid Scrutiny of Monsanto Megadeal|last1=Shevlin|first1=Anthony|date=13 October 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=5 June 2018|last2=Drozdiak|first2=Natalia|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-competition-bureau-asks-bayer-to-divest-some-canadian-assets-to-win/|title=Competition Bureau asks Bayer to divest some Canadian assets to win Monsanto deal approval|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/bayer-clears-eu-hurdle-for-monsanto-deal-with-basf-sale-pledge|title=Bayer Clears EU Hurdle for Monsanto Deal With BASF Sale|first=Aoife|last=White|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c3d51d0-6349-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56|title=US set to approve Bayer-Monsanto deal with divestures|website=Financial Times|date=29 May 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-29/bayer-wins-u-s-nod-for-monsanto-nearing-end-of-two-year-quest|title=Bayer Wins U.S. Approval for Monsanto After Two-Year Quest|date=29 May 2018|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=5 June 2018|language=en}}</ref> The sale closed on 7 June 2018.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Bayer-closes-Monsanto-acquisition?Open&parent=news-overview-category-search-en&ccm=020|title=Bayer closes Monsanto acquisition|date =7 June 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|publisher=Bayer AG}}</ref> The Monsanto brand was discontinued; its products will be marketed under the Bayer name.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/bayer-to-ditch-monsanto-name-after-closing-54bn-deal-1.3519972|title=Bayer to ditch Monsanto name after closing €54bn deal|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=5 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 September 2019, under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal, Bayer completed the merger of Monsanto India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/bayer-completes-merger-of-monsanto-india/articleshow/71155164.cms|title=Bayer completes merger of Monsanto India|date=2019-09-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>

Bayer's Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-bayer-monsanto-became-one-of-the-worst-corporate-dealsin-12-charts-11567001577|title=How Bayer-Monsanto Became One of the Worst Corporate Deals—in 12 Charts|last=Sherman|first=Ruth Bender {{!}} Graphics by Merrill|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=28 August 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref> However, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the Monsanto's herbicide Roundup and the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer, the deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/worst-deal-ever-bayer-s-market-cap-now-close-to-total-cost-it-paid-for-monsanto|title=Worst deal ever? Bayer's market cap now close to the total cost it paid for Monsanto|website=FiercePharma|date=29 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Randazzo|first=Sara|date=2021-02-03|title=Bayer Tries Again to Limit Roundup Liability|language=en-US|work={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}}|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-tries-again-to-limit-roundup-liability-11612388834|access-date=2021-02-04|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=2023-12-06 |title=Years After Monsanto Deal, Bayer's Roundup Bills Keep Piling Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> By 2023, Bayer's market value had declined by over 60% since its 2016 merger, leaving the company's overall worth at less than half of what it paid to acquire Monsanto.

<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=2023-12-06 |title=Years After Monsanto Deal, Bayer's Roundup Bills Keep Piling Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206112824/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |archive-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref>

===Acquisition history===
{{hidden begin|border=1px  #aaa solid|title=Bayer Acquisitions|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
*'''Bayer'''
**Miles Laboratories {{small|(Acq 1978)}}
***Miles Canada
**[[Organization:Cutter Laboratories|Cutter Laboratories]]
**Hollister-Stier
**Corn King Company
**Plastron Specialties
**Pacific Plastics Company
**Olympic Plastics Company
**Ashe-Lockhart Inc
**Haver-Glover Laboratories
**Sterling Winthrop {{small|(Acq 1994, Over the counter division)}}
**Roche Pharmaceuticals {{small|(Acq 2004, Over the counter division)}}
**Schering AG {{small|(Acq 2006, formed Bayer Schering Pharma AG, renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011)}}
**Jenapharm
**Bomac Group {{small|(Acq 2010)}}
**Algeta {{small|(Acq 2014)}}
**Merck & Co {{small|(Acq 2014, Consumer Health Business)}}
**Monsanto {{small|(Spun off from Pharmacia & Upjohn 2000)}}
***Emergent Genetics {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
***Seminis {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
***Icoria, Inc {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
***Delta & Pine Land Company {{small|(Acq 2007)}}
***De Ruiter Seeds {{small|(Acq 2008)}}
***Agroeste Sementes {{small|(Acq 2008)}}
***Aly Participacoes Ltda {{small|(Acq 2008)}}
****CanaVialis S.A. 
****Alellyx S.A.
***Divergence, Inc {{small|(Acq 2011)}}
***Beeologics {{small|(Acq 2011)}}
***Precision Planting Inc {{small|(Acq 2012)}}
***Climate Corp {{small|(Acq 2013)}}
****640 Labs {{small|(Acq 2014)}}
***Agradis, Inc {{small|(Acq 2013)}}
***Rosetta Green Ltd {{small|(Acq 2013)}}
***American Seeds, Inc
****Channel Bio Corp {{small|(Acq 2004)}}
****Stone Seeds {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
****Trelay Seeds {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
****Stewart Seeds {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
****Fontanelle Hybrids {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
****Specialty Hybrids {{small|(Acq 2005)}} 	
****NC+ Hybrids, Inc {{small|(Acq 2005)}}
****Diener Seeds {{small|(Seed marketing and sales division, acq 2006)}}
****Sieben Hybrids {{small|(Acq 2006)}}
****Kruger Seed Company {{small|(Acq 2006)}}
****Trisler Seed Farms {{small|(Acq 2006)}}
****Campbell Seed {{small|((Seed marketing and sales business, acq 2006))}}
****Gold Country Seed, Inc {{small|(Acq 2006)}}
****Heritage Seeds {{small|(Acq 2013)}}
***International Seed Group, Inc
****Poloni Semences {{small|(Acq 2007)}}
****Charentais Melon Breeding Company {{small|(Acq 2007)}}
**BlueRock Therapeutics {{small|(Acq 2019)}}
**KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd {{small|(Acq 2020)}}
**Asklepios BioPharmaceutical {{small|(Acq 2020)}}
**Noria Therapeutics Inc. {{small|(Acq 2021)}}
**PSMA Therapeutics Inc. {{small|(Acq 2021)}}
**Vividion Therapeutics {{small|(Acq 2021)}}
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

