View source for Company:GlaxoSmithKline

{{short description|British pharmaceutical company}}
{{coord|51.4881|-0.3169|display=title}}
{{Infobox company <!-- infobox source: http://www.hoovers.com/glaxosmithkline/--ID__41781--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml -->
| name = GlaxoSmithKline plc
| logo = GSK logo 2014.svg
| logo_size = 125px
| image = GlaxoSmithKline building, London, 30 July 2007 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = GSK's head office in Brentford, London
| type = [[Company:Public limited company|Public limited company]]
| traded_as = {{lse|GSK}}<br />{{nyse|GSK}}<br />FTSE 100 Component
| predecessors = {{Plainlist|
* Glaxo Wellcome
* SmithKline Beecham
}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Jonathan Symonds <small>([[Social:Chairperson|Chairperson]])</small><br>Emma Walmsley <small>([[Company:CEO|CEO]])</small>
| industry = [[Medicine:Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]]<br />[[Engineering:Biotechnology|Biotechnology]]<br />Consumer goods
| products = [[Chemistry:Pharmaceutical|Pharmaceutical]]s, [[Biology:Vaccine|vaccine]]s, oral healthcare, nutritional products, [[Medicine:Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter medicines]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{GBP|34.099&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<ref name="2020annualreport">{{cite web|url=https://www.gsk.com/media/6557/fy-2020-results-announcement.pdf|title=Full year and fourth quarter 2020|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> {{small|(2020)}}
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{GBP|7.783&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="2020annualreport" /> {{small|(2020)}}
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{GBP|5.749&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="2020annualreport" /> {{small|(2020)}}
| assets = {{Increase}} {{GBP|80.431&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="2020annualreport" /> {{small|(2020)}}
| equity = {{Increase}} {{GBP|20.808&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="2020annualreport" /> {{small|(2020)}}
| num_employees = 99,000 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/about-us/key-facts/|title=Key Facts|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline|access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
| divisions = 
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
* Stiefel Laboratories
* Tesaro
* [[Company:ViiV Healthcare|ViiV Healthcare]] <small>(76.5%)</small>
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2000|12}}
| hq_location = 980 Great West Road
| hq_location_city = [[Place:London|London]]
| hq_location_country = UK<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/contact-us/headquarters/ |title=Headquarters |date= |website=www.gsk.com |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline plc|access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=Our global headquarters are in the UK. We also have a significant presence in the USA and regional headquarters in Singapore.}}</ref><!-- NOTE: To describe American office(s) as "Operational HQ" or anything like it is original research without a reference. -->
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

''' GlaxoSmithKline plc''' ('''GSK''') is a British [[Finance:Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Medicine:Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical company]] headquartered in [[Place:London|London]], England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/glaxosmithkline/|title=GlaxoSmithKline on the Forbes Top Multinational Performers List|work=Forbes|access-date=11 December 2017 }}</ref> Established in 2000 by a [[Social:Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, GSK was the world's sixth largest pharmaceutical company according to Forbes as of 2019, after [[Company:Pfizer|Pfizer]], [[Company:Novartis|Novartis]], [[Company:Roche|Roche]], [[Company:Sanofi|Sanofi]], and Merck & Co.{{refn|group=n|Glaxo Wellcome was formed from Glaxo's 1995 acquisition of The Wellcome Foundation and SmithKline Beecham from the 1989 merger of the [[Company:Beecham Group|Beecham Group]] and the SmithKline Beckman Corporation.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#industry:Pharmaceuticals | title=The World's Largest Public Companies 2019 ranking | work={{wipe|Forbes}} | access-date=12 March 2020 }}</ref> GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and #296 on the 2019 ''Fortune'' 500, ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies including China Resources, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Sinopharm, Pfizer, Novartis, [[Company:Bayer|Bayer]], Merck, and Sanofi.<ref name="Fortune">{{cite web | title=Global 500 | website=Fortune | url=https://fortune.com/global500/2019/search/?industry=Pharmaceuticals&revenues=desc | access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

The company has a primary listing on the [[Company:London Stock Exchange|London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. {{As of|August 2016}}, it had a market capitalisation of £81&nbsp;billion (about US$107&nbsp;billion), the fourth largest on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php |title=FTSE All-Share Index Ranking| publisher=stockchallenge.co.uk}}</ref> It has a secondary listing on the [[Company:New York Stock Exchange|New York Stock Exchange]].

The company developed the first [[Unsolved:Malaria vaccine|malaria vaccine]], [[Biology:RTS,S|RTS,S]], which it said in 2014 it would make available for five percent above cost.<ref name="malariavaccine">{{cite news |last=Plumridge|first=Hester|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/glaxo-files-its-entry-in-race-for-a-malaria-vaccine-1406218538 |title=Glaxo Files Its Entry in Race for a Malaria Vaccine |work={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} |date=24 July 2014 | url-access=subscription }}{{pb}}
{{cite news |last=Lorenzetti|first=Laura| url=http://fortune.com/2014/07/24/glaxosmithkline-seeks-approval-for-first-ever-malaria-vaccine/ |title=GlaxoSmithKline seeks approval on first-ever malaria vaccine|work=Fortune|date=24 July 2014}}</ref> Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the [[Medicine:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], such as [[Chemistry:Amoxicillin|amoxicillin]], [[Chemistry:Mercaptopurine|mercaptopurine]], [[Chemistry:Pyrimethamine|pyrimethamine]], and [[Chemistry:Zidovudine|zidovudine]].<ref name="WHO21st" />

In 2012, under prosecution by the United States Department of Justice (DoJ) based on combined investigations of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS-OIG), FDA and FBI, primarily concerning sales and marketing of the drugs Avandia, Paxil, and Wellbutrin, GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses, failure to report safety data, and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay a US$3{{nbsp}}billion (£1.9bn) settlement. It was the largest health-care fraud case to date in the US and the largest settlement by a drug company.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

==History==
===Glaxo Wellcome===
[[File:Glaxo builds bonnie babies Wellcome L0035137.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Glaxo Factory, Bunnythorpe, New Zealand 03.JPG|thumb|The Glaxo factory built in 1918, in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand, with the Glaxo Laboratories sign still visible]]
====Glaxo====
Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in [[Place:Wellington|Wellington]], New Zealand, by a Londoner, Joseph Edward Nathan.<ref>R. P. T. Davenport-Hines, Judy Slinn, ''Glaxo: A History to 1962'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;7–13.</ref> In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near Bunnythorpe. The resulting product was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from ''lacto''), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies."<ref>David Newton, ''Trademarked: A History of Well-Known Brands, from Airtex to Wright's Coal Tar'', The History Press, 2012, p.&nbsp;435.</ref><ref name=Ravenscraft2000>David J. Ravenscraft, William F. Long, [https://www.nber.org/chapters/c8653.pdf "Paths to Creating Value in Pharmaceutical Mergers,"] in Steven N. Kaplan (ed.), ''Mergers and Productivity'', University of Chicago Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|306}}<ref name="history"/> The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible ''(right)'' on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}}

Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935.<ref>New "Glaxo" Company. ''The Times'', Tuesday, 15 October 1935; pg. 22; Issue 47195</ref> Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised the group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent<ref>J. Nathan And "Glaxo" Reorganization. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 8 January 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50653</ref> and obtained a listing on the [[Company:London Stock Exchange|London Stock Exchange]].<ref>Joseph Nathan & Co. ''The Times'', Thursday, 20 February 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50690</ref> Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist David Jack was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's R&D until 1987.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}} After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in the US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to [[Organization:Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park]] (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina.<ref name="history"/>

====Burroughs Wellcome====
[[File:Burroughs Wellcome-Wellcome Foundation logo Wellcome L0039102.jpg|thumb|Burroughs Wellcome Logo]]
Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs. The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in Tuckahoe, New York,<ref name=TriCent>[http://eastchester350.org/350/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/History-of-the-town-1964.pdf 1664-1964 "The Story of a Town"], Tricentennial Committee.</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref>[http://news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc?a=d&d=theeastchester19241119.1.2 "Addition to Factory"], ''The Eastchester Citizen-Bulletin'', 19 November 1924</ref><ref>Peter Pennoyer, Anne Walker, ''The Architecture of Delano & Aldrich'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=PfsvwzwaQqUC&pg=PA188 188].</ref> which served as the US headquarters until the company moved to [[Organization:Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park]] in North Carolina in 1971.<ref>[http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ "Iconic Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters Open for Rare Public Tour"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828173230/http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ |date=28 August 2018 }}, Triangle Modernist Houses, press release, 8 October 2012.</ref><ref name="Cummings">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Alex Sayf |title=Into the Spaceship: A Visit to the Old Burroughs Wellcome Building |date= 13 June 2016 |url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2016/06/13/into-the-spaceship-a-visit-to-the-old-burroughs-wellcome-building/ |website=Tropics of Meta historiography for the masses |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> The Nobel Prize winning scientists [[Biography:Gertrude B. Elion|Gertrude B. Elion]] and [[Biography:George H. Hitchings|George H. Hitchings]] worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as [[Chemistry:Mercaptopurine|mercaptopurine]].<ref>{{cite news | title=The Nobel Pair | website={{wipe|The New York Times}} | first=Katherine | last=Bouton | date=29 January 1989 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> In 1959, the Wellcome Foundation bought Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc to become more active in animal health.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |title=GSK History |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |access-date=18 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608203248/http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters, the company selected Paul Rudolph to design its new building. The Elion-Hitchings Building "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of [[Organization:Georgia State University|Georgia State University]] wrote in 2016 that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of the history of both architecture and Research Triangle Park."<ref name="Elion-Hitchings"/> United Therapeutics, which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020 to tear it down.<ref name="Elion-Hitchings">{{cite news|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article245830330.html |title=United Therapeutics to demolish an RTP landmark building |last=Stradling |first=Richard |work=News & Observer |date=21 September 2020 }}</ref>

