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{{Short description|Manufacturing controlled by computers}}
[[File:NIST Manufacturing Systems Integration Program.jpg|thumb|Manufacturing Systems Integration Program, NIST 2008]]

'''Computer-integrated manufacturing''' ('''CIM''') is the manufacturing approach of using [[Computer|computer]]s to control the entire production process.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Kalpakjian | first1 = Serope | last2 = Schmid | first2 = Steven | title = Manufacturing engineering and technology | page = 1192 | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2006 | edition = 5th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LRK59pGvDDwC | isbn = 978-7-302-12535-8 | postscript =.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Laplante | first = Phillip A. | title = Comprehensive dictionary of electrical engineering | page = 136 | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | edition = 2nd | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_UBzZ4coYMkC | isbn = 978-0-8493-3086-5 | postscript =.}}</ref> This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each part. Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as '''''flexible design and manufacturing'''''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://industrialautomationguide.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexible-manufacturing-systems.html|title=Flexible Manufacturing Systems|date=21 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Overview==
# Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, [[Astronomy:Space exploration|space]], and ship building industries.<ref name="saracoglu" /> 
# The term "computer-integrated manufacturing" is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. 
# In a CIM system functional areas such as [[Design|design]], analysis, [[Engineering:Planning|planning]], [[Finance:Purchasing|purchasing]], [[Social:Cost accounting|cost accounting]], [[Inventory control|inventory control]], and distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct control and monitoring of all the operation.

CIM is an example of the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing.

CIM implies that there are at least two computers exchanging information, e.g. the controller of an arm robot and a micro-controller.

CIM is most useful where a high level of ICT is used in the company or facility, such as CAD/CAM systems, and the [[Availability|availability]] of process planning and its data.

==History==
The idea of "digital manufacturing" became prominent in the early 1970s, with the release of Dr. Joseph Harrington's book, Computer Integrated Manufacturing.<ref>http://www.simflow.net/publications/books/cimie-part1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027215253/http://www.simflow.net/publications/books/cimie-part1.pdf |date=2020-10-27 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> However, it was not until 1984 when computer-integrated manufacturing began to be developed and promoted by machine tool manufacturers and the Computer and Automated Systems Association and Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME).

: "''CIM is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by using integrated systems and data communication coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personnel [[Physics:Efficiency|efficiency]]''." ERHUM
: 
: In a literature research was shown that 37 different concepts of CIM were published, most of them from Germany and USA. In a timeline of the 37 publications it is possible to see how the CIM concept developed over time. Also it is quite markable how different the concepts of all publications are.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Meudt, Tobias |author2=Pohl, Malte |author3=Metternich, Joachim |date=27 July 2017|title=Modelle und Strategien zur Einführung des Computer Integrated Manufac-turing (CIM) – Ein Literaturüberblick|url=http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/6653/|journal=TU Prints|pages=36}}</ref>

==Topics==
[[File:Computer Integrated Manufacturing control system.jpg|thumb|320px|CIM &amp; production control system:  Computer Integrated Manufacturing is used to describe the complete automation of a manufacturing plant, with all processes running under computer control and digital information tying them together.<ref>{{cite book|last = Waldner  |first = Jean-Baptiste  |title = Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing|publisher = John Wiley & Sons |place = London |date = September 1992| pages = 128–p132 |isbn = 0-471-93450-X}}</ref>]]

===Key challenges===
There are three major challenges to development of a smoothly operating computer-integrated manufacturing system:

* Integration of components from different suppliers: When different machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots, are using different communications protocols (In the case of AGVs, even differing lengths of time for charging the batteries) may cause problems.
* [[Data integrity]]: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is the integrity of the data used to control the machines. While the CIM system saves on labor of operating the machines, it requires extra human labor in ensuring that there are proper safeguards for the data signals that are used to control the machines.
* [[Process control]]: Computers may be used to ''assist'' the human operators of the manufacturing facility, but there must always be a competent engineer on hand to handle circumstances which could not be foreseen by the designers of the control software.