==Corporate structure==
[[File:Undated token of the Bayer AG, a German multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.jpg|thumb|Undated copper token of Bayer]]

In 2003, to separate operational and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a [[Social:Holding company|holding company]]. The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer [[Finance:Aktiengesellschaft|AG]]. These companies were: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG, and the three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manufacturingchemist.com/news/article_page/Bayer_organises_its_Life_Science_businesses_into_three_divisions_Pharmaceuticals_Consumer_Health_and_Crop_Science/112053|title=Bayer organises its Life Science businesses into three divisions: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health and Crop Science|website=www.manufacturingchemist.com}}</ref> By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, Bayer will be left with the four core units, as depicted below.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bayer.com/en/profile-and-organization.aspx | title=Names, Facts, Figures about Bayer | date=31 December 2015 | publisher=Bayer | access-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Bayer-aligns-organization-with-Life-Science-businesses|title=Bayer aligns organization with Life Science businesses – Bayer News|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301035101/http://www.press.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Bayer-aligns-organization-with-Life-Science-businesses|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3|<small>Bayer AG</small> !! <small>Divested business units</small>
|-
| Bayer Pharmaceuticals<br /><small>Head of Division: Stefan Oelrich</small> || Bayer Consumer Health<br /><small>Head of Division: Heiko Schipper</small> || Bayer Crop Science<br /><small>Head of Division: Rodrigo Santos </small> || Lanxess {{small|(Bayer Chemicals AG)}}<br />Diagnostics Division <br /> Diabetes Devices Division <br />Covestro {{small|(Bayer MaterialScience)}}<br />Bayer Animal Health {{small|(sold to [[Company:Elanco|Elanco]])}}
|}