====Merger====
[[File:Glaxo Wellcome logo.png|thumb|Logo Used prior to merger with SmithKline Beecham]]
Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc.<ref>Mark S. Lesney, [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i01/pdf/104timeline.pdf "The ghosts of pharma past"], ''Modern Drug Discovery'', January 2004, pp.&nbsp;25–26.</ref><ref name=Ravenscraft2000/> Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/10000-face-glaxos-axe-at-wellcome-1586547.html|title=10,000 face Glaxo's axe at Wellcome|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 June 1995}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160641/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2014|last=Grimond|first=Magnus|title=Glaxo warns of redundancies |newspaper=The Independent|date=21 June 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-wellcome-plans-to-axe-7500-jobs-1600042.html|last=Grimond|first=Magnus|title=Glaxo Wellcome plans to axe 7,500 jobs|newspaper=The Independent|date=7 September 1995}}</ref> Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California-based Affymax, a leader in the field of [[Chemistry:Combinatorial chemistry|combinatorial chemistry]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Glaxo to Acquire Affymax | website={{wipe|The New York Times}} | date=27 January 1995 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/glaxo-to-acquire-affymax.html | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind [[Company:Novartis|Novartis]] and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/outlook-glaxo-wellcome-1084036.html|title=Outlook: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent|date=30 March 1999}}</ref> Its products included Imigran (for the treatment of migraine), [[Chemistry:Salbutamol|salbutamol]] (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), Zovirax (for the treatment of coldsores), and Retrovir and Epivir (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS.<ref name=indep1899>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/company-of-the-week-glaxo-wellcome-1109929.html|title=Company of the week: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent|date=1 August 1999}}</ref> It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among the world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, Kent, London and Verona (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East.<ref name=bbc17100>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/606752.stm|title=Profile: Glaxo Wellcome|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2000}}</ref>

===SmithKline Beecham===
====Beecham====
[[File:BeechamsBuilding.jpg|thumb|Beecham's Clock Tower, constructed 1877, part of the Beecham's factory, St Helens]]
In 1848, Thomas Beecham launched his [[Chemistry:Beecham's Pills|Beecham's Pills]] laxative in England, giving birth to the [[Company:Beecham Group|Beecham Group]]. In 1859, Beecham opened its first factory in St Helens, Lancashire. By the 1960s Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as Macleans toothpaste, Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Corely|first1=T.A.B.|title=Beechams, 1848-2000: from Pills to Pharmaceuticals|date=2011|publisher=Crucible Books|isbn=978-1905472147}}</ref>

====SmithKline====
[[File:SmithKline & French Logo.png|thumb|Logo SmithKline & French, prior to Merger with Beecham Group]]
John K. Smith opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891, it merged with French, Richard and Company, and in 1929, changed its name to Smith Kline & French Laboratories as it focused more on research. Years later it bought Norden Laboratories, a business doing research into animal health, and Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques in Belgium in 1963, to focus on vaccines. The company began to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the United States in 1969. In 1982, it bought [[Company:Allergan|Allergan]], a manufacturer of eye and skincare products.<ref name="history"/>

Smith Kline & French merged with Beckman Inc. in 1982, and changed its name to ''SmithKline Beckman''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/29/business/smithkline-one-drug-image.html|title=Smithkline: One-Drug Image|last=Kleinfield|first=N. R.|date=29 May 1984|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|access-date=30 September 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1988, it bought International Clinical Laboratories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/13/SmithKline-Beckman-Corp-and-International-Clinical-Laboratories-Inc-announced/3060576907200/|title=SmithKline Beckman Corp. and International Clinical Laboratories Inc. announced...|website=UPI|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

====Merger====
In 1989, SmithKline Beckman merged with Beecham Group to form ''SmithKline Beecham P.L.C.''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/13/business/smithkline-beecham-to-merge.html|title=SmithKline, Beecham to Merge|last=Lohr|first=Steve|date=13 April 1989|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|access-date=30 September 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The headquarters moved from the United States to England. To expand R&D in the United States, the company bought a new research center in 1995; another opened in 1997, in England at New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow.<ref name="history"/>

[[File:SmithKline Beecham.png|thumb|SmithKline & French and Beecham Group Merged]]

===2000: Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger===
Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000. The merger was completed in December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/275655|title=The new alchemy – The drug industry's flurry of mergers is based on a big gamble|work=The Economist| date=20 January 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Partners resolve their differences and unite at the second attempt|journal=Nature| date=May 2000|volume=405|issue=6783|doi=10.1038/35012210|pmid=10821289|page=258|vauthors=Gershon D }}</ref> The company's global headquarters are at GSK House, Brentford, London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair. The building was erected at a cost of £300{{nbsp}}million and {{as of|2002|lc=yes}} was home to 3,000 administrative staff.<ref name=tele15702>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2767982/Hall-that-glitters-isnt-shareholder-gold.html|title=Hall that glitters isn't shareholder gold|work=The Daily Telegraph| date=15 July 2002}}</ref>

===2001–2010===
[[File:Andrew Witty in 2015.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|Andrew Witty, GSK's CEO from May 2008, to April 2017]]

GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey-based Block Drug in 2001, for {{US$|1.24 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/glaxosmithkline-completes-the-purchase-of-block-drug-for-124-billion-71032672.html |title=GlaxoSmithKline Completes the Purchase of Block Drug for $1.24&nbsp;Billion |publisher=PR Newswire |access-date=1 August 2010 }}</ref> In 2006, GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary supplements, for US$566{{nbsp}}million in cash.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_474181.html|title=Glaxo unit buys Breathe Right maker|last=Stouffer|first=Rick|work=Trib Live| date=9 October 2006}}</ref>

Chris Gent, previously CEO of [[Company:Vodafone|Vodafone]], was appointed chairman of the board in 2005.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/9639020/Sir-Christopher-Gent-to-exit-GlaxoSmithKline.html "Sir Christopher Gent to exit GlaxoSmithKline"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 28 October 2012.</ref> GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in 2007, in Shanghai, initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2452000720070524|title=Glaxo China R&D centre to target neurodegeneration|work=Reuters| date=24 May 2007|author=Ben Hirschler}}<br>
{{cite news|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081029/full/4551168a.html|last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=Pharmaceutical futures: Made in China?|work=Nature| date=29 October 2008}}</ref> Andrew Witty became the chief executive officer in 2008.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about-us/corporate-executive-team.html "Corporate Executive Team"], GlaxoSmithKline. Retrieved 16 November 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014041607/http://www.gsk.com/about-us/corporate-executive-team.html |date=14 October 2012 }}</ref> Witty joined Glaxo in 1985, and had been president of GSK's Pharmaceuticals Europe since 2003.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHkj9dJ6aNE "Andrew Witty's journey from Graduate to GSK CEO"], GlaxoSmithKline, 12 August 2008; [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=3027345&ticker=GSK "Andrew Philip Witty"], ''Bloomberg''.</ref>

In 2009, GSK acquired Stiefel Laboratories, then the world's largest independent dermatology drug company, for {{US$|3.6 billion}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ruddick |first=Graham |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/gsk/5186751/GlaxoSmithKline-buys-Stiefel-for-3.6bn.html |title=GlaxoSmithKline buys Stiefel for $3.6bn |work=The Daily Telegraph| date=20 April 2009}}</ref> In November 2009, the FDA approved GSK's vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection, manufactured by the company's ID Biomedical Corp in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm190783.htm |title=FDA Approves Additional Vaccine for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |date=16 November 2009}}</ref> Also in November 2009, GSK formed a joint venture with [[Company:Pfizer|Pfizer]] to create [[Company:ViiV Healthcare|ViiV Healthcare]], which specializes in HIV research.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jack|first=Andrew|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5327ff12-2aaa-11de-8415-00144feabdc0.html |title= Companies / Pharmaceuticals – GSK and Pfizer to merge HIV portfolios |work=Financial Times  |date=16 April 2009}}</ref> In 2010, the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company, for US$253m,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100614180626/http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/pharma-companies/gsk-acquires-laboratorios-phoenix.html GSK Acquires Laboratorios Phoenix for $253m], InfoGrok.</ref> and the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition for £162{{nbsp}}million (US$256{{nbsp}}million).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6BC0XO20101213 |title=UPDATE 2-Glaxo buys protein-drinks firm Maxinutrition | work=Reuters |last =Sandle |first =Paul |date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

===2011–present===
In 2011, in a US$660-million deal, [[Company:Prestige Brands|Prestige Brands Holdings]] took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$210{{nbsp}}million, including [[Chemistry:BC Powder|BC Powder]], Beano, Ecotrin, Fiber Choice, [[Chemistry:Goody's Powder|Goody's Powder]], [[Chemistry:Sominex|Sominex]] and Tagamet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.newsobserver.com/business/gsk-sells-bc-goodys-and-other-brands |work=News & Observer |last=Ranii |first=David |title=GSK sells BC, Goody's and other brands |date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415192244/http://blogs.newsobserver.com/business/gsk-sells-bc-goodys-and-other-brands |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500{{nbsp}}million in manufacturing facilities in Ulverston, northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/glaxosmithkline-britain-idUSWLA506520120322 "GSK confirms 500 mln stg UK investment plans"], Reuters, 22 March 2012.</ref> In May that year it acquired CellZome, a German biotech company, for US$98{{nbsp}}million,<ref>European Biotechnology News 16 May 2012. [http://www.european-biotechnology-news.com/news/news/2012-02/gsk-acquires-cellzome-100.html GSK acquires Cellzome 100%: Britain's largest drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline will pay about €75m in cash to acquire Cellzome AG completely] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604083405/http://www.european-biotechnology-news.com/news/news/2012-02/gsk-acquires-cellzome-100.html |date=4 June 2016 }}; John Carroll for FierceBiotech 15 May 2012 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/gsk-snags-proteomics-platform-tech-98m-cellzome-buyout/2012-05-15 GSK snags proteomics platform tech in $98M Cellzome buyout]</ref> and in June worldwide rights to [[Chemistry:Alitretinoin|alitretinoin]] (Toctino), an eczema drug, for US$302{{nbsp}}million.<ref>John Carroll for FiercePharma. 12 June 2012 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/gsk-continues-deal-spree-302m-deal-eczema-drug/2012-06-12 GSK continues deal spree with $302M pact for Basilea eczema drug]; Basilea Pharmaceutica Press Release.  11 June 2012 [http://hugin.info/134390/R/1618919/516985.pdf Basilea enters into global agreement with Stiefel, a GSK company, for Toctino (alitretinoin)]</ref> In 2013, GSK acquired Human Genome Sciences (HGS) for US$3{{nbsp}}billion; the companies had collaborated on developing the [[Medicine:Lupus|lupus]] drug [[Chemistry:Belimumab|Belimumab]] (Benlysta), albiglutide for [[Medicine:Type 2 diabetes|type 2 diabetes]], and [[Chemistry:Darapladib|darapladib]] for [[Medicine:Atherosclerosis|atherosclerosis]],<ref name=3Lessons>Matthew Herper, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/07/16/three-lessons-from-glaxosmithklines-purchase-of-human-genome-sciences/ "Three Lessons From GlaxoSmithKline's Purchase Of Human Genome Sciences"], ''{{wipe|Forbes}}'', 16 July 2012.</ref> and in September, sold its beverage division to Suntory. This included the brands Lucozade and Ribena; however, the deal did not include Horlicks.<ref name="Monaghan">Angela Monaghan [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/09/ribena-lucozade-sold-japan-glaxosmithkline "Ribena and Lucozade sold to Japanese drinks giant"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 9 September 2013</ref>