===Bayer CropScience===
Bayer CropScience has products in crop protection (i.e. pesticides), nonagricultural pest control, and seeds and plant [[Engineering:Biotechnology|biotechnology]]. In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in [[Biology:Genetically modified food|genetic engineering of food]].<ref name="AR2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.annualreport2010.bayer.com/en/bayer-annual-report-2010.pdfx |title=Annual Report 2010 |access-date=1 March 2011 |publisher=Bayer |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529105132/http://www.annualreport2010.bayer.com/en/Bayer-Annual-Report-2010.pdfx |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis (now part of [[Company:Sanofi|Sanofi]]) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Bayer Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form Bayer CropScience; the Belgian biotech company [[Company:Plant Genetic Systems|Plant Genetic Systems]] became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition.<ref name="AR2010" /> Also in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies.<ref>Fruitnet. 4 April 2014 [http://www.fruitnet.com/americafruit/article/161152/bayer-announces-nunhems-rebranding Bayer Cropscience rebrands Nunhems]</ref><ref>Ram HH and Yadava, R. Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises: Management and Policies. New India Publishing, 2007 {{ISBN|9788189422653}}</ref>{{rp|270}} In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience's LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after the public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $48 million. The case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayer CropScience LP v. Schafer|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/arkansas/supreme-court/2011/10-1246-0.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Justia Law|language=en}}</ref> On 1 July 2011, Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $750 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/business/02rice.html|newspaper=The New York Times | title=Bayer Settles With Farmers Over Modified Rice Seeds|date=1 July 2011}}</ref> In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $1 billion in the {{wipe|United States}} between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto's product, [[Chemistry:Glyphosate|Roundup]], which are both used to kill weeds.
<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-cropscience-usa-idUSKBN0GY25720140903 Bayer CropScience to invest $1 billion in U.S. by 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204035/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/03/us-bayer-cropscience-usa-idUSKBN0GY25720140903 |date=24 September 2015 }}. {{wipe|Reuters}}, 4 September 2014</ref> In 2016, as part of the wholesale corporate restructuring, Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG, reporting directly to the head of the division, Liam Condon.<ref>Patel, Nikhil (30 September 2015). [http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/bayer_restructures_company_and_aligns_with_life_sciences_831215 "Bayer restructures its operations, drops Bayer Healthcare group"]. PMLive.</ref> Under the terms of the merger, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto's more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 new U.S. high-tech positions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bayer-monsanto-idINF9N0ZM02D|title=Bayer, Monsanto pledge U.S. R&D spending, jobs after merger|newspaper=Reuters |date=17 January 2017|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend $16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least $8 billion on research and development in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/monsanto-shares-up-on-bayer-trump-promise-for-billions-in-u-s-investment-jobs|title = Monsanto Shares up on Bayer-Trump Promise for Billions in U.S. Investment, Jobs|website = Fox Business|date = 13 January 2017}}</ref>
The global headquarters of Bayer CropScience is located in St. Louis, Missouri, {{wipe|United States}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2017/01/17/bayer-will-keep-monsanto-jobs-invest-8-billion-if.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118132412/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2017/01/17/bayer-will-keep-monsanto-jobs-invest-8-billion-if.html| archive-date = 2017-01-18| title = Bayer, Monsanto plan $16 billion in R&D spending, half in the U.S. – St. Louis Business Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.missouripartnership.com/bayer-monsanto-complete-merger-establish-global-seeds-traits-north-american-headquarters-missouri/|title = Missouri Partnership &#124; Economic Development &#124; Bayer & Monsanto Complete Merger, Establish Global Seeds & Traits and North American Headquarters in Missouri|date = 11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2021/05/18/st-louis-based-bayer-names-successor-to-begemann.html#:~:text=Louis%2Dbased%20Bayer%20Crop%20Science%2C%20is%20retiring%20after%2038%20years,America%2C%20the%20company%20said%20Tuesday |title=St. Louis-based Bayer Crop Science names successor to retiring Begemann |work=St. Louis Business Journal |last=Edwards |first=Greg |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

Bayer CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of Bayer AG. It is listed on the Indian stock exchanges viz. the Bombay Stock Exchange & National Stock Exchange of India and has a [[Social:Market capitalization|market capitalization]] of $2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/pesticides-agro-chemicals/bayercropscience/BC12|title=Bayer CropScience|work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India, has about 400 employees, and has research, production, and an extensive sales network spread across {{wipe|India}}.<ref>[http://www.bayergroupindia.com/bio_science.html Bayer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000201/http://www.bayergroupindia.com/bio_science.html |date=4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/bayer-launches-multicrop-breeding-station-in-hyderabad/article5200943.ece|title=Bayer launches multi-crop breeding station in Hyderabad|author=Our Bureau|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

===Bayer Consumer Health===
Before the 2016 restructuring, Bayer HealthCare comprised a further four subdivisions: Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care.<ref name="AR2010" /> As part of the corporate restructuring, Animal Health was moved into its own business unit, leaving the division with the following categories; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.borderless.net/news/chemical-value-chain/bayer-restructures-appoints-new-board-members/|title=Bayer restructures, appoints new board members}}</ref>

Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve, food supplements [[Chemistry:Redoxon|Redoxon]] and Berocca, and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol.<ref name="AR2010" /> Women's healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills [[Biology:Drospirenone|Yaz]] and Yasmin. Both pills use a newer type of [[Chemistry:Progestin|progestin]] hormone called [[Biology:Drospirenone|drospirenone]] in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar, the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon/betaseron and the blood-clotting drug, Kogenate.<ref name="AR2010"/> In May 2014, it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck & Co's consumer health care unit for $14.2 billion.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-06/bayer-to-buy-merck-consumer-health-unit-for-14-2-billion.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Naomi | last=Kresge | title=Bayer to Buy Merck Consumer-Health Unit for $14.2 Billion | date=6 May 2014}}</ref> Bayer also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayer.com/en/focus-life-sciences-article.aspx|title=Bayer Focuses on Life Sciences}}</ref>

===Bayer Pharmaceuticals===
[[File:Wedding Fennstraße Scherig-Hochhaus.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Headquarters of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Berlin-Wedding]]
The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, especially for women's healthcare and [[Medicine:Cardiology|cardiology]], and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of [[Medicine:Oncology|oncology]], [[Medicine:Hematology|hematology]] and [[Medicine:Ophthalmology|ophthalmology]]. The division also comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayer.com/en/pharmaceuticals-division.aspx|title=Profile of Pharmaceuticals at Bayer}}</ref>

In addition to internal R&D, Bayer has participated in [[Finance:Public–private partnership|public–private partnership]]s. One example in the area of [[Medicine:Pre-clinical development|non-clinical]] safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Mattes | first1 = William B.| chapter = Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics | doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11 | title = Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics| editor1-last = Mendrick | editor1-first = Donna L.| editor2-last = Mattes | editor2-first = William B.| series = Methods in Molecular Biology| volume = 460 | pages = 221–238 | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-58829-638-2 | pmid = 18449490 }}</ref><ref name="InnoMed PredTox official project website">{{cite web|url=http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/|title=InnoMed PredTox Member Organizations|access-date=25 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926214522/http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/|archive-date=26 September 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> Another is the [[Medicine:Innovative Medicines Initiative|Innovative Medicines Initiative]] of EFPIA and the European Commission.<ref name="IMI Call Topics 2008">{{cite web|url=http://imi.europa.eu/docs/calls01_en.zip|title=IMI Call Topics 2008|last=Innovative Medicines Initiative|work=IMI-GB-018v2-24042008-CallTopics.pdf|publisher=European Commission|access-date=25 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015122459/http://imi.europa.eu/docs/calls01_en.zip|archive-date=15 October 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Defunct business units===
Bayer Chemicals AG (with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) was combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004; Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lanxess.com/en/corporate/about-lanxess/history/|title=History – LANXESS}}</ref> Bayer HealthCare's Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070103005470/en/Acquisition-Bayers-Diagnostic-Division-Finalized|title=Acquisition of Bayer's Diagnostic Division Finalized|publisher=Business Wire}}</ref>

Bayer sold its Animal Health business to [[Company:Elanco|Elanco]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Bayer-to-sell-its-Animal-Health-business-unit-to-Elancofor-76-billion-US-dollars|title=Bayer to sell its Animal Health business unit to Elanco for 7.6 billion U.S. dollars|first=Bayer AG|last=Communications|website=Bayer to sell its Animal Health business unit to Elanco for 7.6 billion U.S. dollars}}</ref>

Bayer Diabetes Care managed Bayer's medical devices portfolio. Key products included the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ (XT), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes.<ref name="AR2010" /> The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co. for $1.15 billion in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-10/bayer-agrees-to-sell-diabetes-unit-to-panasonic-healthcare|title=Bayer to Sell Diabetes Unit to KKR Unit for $1.15 Billion|first=Makiko|last=Kitamura|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Bayer MaterialScience was a supplier of high-tech polymers, and developed solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life.<ref name="AR2010" /> On 18 September 2014, the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Chad|title=Bayer to Spin Off Plastics Group to Focus on Health Care|url=http://nyti.ms/Xn0BOB|date=18 September 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> On 1 June 2015, Bayer announced that the new company would be named Covestro;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gannon|first1=Joyce|title=Bayer to rename its MaterialScience business Covestro|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/healthcare-business/2015/06/01/Bayer-to-rename-its-MaterialScience-business-Covestro-robinson-pittsburgh/stories/201506010138|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> Bayer formally spun out Covestro in September 2015.<ref name=WSJCovestro2015/>

== Finances ==
For the fiscal year 2017, Bayer reported earnings of EUR€7.3 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€35 billion, a decrease of 25.1% over the previous fiscal cycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wallstreet-online.de/aktien/bayer-aktie/bilanz|title=Bayer Bilanz, Gewinn und Umsatz {{!}} Bayer Geschäftsbericht {{!}} BAY001|website=wallstreet-online.de|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> Bayer's shares traded at over €69 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US€65.4 billion in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BAYN.DE/key-statistics?p=BAYN.DE&.tsrc=fin-srch|title=BAYN.DE Key Statistics {{!}} BAYER AG NA O.N. Stock – Yahoo Finance|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> In September 2019, Bayer announced to reduce the number of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-board-idUSKCN1VV1WH|title=Bayer to reduce size of management board to five|date=2019-09-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-23|language=en}}</ref>

The key trends of Bayer are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer's Integrated Annual Reports |url=https://www.bayer.com/en/investors/integrated-annual-reports |website=Bayer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/Bayer-Aktie/DE000BAY0017 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!Year
!Revenue{{Efn|"Sales"}}<br />(€ bn)
!Net income{{Efn|"Net income (from continuing and discontinued operations)"}}<br />(€ bn)
!Total Assets<br />(€ bn)
!Research and development<br> expenses (€ bn)
!Employees
|-
|2013
|40.1
|3.1
|51.3
|3.4
|112,360
|-
|2014
|42.2
|3.4
|70.2
|3.5
|118,888
|-
|2015
|46.3
| 4.1
|73.9
|4.2
|116,800
|-
|2016
|46.7
|4.5
|82.2
|4.4
|115,200
|-
|2017
|35.0
|7.3
|75.0
|4.5
|99,820
|-
|2018
|39.5
|1.6
|126
|5.1
|107,894
|-
|2019
|43.5
|4.0
|126
|5.3
|103,824
|-
|2020
|41.4
| −10.4
|117
|7.1
|99,538
|-
|2021
|44.0
|1.0
|120
|5.4
|99,637
|-
|2022
|50.7
|4.1
|124
|6.5
|101,369
|}