In March 2014, GSK paid US$1{{nbsp}}billion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, to 75 percent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets.<ref>{{cite news|title= GSK pays $1&nbsp;billion to lift Indian unit stake to 75 percent|work= Reuters|date=10 March 2014|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-glaxosmithkline-india-idUSBREA2909U20140310|access-date=10 March 2014|first=Ben|last=Hirschler}}</ref> In April 2014, Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than US$20{{nbsp}}billion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Bray | first1=Chad | last2=Jolly | first2=David | title=Novartis and Glaxo Agree to Trade $20 Billion in Assets | website={{wipe|The New York Times}} | date=23 April 2014 | url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/novartis-announces-major-restructuring/ | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=wsj4222014>{{cite news | last1=Rockoff | first1=Jonathan D. | last2=Whalen | first2=Jeanne | last3=Falconi | first3=Marta | title=Deal Flurry Shows Drug Makers' Swing Toward Specialization | website={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}} | date=22 April 2014 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/deal-flurry-shows-drug-makers-swing-toward-specialization-1398214581 | access-date=12 March 2020 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> In February 2015, GSK announced that it would acquire GlycoVaxyn, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, for US$190{{nbsp}}million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/gsk-acquires-glycovaxyn-for-190m/81250916/|title=GEN - News Highlights:GSK Acquires GlycoVaxyn for $190M|work=GEN}}</ref> and in June that year that it would sell two [[Medicine:Meningitis|meningitis]] drugs to [[Company:Pfizer|Pfizer]], Nimenrix and Mencevax for around US$130{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/pfizer-buys-two-gsk-meningitis-vaccines-for-130m/81251415/|title=Pfizer Buys Two GSK Meningitis Vaccines for $130M|work=GEN|date=22 June 2015|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

Philip Hampton, at that time chair of the Royal Bank of Scotland, became GSK chairman in September 2015.<ref>James Quinn, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11120385/Sir-Philip-Hampton-to-chair-Glaxo.html "Sir Philip Hampton to chair Glaxo"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 25 September 2014.</ref>

On 31 March 2017, Emma Walmsley became [[Social:Chief executive officer|CEO]]. She is the first female CEO of the company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-appoints-big-pharmas-first-woman-chief-executive/#7f8a02ca3276|title=GlaxoSmithKline Appoints Big Pharma's First Woman Chief Executive|last=Herper|first=Matthew|work=Forbes|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=successionAWtoEW>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-names-emma-walmsley-to-replace-sir-andrew-witty/|title=Emma Walmsley becomes latest female CEO in FTSE 100 as she replaces Sir Andrew Witty at GSK |last=Yeomans|first=Jon|newspaper=The Telegraph | publisher=Daily Telegraph, London|date=20 September 2016|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49%) taking over control from its Saudi partner Banaja KSA Holding Company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/gsk-saudi/glaxosmithkline-boosts-stake-in-saudi-arabia-unit-idUSL8N1OI1Q4|title=GlaxoSmithKline boosts stake in Saudi Arabia unit|date=18 December 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>

With respect to [[Medicine:Rare disease|rare disease]]s, the company divested its portfolio of [[Biology:Gene therapy|gene therapy]] drugs to Orchard Therapeutics in April 2018.<ref name=":0" /> In November 2018, {{wipe|Reuters}} reported that [[Company:Unilever|Unilever]] was in prime position to acquire GSK's interest in its Indian unit, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, in a sale that could generate around US$4{{nbsp}}billion for the company.<ref name=pole>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gsk-m-a-india/nestl-unilever-in-pole-position-for-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-reports-idUKKCN1NX0F0|title=Unilever in pole position to swallow GSK's Indian Horlicks business|newspaper=Reuters|date=28 November 2018|access-date=28 November 2018|last1=Gruber|first1=Kane Wu}}</ref> Nestlé and [[Engineering:Coca-Cola|Coca-Cola]] have also been reported to be interested in the business unit as they look to strengthen their presence in India.<ref name=pole/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/unilever-gsk-late-stage-talks-for-horlicks-buyout-india-reuters |title=GlaxoSmithKline taps Unilever as lead bidder in Indian Horlicks buyout: report |publisher=FiercePharma |access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> On 3 December 2018, GSK announced that Unilever would acquire the Indian-listed GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare business for US$3.8{{nbsp}}billion (£2.98{{nbsp}}billion). Unilever will pay the majority of the deal in cash, with the remaining being paid in shares in its Indian operation, Hindustan Unilever Limited. Upon completion, GSK will then own around 5.7% of Hindustan Unilever Limited, selling those shares in a number of tranches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gsk-m-a-unilever/unilever-swallows-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-for-3-8-billion-idUKKBN1O20P3|title=Unilever swallows GSK's Indian Horlicks business for $3.8&nbsp;billion|date=3 December 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref> The same day, the company also announced it would acquire oncology specialist, Tesaro, for US$5.1{{nbsp}}billion. The deal will give GSK control of ovarian cancer treatment, Zejula - a member of the class of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-tesaro-m-a-gsk/gsk-slides-after-buying-cancer-firm-tesaro-for-hefty-5-1-billion-idUKKBN1O218H|title=GSK slides after buying cancer firm Tesaro for hefty $5.1&nbsp;billion|date=3 December 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its [[Medicine:Rabies|rabies]] vaccine, RabAvert, and its [[Medicine:Tick-borne encephalitis|tick-borne encephalitis]] vaccine, Encepur, to Bavarian Nordic for US$1.06{{nbsp}}billion (€955{{nbsp}}million).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/gsk-sells-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic-for-up-to-1-06b|title=Zeroing in on fast-growing vaccines, GSK sheds 2 shots to Bavarian Nordic for up to $1.1B|last=Sagonowsky|first=Eric|date=21 October 2019|website=FiercePharma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105160030/https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/gsk-sells-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic-for-up-to-1-06b|archive-date=5 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-agrees-to-divest-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic/|title=GSK agrees to divest rabies and tick-borne encephalitis vaccines to Bavarian Nordic |website=gsk.com|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

In July 2020, GSK acquired a 10% stake in German biotech company [[Company:CureVac|CureVac]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-curevac-stake-idUKKCN24L0JR|title=GSK buys 10% of CureVac in vaccine tech deal|newspaper=Reuters|date=20 July 2020|via=uk.reuters.com|last1=Schuetze|first1=Pushkala Aripaka}}</ref>

==== GSK–Novartis consumer healthcare buy-out ====
In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with [[Company:Novartis|Novartis]] to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for US$13{{nbsp}}billion (£9.2{{nbsp}}billion).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-novartis-gsk/gsk-buys-out-novartis-in-13-billion-consumer-healthcare-shake-up-idUKKBN1H30FK|title=GSK buys out Novartis in $13&nbsp;billion consumer healthcare shake-up|work=Reuters|date=27 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/gsk-divestiture/glaxosmithkline-considers-splitting-up-the-group-ft-idINKBN1KB07N|title=GlaxoSmithKline considers splitting up the group - FT|last=<!--no byline-->|date=21 July 2018|access-date=23 July 2018|work=Reuters}}</ref>

==== GSK–Pfizer joint venture ====
In December 2018, GSK announced that it, along with [[Company:Pfizer|Pfizer]], had reached an agreement to merge and combine their consumer healthcare divisions into a single entity. The combined entity would have sales of around £9.8{{nbsp}}billion ($12.7{{nbsp}}billion), with GSK maintaining a 68% controlling stake in the joint venture. Pfizer would own the remaining 32% shareholding. The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business.<ref name=split>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pfizer-m-a-gsk/drugmaker-gsk-to-split-after-striking-pfizer-consumer-health-deal-idUKKBN1OI0IP|title=Drugmaker GSK to split after striking Pfizer consumer health deal|work=Reuters|date=19 December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

==== Subsequent split ====
The culmination of the Consumer Healthcare string of deals will result in GSK splitting into two separate companies, via a demerger and subsequent listing of the joint venture. This will create two publicly traded companies, one focusing on pharmaceuticals and research & development, the other on consumer healthcare.<ref name=split/>

===Venture arms===
SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further.<ref name=JPE2003>{{cite journal|last1=Reaume|first1=Andrew|title=Is Corporate Venture Capital a Prescription for Success in the Pharmaceutical Industry?|journal=The Journal of Private Equity|date=1 January 2003|volume=6|issue=4|pages=77–87|jstor=43503355|doi=10.3905/jpe.2003.320058|s2cid=154182967}}</ref> {{As of|2003}}, SR One tended to invest only if the company aligned with GSK's business.<ref name=JPE2003/>

In September 2019, GSK announced it would acquire Sitari Pharmaceuticals and its [[Biology:Transglutaminase|transglutaminase]] 2 small molecule program for the treatment of celiac disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-snaps-up-celiac-focused-sitari-pharmaceuticals/|title=GSK to Acquire Celiac-Focused Sitari Pharmaceuticals|website=BioSpace}}</ref>