==Bayer 04 Leverkusen==
In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ("Turn- und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co."), later SV Bayer 04 ("Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen"), finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen ("Turn- und Sportverein") in 1984, generally, however, known simply as Bayer 04 Leverkusen. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, boxing, and basketball. TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany. The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen (particularly handball), Wuppertal (particularly volleyball), and Krefeld-Uerdingen (featuring another former Bundesliga football club, SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, now KFC Uerdingen 05).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayer04.de/B04-DEU/de/_site_index.aspx|title=Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fussball GmbH|work=bayer04.de|access-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126142444/http://www.bayer04.de/b04-deu/de/_site_index.aspx|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In October 2008, Bayer's Canadian division was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The Canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by the ''Toronto Star'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://content.eluta.ca/top-employer-bayer|title=Top Employer: Bayer|website=content.eluta.ca}}</ref> Bayer USA was given a score of 85 (out of 100) in the Human Rights Campaign's 2011 [[Social:Corporate Equality Index|Corporate Equality Index]], a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality.<ref>[http://www.hrc.org/issues/workplace/organization_profile.asp?organization_id=2019&search_id=1&search_type=Quick Workplace | Issues | Human Rights Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021551/http://www.hrc.org/issues/workplace/organization_profile.asp?organization_id=2019&search_id=1&search_type=Quick |date=2 December 2008 }}. Hrc.org (12 July 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.</ref>

In 2016, [[Organization:Standard Ethics Aei|Standard Ethics Aei]] gave a rating to Bayer in order to include the company in its Standard Ethics German Index. Bayer received an EE− rating, the fourth tier in an eight-tier ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardethicsindices.eu/standard-ethics-german-index.html|title=German Index|website=www.standardethicsindices.eu}}</ref>

Ranked third in Access to Seeds Index in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bayer.com/en/awards.aspx |title=Awards of Bayer AG |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401024540/https://www.bayer.com/en/awards.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesstoseeds.org/the-index/|title = The Index}}</ref>

==Litigation==

===Roundup===
In August 2018, two months after Bayer acquired Monsanto,<ref name="Bloomerberg: Roundup Cancer Trial">{{cite web  |first1= Joel |last1=Rosenblatt |first2=Robert |last2=Burnson |first3= Naomi |last3=Kresge |date= 13 August 2018 |title=Bayer Takes the Hit After Monsanto Loses Roundup Cancer Trial |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-13/bayer-drops-after-monsanto-loses-verdict-in-roundup-cancer-trial |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> a U.S. jury ordered Monsanto to pay $289 million to a school groundskeeper who claimed his Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was caused by regularly using [[Biology:Roundup (herbicide)|Roundup]], a [[Chemistry:Glyphosate|glyphosate]]-based herbicide produced by Monsanto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/08/10/jury-orders-monsanto-pay-289-million-cancer-patient-roundup-lawsuit/962297002/|title=Jury orders Monsanto to pay $289 million to cancer patient in Roundup lawsuit|website=USA Today}}</ref> Following the Johnson v. Monsanto Co. verdict, Bayer's share price dropped by around 14% or $14 Billion in market capitalization.<ref name="Reuters, Bayer stock -14%">{{cite news |last=Burger|first=Ludwig |title=Roundup cancer verdict sends Bayer shares sliding |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-monsanto-cancer-lawsuit-bayer/bayer-shares-fall-10-percent-after-monsantos-roundup-cancer-trial-idUSKBN1KY0M5 |work=Reuters |date=13 August 2018}}</ref> The company filed an appeal on 18 September 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bellon |first1=Tina |title=Bayer's Monsanto asks U.S. court to toss $289 million glyphosate verdict |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-glyphosate-lawsuits/bayers-monsanto-asks-us-court-to-toss-289-million-glyphosate-verdict-idUSKCN1LZ0H7 |work=Reuters |date=18 September 2018}}</ref> Pending appeal, the award was later reduced to $78.5 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsanto appeals Roundup cancer verdict |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-11-monsanto-appeals-roundup-cancer-verdict.html |work=Phys.org |access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ABC7">{{cite web |title=Roundup maker Monsanto appeals $78.5 million verdict over Bay Area man's cancer |url=https://abc7news.com/society/roundup-maker-monsanto-appeals-$785-million-verdict-over-bay-area-mans-cancer/4728882/ |website=ABC7 San Francisco |access-date=30 November 2018 |date=21 November 2018}}</ref> In November 2018, Monsanto appealed the judgement, asking an appellate court to consider a motion for a new trial.<ref name="ABC7"/> A verdict on the appeal was delivered in June 2020 upholding the verdict but further reducing the award to $21.5 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egelko |first1=Bob |title=Award to Vallejo groundskeeper in Monsanto cancer case slashed again – verdict upheld |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Award-to-Vallejo-groundskeeper-in-Monsanto-cancer-15421705.php |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=21 July 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 2019, a United States Superior Court Judge ordered Bayer to pay more than {{wipe|United States dollar}} 2.5 billion in damages to a couple in California, both of whom contracted non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, later cut to $87 million on appeal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/07/26/judge-cuts-billion-award-couple-with-cancer-million-roundup-lawsuit|title=Judge cuts $2 billion award for couple with cancer to $86.7 million in Roundup lawsuit|last=Telford|first=Taylor|date=2019-07-26|newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>)

In June 2020, the company agreed to pay $9.6 billion to settle more than 10,000 lawsuits claiming harm from Roundup, saying this action will result in the resolution of 75% of those claims. Bayer will also assign $1.25 billion for future claims, an action that needs approval from the US District Court, Northern District of California. The settlement, according to the company, does not admit either liability or wrongdoing, but brings an end to irresolution in the case.<ref name="Nash Holdings">{{cite news |last1=Denham |first1=Hannah |title=Bayer, maker of Roundup weedkiller, agrees to pay $10 billion in cancer settlements |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/06/24/bayer-maker-roundup-weedkiller-agrees-pay-10-billion-cancer-settlements/ |newspaper=The Washington Post|publisher=Nash Holdings |date=24 June 2020 |location=Washington DC}}</ref> The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed.<ref name="npr_settlement"/> In July 2020, the California Court of Appeals denied the appeal but reduced the damages owed to $20.4 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Randazzo |first1=Sara |title=Bayer Loses Roundup Weedkiller Appeal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-loses-roundup-appeal-11595275537 |work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones & Company |date=20 July 2020 |location=New York City}}</ref> As of 2023, around 165,000 claims, more than 50.000 of which still pending, have been made against Roundup, mostly alleging that it had caused cancer.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=December 23, 2023 |title=Bayer wins latest Roundup cancer trial, ending losing streak |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/bayer-wins-latest-roundup-cancer-trial-ending-losing-streak-2023-12-23/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

The general consensus among national regulatory agencies, and the European Commission is that labeled usage of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans.<ref name="Tarazona">{{cite journal|last1=Tarazona|first1=Jose V.|last2=Court-Marques|first2=Daniele|last3=Tiramani|first3=Manuela|last4=Reich|first4=Hermine|last5=Pfeil|first5=Rudolf|last6=Istace|first6=Frederique|last7=Crivellente|first7=Federica|date=3 April 2017|title=Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC|journal=Archives of Toxicology|volume=91|issue=8|pages=2723–2743|doi=10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5|pmc=5515989|pmid=28374158}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/the_bfr_has_finalised_its_draft_report_for_the_re_evaluation_of_glyphosate-188632.html|title=The BfR has finalised its draft report for the re-evaluation of glyphosate – BfR|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society |last1=Guston|first1=David|last2=Ludlow|first2=Karinne|date=2010|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4129-6987-1|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|chapter=Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority|chapter-url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/nanoscience/n22.xml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-releases-draft-risk-assessments-glyphosate|title=EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate|last=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2017-12-18|work=US EPA|format=Announcements and Schedules|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> In January 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its interim registration review for Roundup, stating that it "...did not identify any risks of concern" for cancer and other risks to humans from glyphosate exposure."<ref name="Nash Holdings"/> On 17 June 2022, California-based United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ordered the Environmental Protection Agency to reexamine this 2020 finding that [[Chemistry:Glyphosate|glyphosate]] did not pose a health risk for people exposed to it by any means.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-06-18 |title=Court rejects Trump-era EPA finding that Roundup weed killer is safe |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/court-rejects-trump-era-epa-finding-that-roundup-weed-killer-is-safe |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref>

===Xarelto===

In 2019, Bayer and Johnson & Johnson (who market Xarelto together) settled around 25,000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug Xarelto (rivaroxaban) by agreeing to disburse $775 million (US) to federal and state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible fatal bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug. There was no admission of liability from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials. The settlement will be divided evenly between the companies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Katie |title=Bayer and Johnson & Johnson Settle Lawsuits Over Xarelto, a Blood Thinner, for $775 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/25/health/xarelto-blood-thinner-lawsuit-settlement.html |access-date=15 May 2019 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

===One A Day Vitamins===

In 2019, a federal jury in San Francisco CA sided with Bayer in a $600 million (US) class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its [[Chemistry:One A Day|One A Day]] vitamins as supporting cardiac health, vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy. The suit was first filed as a nationwide class action; in 2017, the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida, New York, and California could act together.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bronstad |first1=Amanda |title=A Tale of 2 Trials: How These Defense Teams Notched Rare Class Action Verdicts |url=https://www.law.com/therecorder/2019/03/01/a-tale-of-2-trials-how-these-defense-teams-notched-rare-class-action-verdicts/ |website=The Law.com |publisher=ALM |access-date=15 May 2019 |location=New York |date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that Bayer misrepresented its One A Day claims, and also did not demonstrate that any of the class representative consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the so-called false information as part of their buying decision.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=Allison |title=Lessons from a class action trial: Should Bayer's big win embolden defendants? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-otc-bayertrial/lessons-from-a-class-action-trial-should-bayers-big-win-embolden-defendants-idUSKCN1QF2OB |website={{wipe|Reuters}}|access-date=15 May 2019 |date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