==Research areas and products==

===Pharmaceuticals===
GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes and mental health. Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include [[Chemistry:Amoxicillin|amoxicillin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/news/most-recognized-brands-anti-infectives-december-2013-49719.html |title=Most-recognized brands: Anti-infectives, December 2013 |publisher=Drugs.com }}</ref> and amoxicillin-clavulanate,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Geddes AM, Klugman KP, Rolinson GN | date = December 2007 | title = Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate | journal = Int J Antimicrob Agents | volume = 30 | issue = Suppl 2| pages = S109–12 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.015 | pmid = 17900874 }}</ref> ticarcillin-clavulanate,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown AG | date = August 1986 | title = Clavulanic acid, a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor--a case study in drug discovery and development | journal = Drug Des Deliv | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 1–21 | pmid = 3334541 }}</ref> [[Chemistry:Mupirocin|mupirocin]],<ref>{{cite web | title=mupirocin search results | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=mupirocin | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> and [[Chemistry:Ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Richards DM, Brogden RN |title=Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use |journal=Drugs |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=105–61 |date=February 1985  |pmid=3884319 |doi= 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002}}</ref> for bacterial infections, [[Chemistry:Zidovudine|zidovudine]] for HIV infection, valacyclovir for herpes virus infections, [[Chemistry:Albendazole|albendazole]] for parasitic infections, [[Chemistry:Sumatriptan|sumatriptan]] for migraine, [[Chemistry:Lamotrigine|lamotrigine]] for epilepsy, [[Chemistry:Bupropion|bupropion]] and [[Chemistry:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] for major depressive disorder, [[Chemistry:Cimetidine|cimetidine]] and [[Chemistry:Ranitidine|ranitidine]] for gastroesophageal reflux disorder, [[Chemistry:Mercaptopurine|mercaptopurine]]<ref name="pubs.acs.org">{{cite magazine |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/83256-mercaptopurine.html |title=6-Mercaptopurine|magazine=Chemical & Engineering News}}</ref> and thioguanine<ref name="ScienceHistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/george-hitchings-and-gertrude-elion |title=George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion|date=June 2016| publisher = Science History Institute}}</ref> for the treatment of leukemia, [[Chemistry:Allopurinol|allopurinol]] for [[Medicine:Gout|gout]],<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elion GB |title=The purine path to chemotherapy |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4900 |pages=41–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2649979 |doi= 10.1126/science.2649979|bibcode=1989Sci...244...41E }}</ref> [[Chemistry:Pyrimethamine|pyrimethamine]] for [[Medicine:Malaria|malaria]],<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/gertrude-elion-drug-developer-dies-at-81.html |first=Lawrence K. |last=Altman | title=Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81 |work= {{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=23 February 1999}}</ref> and the antibacterial [[Chemistry:Trimethoprim|trimethoprim]].<ref name="ScienceHistory"/>

Among these, albendazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, allopurinol, mercaptopurine, mupirocin, pyrimethamine, ranitidine, thioguanine, trimethoprim, and zidovudine are on the [[Medicine:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 |  publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Malaria vaccine===
In 2014, GSK applied for regulatory approval for the first [[Unsolved:Malaria vaccine|malaria vaccine]].<ref name="malariavaccine" /> [[Medicine:Malaria|Malaria]] is responsible for over 650,000 deaths annually, mainly in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.path.org/news/press-room/651/ |title=Press release: Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children|publisher= PATH }}</ref> Known as [[Biology:RTS,S|RTS,S]], the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the [[Organization:PATH (global health organization)|PATH]] vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five percent above the cost of production.<ref name=malariavaccine/>

{{As of|2013}}, RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary AS01 adjuvant, was being examined in a Phase 3 trial in eight African countries. PATH reported that "[i]n the 12-month period following vaccination, RTS,S conferred approximately 50% protection from clinical Plasmodium falciparum disease in children aged 5-17 months, and approximately 30% protection in children aged 6-12 weeks when administered in conjunction with Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) vaccines."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Birkett AJ, Moorthy VS, Loucq C, Chitnis CE, Kaslow DC | display-authors=3 | date = April 2013 | title = Malaria vaccine R&D in the Decade of Vaccines: breakthroughs, challenges and opportunities | journal = Vaccine | volume = 31 | issue = Supplement 2| pages = B233–43 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.040 | pmid = 23598488 }}</ref> In 2014, Glaxo said it had spent more than US$350{{nbsp}}million and expected to spend an additional US$260{{nbsp}}million before seeking regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.com/media/press-releases/2013/malaria-vaccine-candidate-reduces-disease-over-18-months-of-foll.html |title=Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children|publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081405/http://www.gsk.com/media/press-releases/2013/malaria-vaccine-candidate-reduces-disease-over-18-months-of-foll.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/health/19malaria.html | work={{wipe|The New York Times}} | first= Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. |  title=Scientists See Promise in Vaccine for Malaria | date=18 October 2011}}</ref>

===Consumer healthcare===
[[File:Aquafresh - GSK.jpg|250px|thumb|Some Aquafresh products]]
GSK's consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2{{nbsp}}billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, including Aquafresh, Macleans and [[Chemistry:Sensodyne|Sensodyne]] toothpastes; and drinks such as Horlicks, Boost and a chocolate-flavoured malt drink sold in India. GSK also previously owned the Lucozade and Ribena brands of soft drinks, but they were sold in 2013, to Suntory for £1.35bn.<ref name=Monaghan/> Other products include [[Chemistry:Docosanol|Abreva]] to treat cold sores; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right [[Biology:Nasal strip|nasal strip]]s; and Nicoderm and [[Chemistry:Nicorette|Nicorette]] nicotine replacements.<ref name="Maj07">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vI9vE7_LJX4C&pg=PT242 | title=Product management in India | publisher=PHI Learning | year=2007 | page=242 | isbn=978-81-203-3383-3 | first=Ramanuj | last=Majumdar | edition=3rd}}</ref> In March 2014, it recalled [[Biology:Orlistat|Alli]], an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering, following customer complaints.<ref>Aaron Smith, [https://money.cnn.com/2014/03/27/news/companies/glaxosmithkline-alli-recall "Alli weight-loss drug recalled for tampering"], CNN, 27 March 2014.</ref>

===Facilities===
{{As of|2013}}, GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in [[Research and development|R&D]]. The company's single largest market is the United States. Its US headquarters are in The Navy Yard, Philadelphia, and [[Organization:Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park]], North Carolina; its consumer-products division is in Moon Township, Pennsylvania.<ref name=achievements>[http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html "About us: what we do"], GlaxoSmithKline, accessed 16 November 2013 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013192519/http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html |date=13 October 2013 }}</ref>

===COVID-19 vaccine===
{{main article|Medicine:Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine}}
In July 2020, the UK government signed up for 60 million doses of a [[Medicine:COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccine]] developed by GSK and [[Company:Sanofi|Sanofi]]. It uses a [[Biology:Recombinant DNA|recombinant protein]]-based technology from Sanofi and GSK's pandemic technology. The companies claimed to be able to produce one billion doses, subject to successful trials and regulatory approval, during the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53577637|title=Coronavirus vaccine: UK signs deal with GSK and Sanofi|work=BBC News|date=29 July 2020|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The company also agreed to a $2.1&nbsp;billion deal with the United States to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/us-agrees-to-pay-sanofi-and-gsk-2point1-billion-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine.html|title=U.S. agrees to pay Sanofi and GSK $2.1&nbsp;billion for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine|date=31 July 2020|publisher=CNBC}}</ref>

==Recognition, philanthropy and social responsibility==
===Scientific recognition===
Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development.
* [[Biography:Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]], a former student of [[Biography:Paul Ehrlich|Paul Ehrlich]], received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the chemical transmission of neural impulses. Dale served as a pharmacologist and then as Director of the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories from 1904 to 1914, and later served as Trustee and chairman of the board of the Wellcome Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1936/dale/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
* [[Biography:John Vane|John Vane]] of Wellcome Research Laboratories shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on prostaglandin biology and the discovery of [[Chemistry:Prostacyclin|prostacyclin]]. Vane served as Group Research and Development Director for The Wellcome Foundation from 1973 to 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/vane/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
* [[Biography:Gertrude B. Elion|Gertrude B. Elion]] and George Hitchings, both of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Sir James W. Black, formerly of Smith Kline & French and the Wellcome Foundation, ""for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"." Elion and Hitchings were responsible for the discovery of a plethora of important drugs, including mercaptopurine<ref name="pubs.acs.org"/> and thioguanine<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> for the treatment of leukemia, the immunosuppressant azothioprine,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Azathioprine: old drug, new actions |pmc=152947 | pmid=12697731 |doi=10.1172/JCI18384 |volume=111 |issue= 8|date=April 2003 |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |pages=1122–4 |vauthors=Maltzman JS, Koretzky GA}}</ref> allopurinol for gout,<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy"/> pyrimethamine for malaria,<ref name="nytimes.com"/> the antibacterial trimethoprim,<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> acyclovir for herpes virus infection,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elion GB |title=Acyclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity |journal=J. Med. Virol. |volume=Suppl 1 |pages=2–6 |year=1993 |pmid=8245887 |doi= 10.1002/jmv.1890410503 |s2cid=37848199 }}</ref> and nelarabine for cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Koenig R |title=The legacy of great science: the work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on |journal=Oncologist |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=961–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17030634 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961 }}</ref>

===Philanthropy and social responsibility===
Since 2010, GlaxoSmithKline has several times ranked first among pharmaceutical companies on the Global Access to Medicines Index, which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<ref name="www.accesstomedicineindex.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org/sites/www.accesstomedicineindex.org/files/longitudinal_analysis_2010-2012_access_to_medicine_index.pdf |title=Access to medicine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207165041/http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org/sites/www.accesstomedicineindex.org/files/longitudinal_analysis_2010-2012_access_to_medicine_index.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2014 }}</ref> In 2014, the Human Rights Campaign, an LGBT-rights advocacy group gave GSK a score of 100 percent in its [[Social:Corporate Equality Index|Corporate Equality Index]].<ref>Human Rights Campaign. [http://www.hrc.org/apps/buyersguide/profile.php?orgid=1563#.UUMVCzdF8zI  Profile: Buyers Guide entry for GlaxoSmithKline]. Accessed 16 May 2014</ref>