===HIV contamination===
In the mid-1980s, when Bayer's [[Organization:Cutter Laboratories|Cutter Laboratories]] realized that their blood products, the clotting agents [[Medicine:Factor VIII (medication)|Factor VIII]] and IX, were contaminated with [[Biology:HIV|HIV]], the financial investment in the product was considered too high to destroy the inventory. Bayer misrepresented the results of its own research and knowingly supplied hemophilia medication tainted with HIV to patients in Asia and Latin America, without the precaution of heat treating the product, recommended for eliminating the risk. As a consequence, thousands who infused the product tested positive for HIV and later developed AIDS.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khoshnood |first1=M. |last2=McHenry |first2=L. |s2cid=38140759 |title=Blood money: Bayer's inventory of HIV-contaminated blood products and third world hemophiliacs. |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=389–400 |publisher=California State University |pmid=24785997 |year=2014 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2014.882780 }}</ref>

===Dicamba===
On 14 February 2020, Bayer and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader $15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which was caused by the usage of [[Chemistry:Dicamba|dicamba]] by nearby farmers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-14/bayer-ordered-to-pay-15-million-over-dicamba-crop-damage |title=Bayer's Dicamba Hit Tests Patience of Frustrated Investors |first1=Jef |last1=Feeley |first2=Tim |last2=Bross |first3=Tim |last3=Loh |orig-date=February 14, 2020 |date=February 17, 2020 |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=2022-02-26}}</ref> Dicamba was another product which Bayer acquired from Monsanto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/02/07/691979417/is-fear-driving-sales-of-dicamba-proof-soybeans|title=Is Fear Driving Sales Of Monsanto's Dicamba-Proof Soybeans?|website=NPR}}</ref> Bayer also inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto as well.<ref name=monsantoacquired>{{cite web|url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/monsanto-basf-will-pay-250-million-punitive-damages-first-dicamba-trial#stream/0|title=Monsanto, BASF Will Pay $250 Million in Punitive Damages in First Dicamba Trial|date=15 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=nytimesacquired>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/15/business/bc-us-dicamba-lawsuit-missouri.html |title=Archived copy |website={{wipe|The New York Times}} |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215204348/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/15/business/bc-us-dicamba-lawsuit-missouri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 February 2020, Bayer - representing Monsanto - and BASF were ordered to pay not only the $15 million in damages, but an additional $250 million in [[Social:Punitive damages|punitive damages]].<ref name=monsantoacquired /><ref name=nytimesacquired /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/bayer-jury-awards-farmer-15-000039335.html |title=Bayer Faces More Monsanto Pain with $265 Million Dicamba Award |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215222031/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/bayer-jury-awards-farmer-15-000039335.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayer and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $265 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51530621|title=German firms Bayer and BASF fight $265m US fine over weedkiller|work=BBC News|date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bayer agreed to a settlement of up to $400 million for all 2015–2020 crop year dicamba claims, not including the $265 million judgement.<ref name="npr_settlement">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882949098/bayer-to-pay-more-than-10-billion-to-resolve-roundup-cancer-lawsuits|title=Bayer To Pay More Than $10 Billion To Resolve Cancer Lawsuits Over Weedkiller Roundup|first=Bill|last=Chappell|date=24 June 2020|website=NPR}}</ref> On 25 November 2020, U.S. District Judge Stephen Limbaugh Jr. reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms case to $60 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reeves |first=J.C. |date=15 December 2020 |title=District Judge orders reduction of punitive damages in dicamba case |url=https://www.semissourian.com/story/2853810.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |publisher=Southeast Missourian}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===PCB pollution===

In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $800 million to settle lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions which claimed contamination of public waterways with PCBs by Monsanto before 1978.<ref name="npr_settlement" /> On 25 November 2020, however, U.S. District Judge Fernando M. Olguin rejected Bayer's settlement offer, which was now at $650 million, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenblatt |first1=Joel |last2=Chediak |first2=Mark |date=1 December 2020 |title=Bayer's $650 Million PCB Pollution Settlement Rejected by Judge |url=https://folkclarity.com/global-news/bayers-650-million-pcb-pollution-settlement-rejected-by-judge/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2020 |publisher=Claims Journal}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Talc-related liabilities===