GSK has been active, with the [[Organization:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO), in the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF). Around 120{{nbsp}}million people globally are believed to be infected with [[Medicine:Filariasis|lymphatic filariasis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpma.org/index.php?id=588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227072400/http://www.ifpma.org/index.php?id=588 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |title=Global alliance to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis |publisher=Ifpma.org }}</ref> In 2012, the company endorsed the [[Medicine:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases|London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases]]; it agreed to donate 400{{nbsp}}million [[Chemistry:Albendazole|albendazole]] tablets to the WHO each year to fight [[Medicine:Soil-transmitted helminthiasis|soil-transmitted helminthiasis]] and to provide 600{{nbsp}}million albendazole tablets every year for lymphatic filariasis until the disease is eradicated.<ref name="bill">{{cite web|title= Private and Public Partners Unite to Combat 10 Neglected Tropical Diseases by 2020|date= 30 January 2012|url= http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/press-releases/2012/01/private-and-public-partners-unite-to-combat-10-neglected-tropical-diseases-by-2020|publisher= Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|access-date= 30 May 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130314153950/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/press-releases/2012/01/private-and-public-partners-unite-to-combat-10-neglected-tropical-diseases-by-2020|archive-date= 14 March 2013|url-status= dead}}{{pb}}
{{cite web|title=Research-based pharma pledges on neglected tropical diseases|date=31 January 2012|url=http://www.thepharmaletter.com/file/110665/research-based-pharma-pledges-on-neglected-tropical-diseases.html|work=The Pharma Letter}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, over 5{{nbsp}}billion treatments had been delivered, and 18 of 73 countries in which the disease is considered endemic had progressed to the surveillance stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9038.pdf |title= Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2014| publisher = World Health Organization | date = 18 September 2015 | page = 490}}</ref>

In 2009, the company said it would cut drug prices by 25 percent in 50 of the poorest nations, release intellectual property rights for substances and processes relevant to neglected disease into a [[Social:Patent pool|patent pool]] to encourage new drug development, and invest 20 percent of profits from the least-developed countries in medical infrastructure for those countries.<ref>Sarah Boseley, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/feb/13/glaxo-smith-kline-cheap-medicine "Drug giant GlaxoSmithKline pledges cheap medicine for world's poor"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 13 February 2009.</ref><ref>UNITAID 16 February 2009. [http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/news/158-unitaid-statement-on-gsk-patent-pool-for-neglected-diseases UNITAID Statement on GSK Patent Pool For Neglected Diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215419/http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/news/158-unitaid-statement-on-gsk-patent-pool-for-neglected-diseases |date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> Médecins Sans Frontières welcomed the decision, but criticized GSK for failing to include HIV patents in its patent pool and for not including middle-income countries in the initiative.<ref>Tido von Schoen-Angerer, [http://www.msfaccess.org/content/guardian-letter-response-gsks-patent-pool-proposal Letter to the editor], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 16 February 2009.<!--if this was published, we should link to the Guardian--></ref>

In 2013, GSK licensed its HIV portfolio to the Medicines Patent Pool for use in children, and agreed to negotiate a license for [[Chemistry:Dolutegravir|dolutegravir]], an integrase inhibitor then in clinical development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-drugs-patents-idUSBRE91Q0P520130227|title=GlaxoSmithKline unit joins patent pool for AIDS drugs &#124; Reuters}}</ref> In 2014, this license was extended to include dolutegravir and adults with HIV. The licenses include countries in which 93 percent of adults and 99 percent of children with HIV live.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/medicines-patent-pool-viiv-healthcare-sign-licence-for-the-most-recent-hiv-medicine-to-have-received-regulatory-approval/ |title=Medicines Patent Pool, ViiV Healthcare Sign Licence for the Most Recent HIV Medicine to Have Received Regulatory Approval |work=Medicines Patent Pool }}</ref> Also in 2013 GSK joined [[AllTrials]], a British campaign to ensure that all clinical trials are registered and the results reported. The company said it would make its past clinical-trial reports available and future ones within a year of the studies' end.<ref>Ben Goldacre, ''[[Medicine:Bad Pharma|Bad Pharma]]'', Fourth Estate, 2013 [2012], p. 387.</ref>

==Controversies==
===2012 criminal and civil settlement===
====Overview====
In July 2012, GSK pleaded guilty in the United States to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$3{{nbsp}}billion, in what was the largest settlement until then between the Justice Department and a drug company. The US$3{{nbsp}}billion included a criminal fine of US$956,814,400 and forfeiture of US$43,185,600. The remaining US$2{{nbsp}}billion covered a civil settlement with the government under the False Claims Act. The investigation was launched largely on the basis of information from four whistleblowers who filed qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against the company under the False Claims Act.<ref name="USDOJJuly2012">[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/July/12-civ-842.html "GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data"], United States Department of Justice, 2 July 2012.{{pb}}
Katie Thomas and Michael S. Schmidt, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraud-settlement.html "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement"], ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'', 2 July 2012.{{pb}}
Simon Neville, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/03/glaxosmithkline-fined-bribing-doctors-pharmaceuticals "GlaxoSmithKline fined $3bn after bribing doctors to increase drugs sales"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 3 July 2012.</ref>

The charges stemmed from GSK's promotion of the anti-depressants Paxil ([[Chemistry:Paroxetine|paroxetine]]) and Wellbutrin ([[Chemistry:Bupropion|bupropion]]) for unapproved uses from 1998 to 2003, specifically as suitable for patients under the age of 18, and from its failure to report safety data about Avandia ([[Chemistry:Rosiglitazone|rosiglitazone]]), both in violation of the [[Medicine:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]. Other drugs promoted for unapproved uses were two inhalers, Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol) and Flovent ([[Chemistry:Fluticasone propionate|fluticasone propionate]]), as well as Zofran ([[Chemistry:Ondansetron|ondansetron]]), Imitrex ([[Chemistry:Sumatriptan|sumatriptan]]), Lotronex ([[Chemistry:Alosetron|alosetron]]) and Valtrex ([[Chemistry:Valaciclovir|valaciclovir]]).<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

The settlement also covered reporting false best prices and underpaying rebates owed under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, and kickbacks to physicians to prescribe GSK's drugs. There were all-expenses-paid spa treatments and hunting trips for doctors and their spouses, speakers' fees at conferences, and payment for articles ghostwritten by the company and placed by physicians in medical journals.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> The company set up a ghostwriting programme called CASPPER, initially to produce articles about Paxil but which was extended to cover Avandia.<ref>Max Baucus, [[Biography:Chuck Grassley|Chuck Grassley]], [http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia"], United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010.<br>
Jim Edwards, [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/inside-gsks-cassper-ghostwriting-program/ "Inside GSK's CASSPER Ghostwriting Program"], CBS News, 21 August 2009.</ref>

As part of the settlement GSK signed a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services, which obliged the company to make major changes in the way it did business, including changing its compensation programmes for its sales force and executives, and to implement and maintain transparency in its research practices and publication policies.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> It announced in 2013, that it would no longer pay doctors to promote its drugs or attend medical conferences, and that its sales staff would no longer have prescription targets.<ref name=Reuters17Dec2013>[http://sustainability.thomsonreuters.com/2013/12/17/gsk-stop-paying-doctors-major-marketing-overhaul "GSK to stop paying doctors in major marketing overhaul"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028041032/http://sustainability.thomsonreuters.com/2013/12/17/gsk-stop-paying-doctors-major-marketing-overhaul/ |date=28 October 2014 }}, Thomson/Reuters, 17 December 2013.</ref>

====Rosiglitazone (Avandia)====
[[File:Avandia 2mg oral tablet.jpg|thumb|[[Chemistry:Rosiglitazone|Rosiglitazone]]]]
The 2012 settlement included a criminal fine of US$242,612,800 for failing to report safety data to the FDA about Avandia ([[Chemistry:Rosiglitazone|rosiglitazone]]), a [[Medicine:Diabetes mellitus type 2|diabetes]] drug approved in 1999, and a civil settlement of US$657{{nbsp}}million for making false claims about it. The Justice Department said GSK had promoted rosiglitazone to physicians with misleading information, including that it conferred cardiovascular benefits despite an FDA-mandated label warning of cardiovascular risks.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

In 1999, John Buse, a diabetes specialist, told medical conferences that rosiglitazone might carry an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. GSK threatened to sue him, called his university head of department, and persuaded him to sign a retraction.<ref>[http://www.finance.senate.gov/download/?id=883E903D-F973-4A74-8432-3C651C71B4B4 "The Intimidation of Dr. John Buse and the Diabetes Drug Avandia"], Committee on Finance, United States Senate, November 2007, pp. 2–4.</ref> GSK raised questions internally about the drug's safety in 2000, and in 2002, the company ghostwrote an article in ''Circulation'' describing a GSK funded clinical trial that suggested rosiglitazone might have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk.<ref>Max Baucus, [[Biography:Chuck Grassley|Chuck Grassley]], [http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia"], United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010; for internal concerns, p. 2 and attachment E, pp.&nbsp;20–35; for ghostwriting, p. 3 and attachment H, pp. 58–109; for the ghostwriting, attachment I, p. 110ff; for cover letter to ''Circulation'', attachment I, p.&nbsp;143; for the ghostwritten article, attachment I, pp.&nbsp;152–158.{{pb}}
{{cite journal | vauthors=Haffner SM, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, Chen H, Williams K, Freed MI | display-authors=3 | date=August 2002 | title = Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 6| pages = 679–84 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025403.20953.23 | pmid = 12163427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> From 2001, reports began to link the thiazolidinediones (the class of drugs to which rosiglitazone belongs) to [[Medicine:Heart failure|heart failure]].<ref name="pmid20154334"/> In April that year, GSK began a six-year, [[Open-label trial|open-label]], [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized trial]], known as RECORD, to examine rosiglitazone and cardiovascular events.<ref name="RECORDLancet">{{cite journal |vauthors=Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Jones NP, Komajda M, McMurray JJ | display-authors=3 |title=Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9681 |pages=2125–35 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19501900 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3 }}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |vauthors=Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Dargie H, Komajda M, Gubb J, Biswas N, Jones NP | display-authors=3 |title=Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes (RECORD): study design and protocol |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1726–35 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16025252 |doi=10.1007/s00125-005-1869-1 |doi-access=free }}{{pb}}
{{cite journal | title=RECORD: Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes - Full Text View | website=ClinicalTrials.gov | date=21 March 2017 | url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00379769 | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Two GSK [[Meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] in 2005, and 2006, showed an increased risk of cardiovascular problems with rosiglitazone; the information was passed to the FDA and posted on the company website, but not otherwise published. By December 2006, rosiglitazone had become the top-selling diabetes drug, with annual sales of US$3.3{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="pmid20154334">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nissen SE | date=April 2010 | title = The rise and fall of rosiglitazone | journal = European Heart Journal | volume = 31 | issue = 7| pages = 773–776 | doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016 | pmid = 20154334 | doi-access=free }} see table 1 for timeline.</ref>

In June 2007, ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' published a meta-analysis that associated the drug with an increased risk of [[Medicine:Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nissen SE, Wolski K | year = 2007 | title = Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 24| pages = 2457–71 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa072761 | pmid = 17517853 | doi-access=free | quote =  Rosiglitazone was associated with a significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and with an increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes that had borderline significance.}}</ref> GSK had reportedly tried to persuade one of the authors, Steven Nissen, not to publish it, after receiving an advance copy from one of the journal's peer reviewers, a GSK consultant.<ref>{{cite news | first=Stephanie | last=Saul | title=Doctor Accused of Leak to Drug Maker | website={{wipe|The New York Times}} | date=30 January 2008 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/business/30cnd-censure.html | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Gardiner | last=Harris | title=A Face-Off on the Safety of a Drug for Diabetes | website={{wipe|The New York Times}} | date=22 February 2010 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/health/23niss.html | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> In July 2007, FDA scientists suggested that rosiglitazone had caused 83,000 excess heart attacks between 1999 and 2007.<ref name=Senatereport/>{{rp|4}}<ref name=Graham>David Graham, [https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/slides/2007-4308s1-08-fda-graham_files/frame.htm "Assessment of the cardiovascular risks and health benefits of rosiglitazone"], Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Food and Drug Administration, 30 July 2007.</ref> The FDA placed restrictions on the drug, including adding a [[Medicine:Boxed warning|boxed warning]], but did not withdraw it.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109026.htm "FDA Adds Boxed Warning for Heart-related Risks to Anti-Diabetes Drug Avandia. Agency says drug to remain on market, while safety assessment continues"], Food and Drug Administration, 14 November 2007.</ref> (In 2013, the FDA rejected that the drug had caused excess heart attacks.)<ref name=FDAheart/> A Senate Finance Committee inquiry concluded in 2010, that GSK had sought to intimidate scientists who had concerns about rosiglitazone.<ref name="Senatereport">[http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=9e4b091f-de21-4df1-b65e-b227d74bec12 "Staff report on GlaxoSmithKline and the diabetes drug Avandia"], Committee on Finance, United States Senate, January 2010.{{pb}}
[http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/release/?id=bc56b552-efc5-4706-968d-f7032d5cd2e4 "Grassley, Baucus Release Committee Report on Avandia"], The United States Senate Committee on Finance, 20 February 2010.{{pb}}
Andrew Clark, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/22/glaxosmithkline-avandia-concerns-senate "Glaxo's handling of Avandia concerns damned by US Senate committee"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 22 February 2010.</ref> In February that year the company tried to halt publication of an editorial about the controversy by Nissen in the ''European Heart Journal''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Thomas F. Lüscher |author2=Ulf Landmesser |author3=Frank Ruschitzka |title=Standing firm—the European Heart Journal, scientific controversies and the industry |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=1157–1158 |date=23 April 2010 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq127|doi-access=free }}{{pb}}
{{cite journal | pmid = 20154334 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016 | volume=31 | title=The rise and fall of rosiglitazone | date=April 2010 | journal=Eur. Heart J. | pages=773–6  | last1 = Nissen | first1 = SE| issue=7 | doi-access=free }}{{pb}}
{{cite journal | pmid = 20499440 | volume=31 | title=The rise and fall of rosiglitazone: reply | year=2010 | journal=Eur. Heart J. | pages=1282–4  | last1 = Slaoui | first1 = M | issue=10 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq118| doi-access=free }}{{pb}}
{{cite journal | pmid = 20118174 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehp604 | volume=31 | title=Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial | pmc=2848325 | year=2010 | journal=Eur. Heart J. | pages=824–31  | last1 = Komajda | first1 = M | last2 = McMurray | first2 = JJ | last3 = Beck-Nielsen | first3 = H | last4 = Gomis | first4 = R | last5 = Hanefeld | first5 = M | last6 = Pocock | first6 = SJ | last7 = Curtis | first7 = PS | last8 = Jones | first8 = NP | last9 = Home | first9 = PD| issue=7 }}</ref>

The results of GSK's RECORD trial were published in June 2009. It confirmed an association between rosiglitazone and an increased risk of heart failure and fractures, but not of heart attack, and concluded that it "does not increase the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs."<ref name=RECORDLancet/> Steven Nissan and Kathy Wolkski argued that the study's low event rates reduced its statistical power.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nissen | first1 = Steven E. | last2 = Wolski | first2 = Kathy | title = Rosiglitazone RevisitedAn Updated Meta-analysis of Risk for Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Mortality | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 170 | issue = 14| pages = 1191–1202 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.207 | pmid = 20656674 | date = July 2010 | quote = That study was limited by low event rates, which resulted in insufficient statistical power to confirm or refute evidence of an increased risk for ischemic myocardial events. | doi-access = free }}</ref> In September 2009, rosiglitazone was suspended in Europe.<ref>[http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/09/news_detail_001119.jsp&murl=menus/news_and_events/news_and_events.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1&jsenabled=false "European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim"], European Medicines Agency, 23 September 2010.</ref> The results of the RECORD study were confirmed in 2013, by the Duke Clinical Research Institute, in an independent review required by the FDA.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McHaffey | first1 = Kenneth W. | display-authors = etal | year = 2013 | title = Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 166 | issue = 2| pages = 240–249 | doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.004 | pmid = 23895806 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In November that year the FDA lifted the restrictions it had placed on the drug.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm376516.htm "FDA requires removal of certain restrictions on the diabetes drug Avandia"], Food and Drug Administration, 25 November 2013.{{pb}}
[https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM354859.pdf "Readjudication of the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes Trial (RECORD)"], Joint Meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee, Food and Drug Administration, 5–6 June 2013.{{pb}}
Steven Nissen, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/05/23/steven-nissen-the-hidden-agenda-behind-the-fdas-avandia-hearings/ "Steven Nissen: The Hidden Agenda Behind The FDA's New Avandia Hearings"], ''{{wipe|Forbes}}'', 23 May 2013.{{pb}}
[https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/05/23/the-fda-responds-to-steve-nissens-criticism-of-upcoming-avandia-meeting/ "The FDA Responds To Steve Nissen's Criticism Of Upcoming Avandia Meeting"], ''{{wipe|Forbes}}'', 23 May 2013.</ref> The boxed warning about heart attack was removed; the warning about heart failure remained in place.<ref name=FDAheart>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm376389.htm |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires removal of some prescribing and dispensing restrictions for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |date=25 November 2013}}<br>
[https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM143413.pdf Avandia. Prescribing information"], Food and Drug Administration.</ref>

====Paroxetine (Paxil/Seroxat)====
[[File:Paroxetine pill.jpg|thumb|[[Chemistry:Paroxetine|Paroxetine]], known as Paxil and Seroxat]]
GSK was fined for promoting Paxil/Seroxat ([[Chemistry:Paroxetine|paroxetine]]) for treating depression in the under-18s, although the drug had not been approved for pediatric use.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>
Paxil had US$4.97{{nbsp}}billion worldwide sales in 2003.<ref name=CMAJ2004/> The company conducted nine clinical trials between 1994, and 2002, none of which showed that Paxil helped children with depression.<ref>Goldacre 2013, p. 58.</ref> From 1998, to 2003, it promoted the drug for the under-18s, paying physicians to go on all-expenses paid trips, five-star hotels and spas.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> From 2004, Paxil's label, along with those of similar drugs, included an FDA-mandated boxed warning that it might increase the risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients under 18.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

An internal SmithKline Beecham document said in 1998, about withheld data from two GSK studies: "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that [pediatric] efficacy had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine."<ref name=CMAJ2004>{{cite journal |author1=W. Kondro |author2=B. Sibbald |title=Drug company experts advised staff to withhold data about SSRI use in children |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=5 |page=783 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14993169 |pmc=343848 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.1040213 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Samson |first=Kurt |title=Senate probe seeks industry payment data on individual academic researchers |journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=A7–9 | date=December 2008 |pmid=19107985 |doi=10.1002/ana.21271 |s2cid=12019559 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The company ghostwrote an article, published in 2001, in the ''Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', that misreported the results of one of its clinical trials, Study 329.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/><ref>[http://dida.library.ucsf.edu/pdf/otu38h10 Letter showing authorship of Study 239], Drug Industry Document Archive, University of California, San Francisco.{{pb}}
Isabel Heck, [http://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/04/02/controversial-paxil-paper-still-fire-13-years-later/ "Controversial Paxil paper still under fire 13 years later"], ''The Brown Daily Herald'', 2 April 2014.{{pb}}
{{cite journal | doi = 10.3233/JRS-2008-0426 | volume=20 | title=Clinical trials and drug promotion: Selective reporting of study 329 | year=2008 | journal=International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine | pages=73–81 | last1 = Jureidini | first1 = Jon N. | last2 = McHenry | first2 = Leemon B. | last3 = Mansfield | first3 = Peter R.| issue=1–2 }}{{pb}}
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6308871.stm "Company hid suicide link"], BBC News, 29 January 2007; "Secrets of the Drug Trials," BBC Panorama, 29 January 2007; Goldacre 2013, pp. 296–297.</ref> The article concluded that Paxil was "generally well tolerated and effective for major depression in adolescents."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Keller | first1 = Martin |  display-authors = etal | title = Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial | url = http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2012/07/02/complaint-ex2.pdf | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 40 | issue = 7| pages = 762–772 | doi = 10.1097/00004583-200107000-00010 | pmid = 11437014 | date = July 2001 }}</ref> The suppression of the research findings is the subject of the 2008 book ''Side Effects'' by Alison Bass.<ref>Alison Bass (2008). ''Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial''. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Angell |first=Marcia |author-link=Marcia Angell |title=Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption |work=The New York Review of Books |volume=56 |issue=1 |date=15 January 2009|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/jan/15/drug-companies-doctorsa-story-of-corruption/}}</ref>