On 4 April 2023, a Delaware judge dismissed a lawsuit by Merck & Co’s seeking to hold Bayer AG responsible for more [[Chemistry:Talc|talc]]-related liabilities stemming from its $14.2 billion purchase of Merck’s consumer care business in 2014. The judge called Bayer’s interpretation of the purchase agreement “the only reasonable one,” and said letting Merck “dump” cases would give the Rahway, New Jersey-based company an incentive to prolong or stall lawsuits. Bayer said in a statement, it welcomed the decision, and it "will continue to defend itself against any further efforts by Merck to avoid or improperly transfer its liabilities to Bayer”.<ref> Stempel, J. (APRIL 04, 2023). [https://www.reuters.com/legal/bayer-defeats-merck-lawsuit-over-talc-liabilities-2023-04-03/ "Bayer defeats Merck in lawsuit over talc liabilities"] ''Reuters Healthcare & Pharma''. Accessed 4 April 2023.</ref>

==See also==
* List of German companies
* List of pharmaceutical companies

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bangen |first1=Hans |title=Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie |date=1992 |publisher=VWB-Verlag |location=Berlin |isbn=3-927408-82-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dickerman |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-link=Paul R. Bartrop |editor2-last=Dickerman |editor2-first=Michael |title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |pages=439–440 |chapter=Monowitz}}
* {{cite book |last=Strzelecka|first=Irena|editor-last1=Długoborski |editor-first1=Wacław |editor-last2=Piper |editor-first2=Franciszek |title=Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume 2: The Prisoners, their Life and Work |date=2000 |publisher=Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum |location=Oświęcim |chapter=Experiments}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fernandez |first1=Humberto |last2=Libby |first2=Therissa A. |title=Heroin: Its History, Pharmacology & Treatment |date=2011 |publisher=Hazelden Publishing |location=Center City, MN }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hager |first1=Thomas |title=The Demon under the Microscope |date=2006 |publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=1-4000-8214-5 |title-link=The Demon under the Microscope }}
* {{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Peter|title=Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2001|orig-year=1987}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=Steven Leonard |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor2-last=Dickerman |editor2-first=Michael |title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |pages=312–314 |chapter=I G Farben}}
* {{cite book|last=Jeffreys|first=Diarmuid|title=Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|location=London|year=2009|orig-year=2008}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Rajesh |title=Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York|isbn=978-1137005908}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Derek |last2=Zitzlsperger |first2=Ulrike |title=Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, MA, and Plymouth |chapter=Bayer AG}}
: {{cite book |last1=Lifton |first1=Robert Jay |first2=Amy |last2=Hackett|editor1-last=Berenbaum |editor1-first=Michael|editor1-link=Michael Berenbaum |editor2-last=Gutman |editor2-first=Yisrael|editor2-link=Yisrael Gutman |title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp |date=1998 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington|chapter=Nazi Doctors|pages=301–316}}
* {{cite book|title = Auschwitz: A New History|last = Rees|first = Laurence|publisher = PublicAffairs|year = 2006 |orig-year=2005 |location = New York }}
* {{cite book|last=Sánchez-Serrano |first=Ibis |title =The World's Health Care Crisis: From the Laboratory Bench to the Patient's Bedside|publisher=Elsevier |year=2011 |isbn=978-0123918758 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sneader |first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2005 |isbn=978-0471899792 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Schrör |first1=Karsten |title=Acetylsalicylic Acid |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=Weinheim }}
* {{cite book|last=Tammen|first=Helmuth|title=Die I.G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft (1925–1933): Ein Chemiekonzern in der Weimarer Republik|publisher=H. Tammen|location=Berlin|year=1978|isbn=3-88344-001-9}}
* {{cite web |title=Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. Volume X: The I.G. Farben and Krupp trials |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf |author=The United Nations War Crimes Commission|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211085726/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-10.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2008 |location=London |date=1949|pages=1–67|url-status = live|ref={{sfnref|United Nations War Crimes Commission|1949}}|}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vardanyan |first1=Ruben |last2=Hruby |first2=Victor |title=Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs |date=2016 |publisher=Academic Press }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.wonderdrug.com |title= The original Bayer Aspirin |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=wonderdrug.com |publisher=Bayer AG }}
* Blaschke, Stefan (1999). ''Unternehmen und Gemeinde: Das Bayerwerk im Raum Leverkusen 1891–1914''. Cologne: SH-Verlag. {{ISBN|3-89498-068-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cornwell |first1=John |title=Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780142004807 |url-access=registration |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Lesch |editor1-first=John E. |title=The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |location=Dordrecht}}
* {{cite book |last1=Plumpe |first1=Gottfried |title=Die I.G. Farbenindustrie AG: Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik 1904–1945 |date=1990 |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |location=Berlin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Raymond |title=Divide and Prosper: The Heirs of I.G. Farben under Allied Authority, 1945–1951 |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Raymond |title=Opting for Oil: The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry, 1945–1961 |date=1994 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location=New York}}
* Tenfelde, Klaus (2007). ''Stimmt die Chemie? : Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer-Konzerns''. Essen: Klartext. {{ISBN|978-3-89861-888-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=John |title=The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber |date=2011 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |location=New York}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=co/042555|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Genetic engineering}}

[[Category:Nanotechnology companies]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bayer}}