For 10 years GSK marketed Paxil as non-habit forming. In 2001, 35 patients filed a class-action suit alleging they had suffered withdrawal symptoms, and in 2002, a Los Angeles court issued an injunction preventing GSK from advertising that the drug was not habit forming.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2002-08-20-paxil-ads_x.htm | agency=Associated Press | title=Judge: Paxil ads can't say it isn't habit-forming | date=20 August 2002 }}</ref> The court withdrew the injunction after the FDA objected that the court had no jurisdiction over drug marketing that the FDA had approved.<ref>Drug and Device Law. 14 December 2006 [http://druganddevicelaw.blogspot.com/2006/12/fdas-amicus-briefs-on-preemption.html The FDA's Amicus Briefs on Preemption]{{pb}}
Ronald D. White for the Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2002 [http://articles.latimes.com/2002/aug/21/business/fi-paxil21 U.S. Opposes Order to Pull Paxil TV Ads]</ref> In 2003, a World Health Organization committee reported that Paxil was among the top 30 drugs, and top three antidepressants, for which dependence had been reported.<ref name=WHOdependence>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150418195400/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/collect/medicinedocs/pdf/s4896e/s4896e.pdf "WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence"], Thirty-third Report, World Health Organization, 2003, pp. 20, 25.</ref>{{refn|group=n|[[Organization:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, 2003: "The Committee noted the striking number of reports on paroxetine and 'withdrawal syndrome' ... The representative of Consumers International reported that a number of patients had experienced difficulty in withdrawing from SSRIs in general. It was agreed that withdrawal was indeed a problem in some patients, but there was a difference of opinion on the degree of dependence that was involved, given the possibility that the need for treatment of resistant or relapsing disease could make these drugs indispensable for patient care. The Committee expressed concern about the possibility of inappropriate prescribing resulting in the risk of problems of withdrawal outweighing the benefits of treatment with SSRIs."<ref name=WHOdependence/>}}

====Bupropion (Wellbutrin)====
The company was also fined for promoting Wellbutrin ([[Chemistry:Bupropion|bupropion]])&nbsp;– approved at the time for major depressive disorder and also sold as a smoking-cessation aid, Zyban&nbsp;– for weight loss and the treatment of [[Medicine:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], sexual dysfunction and substance addiction. GSK paid doctors to promote these off-label uses, and set up supposedly independent advisory boards and Continuing Medical Education programmes.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

=== 2010 Pandemrix connected with narcolepsy ===
'''The [[Chemistry:Pandemrix|Pandemrix]]''' [[Medicine:Influenza vaccine|influenza vaccine]] was developed by GlaxoSmithKlinefIn in 2006. It was used by Finland and Sweden in the [[Medicine:2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine|H1N1 mass vaccination]] of the population against the [[Biology:2009 swine flu pandemic|2009 swine flu pandemic]]. In August 2010, [[Organization:Medical Products Agency (Sweden)|The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA)]] and The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) launched investigations regarding the development of [[Medicine:Narcolepsy|narcolepsy]] as a possible side effect to Pandemrix flu vaccination in children,<ref name="lakemedelsverket.se">{{cite news|date=18 August 2010|title=The MPA investigates reports of narcolepsy in patients vaccinated with Pandemrix|work=The Swedish Medical Products Agency|url=http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2010/The-MPA-investigates-reports-of-narcolepsy-in-patients-vaccinated-with-Pandemrix/|access-date=19 August 2010}}</ref> and found a 6.6-fold increased risk among children and youths, resulting in 3.6 additional cases of narcolepsy per 100,000 vaccinated subjects.<ref>[http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2011/Report-from-an-epidemiological-study-in-Sweden-on-vaccination-with-Pandemrix-and-narcolepsy-/ Report from an epidemiological study in Sweden on vaccination with Pandemrix and narcolepsy], Swedish medical product agency, 30 June 2011.</ref>

In February 2011, The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) concluded that there is a clear connection between the Pandemrix vaccination campaign of 2009 and 2010 and the narcolepsy epidemic in Finland.  A total of 152 cases of narcolepsy were found in Finland during 2009–2010, and ninety percent of them had received the Pandemrix vaccination.<ref>{{cite web|title=THL: Pandemrixilla ja narkolepsialla on selvä yhteys|url=http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/kotimaa.shtml/2011/02/1265779/thl-pandemrixilla-ja-narkolepsialla-on-selva-yhteys%7B%7Bfull%7D%7D|access-date=8 September 2018|website=Mtv3.fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos - THL|url=http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/pressrelease?id=24103|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230223/http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/pressrelease?id=24103|archive-date=5 September 2012|access-date=8 September 2018|website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Narkolepsia ja sikainfluenssarokote - THL|url=http://www.thl.fi/fi_FI/web/fi/rokotteet/narkolepsia_ja_sikainfluenssarokote|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517225553/http://www.thl.fi/fi_FI/web/fi/rokotteet/narkolepsia_ja_sikainfluenssarokote|archive-date=17 May 2013|access-date=8 September 2018|website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos}}</ref> Sweden however observed very few influenza cases totally in 2009 and especially 2010 as compared to most other years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistikdatabas för dödsorsaker (den öppna delen av dödsorsaksregistret)|url=https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_dor/val.aspx|publisher=Socialstyrelsen|access-date=24 March 2020|language=sv}}, diagnoskod J09, J10 och J11</ref> In 2015 it was reported that the British Department of Health was paying for [[Biology:Sodium oxybate|Sodium oxybate]] medication for 80 patients who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the swine flu vaccine, at a cost to the government of £12,000 per patient per year.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 July 2015|title=DH funds private prescriptions for drug denied to NHS patients|publisher=Health Service Journal|url=http://www.hsj.co.uk/5087926.article?WT.tsrc=email&WT.mc_id=Newsletter2#.Va1fOdBIgYA|access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

===1973 Antitrust case over griseofulvin===
In the 1960s Glaxo Group Ltd. (Glaxo) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) each owned patents covering various aspects of the antifungal drug [[Chemistry:Griseofulvin|griseofulvin]].<ref name=GSKICI>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/410/52.html ''United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd''.], 410 U.S. 52 (1973).</ref>{{rp|54, nn. 1–2}}<ref name=LaHatte>{{cite journal|last1=LaHatte|first1=Gabrielle|title=Reverse Payments: When the Federal Trade Commission can Attack the Validity of Underlying Patents|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=jolti|journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet|date=2011|volume=2|pages=37–73|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> They created a [[Social:Patent pool|patent pool]] by [[Social:Cross-licensing|cross-licensing]] their patents, subject to express licensing restrictions that the chemical from which the "finished" form of the drug (tablets and capsules) was made must not be resold in bulk form, and they licensed other drug companies to sell the drug in finished form and subject to similar restrictions.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|54–55}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The effect and intent of the bulk-sale restriction was to keep the drug chemical out of the hands of small companies that might act as price-cutters, and the effect was to maintain stable, uniform prices.<ref name=Leslie>{{cite book|last1=Leslie|first1=Christopher R.|title=Antitrust Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Cases and Materials|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195337198|pages=574–75}}</ref><ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/410/52.html ''United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd''.] at 62-63.</ref><ref name=Jacobson>{{cite book|last1=Jacobson|first1=Jonathan M.|title=Antitrust Law Developments|date=2007|publisher=American Bar Association|isbn=9781590318676|page=1162}}</ref>

The United States brought an antitrust suit against the two companies—''United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.''—charging them with violation of the Sherman Act and also seeking to have the patents declared invalid.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|55}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The trial court found that the defendants had engaged in several unlawful conspiracies, but dismissed the part of the suit seeking invalidation of patents and refused to grant as relief mandatory sales of the bulk drug chemical and compulsory licensing of the patents.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|56}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The government appealed to the Supreme Court, which reversed, in ''United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.'', 410 U.S. 52 (1973).<ref name=LaHatte />

===2000s Ribena===
{{Multiple image
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There were concerns in the 2000s about the sugar and vitamin content of Ribena, a [[Biology:Blackcurrant|blackcurrant]]-based [[Chemistry:Syrup|syrup]] and soft drink owned by GSK until 2013. Produced in England by H.W. Carter & Co from the 1930s, the company's unbranded syrup was distributed to children as a source of [[Biology:Vitamin C|vitamin C]] during World War II, which gave the drink a reputation as good for health. [[Company:Beecham Group|Beecham]] bought H. W. Carter in 1955.<ref>
Oliver Thring, [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/sep/07/consider-squash-cordial "Consider squash and cordial"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 7 September 2010.{{pb}}
[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Frank-Vernon-thank-Ribena/story-19804329-detail/story.html "We have Frank and Vernon to thank for Ribena"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418215501/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Frank-Vernon-thank-Ribena/story-19804329-detail/story.html |date=18 April 2015 }}, ''The Bristol Post'', 17 September 2013.
</ref>

In 2001, the British Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) required GSK to withdraw its claim that Ribena Toothkind, a lower-sugar variety, did not encourage tooth decay. A company poster showed bottles of Toothkind in place of the bristles on a toothbrush. The ASA's ruling was upheld by the High Court.<ref>Linus Gregoriadis, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318417/Makers-of-Ribena-lose-fight-over-anti-decay-claims.html "Makers of Ribena lose fight over anti-decay claims"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 18 January 2001.</ref> In 2007, GSK was fined US$217,000 in New Zealand over its claim that ready-to-drink Ribena contained high levels of vitamin C, after it was found to contain no detectable vitamin C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10431253|title=Judge orders Ribena to fess up|work=The New Zealand Herald|last=Eames|first=David|date=28 March 2007}}{{pb}}
Tony Jaques, [http://issueoutcomes.publishpath.com/Websites/issueoutcomes/Images/Ribena%20icon%20stumbles%20CCIJ.pdf "When an Icon Stumbles – The Ribena Issue Mismanaged"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044727/http://issueoutcomes.publishpath.com/Websites/issueoutcomes/Images/Ribena%20icon%20stumbles%20CCIJ.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''Corporate Communications: An International Journal'', 13(4), 2008, pp.&nbsp;394–406.{{pb}}
Michael Regester, Judy Larkin, ''Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations'', Kogan Page Publishers, 2008, p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MIIx4NVTz6EC&pg=PA67 67ff].</ref> In 2013, GSK sold Ribena and another drink, Lucozade, to the Japanese multinational Suntory for £1.35{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="Monaghan"/>

===SB Pharmco Puerto Rico===
In 2010, the US Department of Justice announced that GSK would pay a US$150{{nbsp}}million criminal fine and forfeiture, and a civil settlement of US$600{{nbsp}}million under the False Claims Act. The fines stemmed from production of improperly made and adulterated drugs from 2001 to 2005, at GSK's subsidiary, SB Pharmco Puerto Rico Inc., in Cidra, Puerto Rico, which at the time produced US$5.5&nbsp;billion of products each year. The drugs involved were Kytril, an antiemetic; Bactroban, used to treat skin infections; Paxil, the anti-depressant; and Avandamet, a diabetes drug.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/October/10-civ-1205.html "GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty & Pay $750 Million to Resolve Criminal and Civil Liability Regarding Manufacturing Deficiencies at Puerto Rico Plant"], U.S. Department of Justice, 26 October 2010.</ref> GSK closed the factory in 2009.<ref name=NYTPuerto>{{cite news | first1=Gardiner | last1=Harris | first2=Duff | last2=Wilson | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/business/27drug.html | title = Glaxo to Pay $750 Million for Sale of Bad Products | work = {{wipe|The New York Times}} | date = 26 October 2010}}</ref>

The case began in 2002, when GSK sent experts to fix problems cited by the FDA. The lead inspector recommended recalls of defective products, but they were not authorised; she was fired in 2003, and filed a whistleblower lawsuit. In 2005, federal marshals seized US$2{{nbsp}}billion worth of products, the largest such seizure in history. In the 2010 settlement SB Pharmco pleaded guilty to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$150&nbsp;million in a criminal fine and forfeiture, at that time the largest such payment ever by a manufacturer of adulterated drugs, and US$600&nbsp;million in civil penalties to settle the civil lawsuit.<ref name=NYTPuerto/>

===China===
In 2013, Chinese authorities announced that, since 2007, GSK had funnelled HK$3.8{{nbsp}}billion in kickbacks to GSK managers, doctors, hospitals and others who prescribed their drugs, using over 700 travel agencies and consulting firms.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Alice Yan |author2=Toh Han Shih |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1283207/glaxosmithkline-suspects-drug-bribery-probe-identified |title=Shanghai travel agent's revenue surge led to arrests in GSK bribery case |work=South China Morning Post |date=16 July 2013}}<br>
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23265958 |title=GlaxoSmithKline executives face China bribery probe |work=BBC News |date=11 July 2013}}</ref> Chinese authorities arrested four GSK executives as part of a four-month investigation into claims that doctors were bribed with cash and sexual favours.<ref>Rupert Neate and Angela Monaghan, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/22/glaxosmithkline-admits-bribery-china "GlaxoSmithKline admits some staff in China involved in bribery"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 22 July 2013.{{pb}}
Rupert Neate, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/gsk-china-crisis-ceo-andrew-witty-live "GSK's China crisis: chief executive Andrew Witty speaks - as it happened"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 24 July 2013.{{pb}}
{{cite news|last=Philips |first=Tom |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/10204304/Chinese-police-allege-Glaxo-sales-reps-trained-to-offer-sexual-bribes.html |title=Chinese police allege Glaxo sales reps trained to offer sexual bribes |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 July 2013}}</ref> In 2014, a Chinese court found the company guilty of bribery and imposed a fine of US$490{{nbsp}}million. Mark Reilly, the British head of GSK's Chinese operations, received a three-year suspended prison sentence after a one-day trial held in secret.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Keith | last1=Bradsher | first2=Chris | last2=Buckley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/business/international/gsk-china-fines.html |title=China Fines GlaxoSmithKline Nearly $500 Million in Bribery Case |work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=19 September 2014 }}</ref> Reilly was reportedly deported from China and dismissed by the company.<ref>Malcolm Moore, Denise Roland, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11108376/China-fines-Glaxo-297m-for-bribery-Mark-Reilly-sentenced.html "China fines Glaxo £297m for bribery, Mark Reilly sentenced"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 19 September 2014.</ref>

===Market manipulation in the UK===
In February 2016, the company was fined over £37{{nbsp}}million in the UK by the Competition and Markets Authority for paying Generics UK, Alpharma and Norton Healthcare more than £50m between 2001, and 2004, to keep generic varieties of [[Chemistry:Paroxetine|paroxetine]] out of the UK market. The generics companies were fined a further £8{{nbsp}}million. At the end of 2003, when generics became available in the UK, the price of paroxetine dropped by 70 percent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Watchdog fines GSK £37m for paying to keep generic drugs out of UK market|last=Bradshaw|first=Julia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/12153450/Watchdog-fines-GSK-37m-for-paying-to-keep-generic-drugs-out-of-UK-market.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=12 February 2016}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===

Italian police sought bribery charges in May 2004, against 4,400 doctors and 273 GSK employees. GSK and its predecessor were accused of having spent £152m on physicians, pharmacists and others, giving them cameras, computers, holidays and cash. Doctors were alleged to have received cash based on the number of patients they treated with a cancer drug, [[Chemistry:Topotecan|topotecan]] (Hycamtin).<ref>John Hooper, Heather Stewart, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/27/italy.heatherstewart "Over 4,000 doctors face charges in Italian drugs scandal"], ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 27 May 2004.</ref> The following month prosecutors in Munich accused 70–100 doctors of having accepted bribes from SmithKline Beecham between 1997, and 1999. The inquiry was opened over allegations that the company had given over 4,000 hospital doctors money and free trips.<ref>Jane Burgermeister, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC420312/pdf/bmj3281333a.pdf "German prosecutors probe again into bribes by drug companies"], ''BMJ'', 328, 5 June 2004; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1869162.stm "Glaxo probed over doctor freebies"], BBC News, 12 March 2002.</ref> All charges were dismissed by the Verona court in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsk.com/media/2684/annual-report-2008.pdf |title=GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2008 |page=177 |access-date=8 October 2015 }}</ref>

In 2006, in the United States GSK settled the largest tax dispute in IRS history, agreeing to pay US$3.1&nbsp;billion. At issue were Zantac and other products sold in 1989–2005. The case revolved around intracompany [[Finance:Transfer pricing|transfer pricing]]—determining the share of profit attributable to the US subsidiaries of GSK and subject to tax by the IRS.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/business/worldbusiness/12glaxo.html "GlaxoSmithKline to Settle Tax Dispute With U.S."], Reuters, 12 September 2006; [https://www.irs.gov/uac/IRS-Accepts-Settlement-Offer-in-Largest-Transfer-Pricing-Dispute "IRS Accepts Settlement Offer in Largest Transfer Pricing Dispute"], IRS, 11 September 2006.</ref>

The UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) opened a criminal inquiry in 2014 into GSK's sales practices, using powers granted by the Bribery Act 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/28/serious-fraud-office-investigates-glaxosmithkline|title=GlaxoSmithKline faces criminal investigation by Serious Fraud Office|last=Kollewe|first=Julia|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2014}}</ref> The SFO said it was collaborating with Chinese authorities to investigate bringing charges in the UK related to GSK's activities in China, Europe and the Middle East.<ref>Kirsten Ridley, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-fraud-sfo-gsk-idUSKBN0FS1U320140723 "UK fraud office liaising with China on GSK bribery case"], Reuters, 23 July 2014.</ref> Also {{as of|2014|lc=yes}}, the US Department of Justice was investigating GSK with reference to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11027538/Serious-Fraud-Office-opens-criminal-investigation-into-GlaxoSmithKline.html "GlaxoSmithKline faces bribery claims in Syria"], Reuters, 12 August 2014.</ref>

In October 2020, GSK told some staff that while at work they should disable the contact tracing function of the NHS test-and-trace app which monitors the spread of Covid-19. GSK explained the reason for this was due to social distancing measures in place at their sites rendering the technology unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/06/gsk-tells-staff-turn-off-covid-test-trace-app-work |title=GSK tells UK staff: turn off Covid test-and-trace app while at work |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Acquisition-history diagram==
{{hidden begin|border=1px  #aaa solid|title=GlaxoSmithKline Structure|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
*'''GlaxoSmithKline'''
**SmithKline Beecham Plc <small>(Renamed 1989)</small>
***SmithKline Beckman <small>(Renamed 1982)</small>
****SmithKline-RIT <small>(Renamed 1968)</small>
*****Smith, Kline & French <small>(Reorganized 1929 into Smith Kline and French Laboratories)</small>
******French, Richards and Company <small>(Acquired 1891)</small>
******Smith, Kline and Company
*****Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques <small>(Acquired 1968)</small>
****Beckman Instruments, Inc. <small>(Merged 1982, Sold 1989)</small>
*****Specialized Instruments Corp. <small>(Acquired 1954)</small>
*****Offner Electronics <small>(Acquired 1961)</small>
****International Clinical Laboratories <small>(Acquired 1989)</small>
****Reckitt & Colman <small>(Acquired 1999)</small>
***[[Company:Beecham Group|Beecham Group]] Plc <small>(Merged 1989)</small> 
****Beecham Group Ltd
*****S. E. Massengill Company <small>(Acquired 1971)</small>
*****C.L. Bencard <small>(Acquired 1953)</small>
*****County Chemicals
****Norcliff Thayer <small>(Acquired 1986)</small>
**Glaxo Wellcome
***Glaxo <small>(Merged 1995)</small>
****Joseph Nathan & Co
****Allen & Hanburys <small>(Founded 1715, acquired 1958)</small>
****Meyer Laboratories <small>(Merged 1978)</small>
****Affymax <small>(Acquired 1995)</small>
***Wellcome Foundation <small>(Renamed 1924, merged 1995)</small>
****Burroughs Wellcome & Company <small>(Founded 1880)</small>
****McDougall & Robertson Inc <small>(Acquired 1959)</small>
**Block Drug <small>(Acquired 2001)</small>
**CNS Inc. <small>(Acquired 2006)</small>
**Stiefel Laboratories <small>(Acquired 2009)</small>
**Laboratorios Phoenix <small>(Acquired 2010)</small>
**Maxinutrition <small>(Acquired 2010)</small>
**CellZome <small>(Acquired 2011)</small>
**Human Genome Sciences <small>(Acquired 2013)</small>
**GlycoVaxyn <small>(Acquired 2015)</small>
**Tesaro <small>(Acquired 2019)</small>
**Sitari Pharmaceuticals <small>(Acquired 2019)</small>
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

==See also==
*List of toothpaste brands
*Galvani Bioelectronics
*Index of oral health and dental articles 
*Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques (R.I.T.)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Finance links
| symbol = GSK
| sec_cik = GSK
| google = NYSE:GSK
| yahoo = GSK
| bloomberg = GSK:US
| reuters = GSK
| nasdaq = GSK
}}
*{{OpenCorp}}

{{Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Medical controversies]]
[[Category:Orphan drug companies]]
[[Category:Vaccine producers]]
[[Category:Companies (Unsolved)]]
[[Category:Companies]]

{{Sourceattribution|GlaxoSmithKline|1}}