===Subsystems===

A computer-integrated manufacturing system is not the same as a ''[[Engineering:Lights out (manufacturing)|"lights-out factory"]]'', which would run completely independent of human intervention, although it is a big step in that direction. Part of the system involves flexible manufacturing, where the [[History:Factory|factory]] can be quickly modified to produce different products, or where the volume of products can be changed quickly with the aid of computers. Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a CIM operation:

Computer-aided techniques:
* CAD ([[Engineering:Computer-aided design|computer-aided design]])
* CAE ([[Computer-aided engineering|computer-aided engineering]])
* CAM ([[Computer-aided manufacturing|computer-aided manufacturing]])
* CAPP ([[Computer-aided process planning|computer-aided process planning]])
* CAQ (computer-aided quality assurance) 
* PPC ([[Software:Project management software|production planning and control]])
* ERP ([[Enterprise resource planning|enterprise resource planning]])
* A business system integrated by a common database.

Devices and equipment required:
* CNC, Computer numerical controlled machine tools
* [[Direct numerical control|DNC]], Direct numerical control machine tools
* [[Programmable logic controller|PLCs]], Programmable logic controllers
* [[Engineering:Robot|Robot]]ics
* [[Computer]]s
* [[Software]]
* [[Engineering:Microcontroller|Controller]]s
* [[Computer network|Networks]]
* Interfacing
* Monitoring equipment

Technologies:
* FMS, (flexible manufacturing system)
* ASRS, automated storage and retrieval system
* AGV, [[Engineering:Automated guided vehicle|automated guided vehicle]]
* Robotics
* Automated conveyance systems

Others:
* [[Finance:Lean manufacturing|Lean manufacturing]]

===CIMOSA===
[[CIMOSA]] (Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture), is a 1990s European proposal for an open systems architecture for CIM developed by the AMICE Consortium as a series of ESPRIT projects.<ref>AMICE Consortium (1991). ''Open System Architecture for CIM, Research Report of ESPRIT Project 688'', Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1989.</ref><ref>AMICE Consortium (1991), ''Open System Architecture, CIMOSA, AD 1.0, Architecture Description'', ESPRIT Consortium AMICE, Brussels, Belgium.</ref> The goal of CIMOSA was "to help companies to manage change and integrate their facilities and operations to face world wide competition. It provides a consistent architectural framework for both enterprise modeling and enterprise integration as required in CIM environments".<ref name="Vern96">F. Vernadat (1996). ''Enterprise Modeling and Integration''. p.40</ref>

CIMOSA provides a solution for business integration with four types of products:<ref>Richard C. Dorf, Andrew Kusiak (1994). ''Handbook of Design, Manufacturing, and Automation''. p.1014</ref>
* The CIMOSA Enterprise Modeling Framework, which provides a reference architecture for [[Enterprise architecture|enterprise architecture]]
* CIMOSA IIS, a standard for physical and application integration.
* CIMOSA Systems Life Cycle, is a life cycle model for CIM development and deployment.
* Inputs to standardization, basics for international standard development.

CIMOSA according to Vernadat (1996), coined the term [[Finance:Business process|business process]] and introduced the process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries approach, which opposed to traditional [[Function model|function]] or activity-based approaches. With CIMOSA also the concept of an "Open System Architecture" (OSA) for CIM was introduced, which was designed to be vendor-independent, and constructed with standardised CIM modules. Here to the OSA is "described in terms of their function, information, resource, and organizational aspects. This should be designed with structured engineering methods and made operational in a modular and evolutionary architecture for operational use".<ref name="Vern96"/>

==Areas==
There are multiple areas of usage:
* In Industrial and Production engineering
* In [[Engineering:Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineering]]
* In [[Engineering:Electronic design automation|electronic design automation]] ([[Engineering:Printed circuit board|printed circuit board]] (PCB) and [[Engineering:Integrated circuit|integrated circuit]] design data for manufacturing)

==See also==
* [[Direct numerical control]] 
* Enterprise integration
* [[Enterprise resource planning]] 
* Flexible manufacturing system 
* [[Engineering:Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing|Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing]]
* [[Software:Integrated manufacturing database|Integrated manufacturing database]]
* [[Social:Manufacturing process management|Manufacturing process management]] 
* Product lifecycle management

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name=saracoglu>{{cite book
| doi    = 10.1109/PICMET.2006.296739
| last   = Saracoglu
| first  = B. O.
| year   = 2011
| chapter  = Identification of Technology Performance Criteria for CAD/CAM/CAE/CIM/CAL in Shipbuilding Industry
| title = 2006 Technology Management for the Global Future - PICMET 2006 Conference
| pages = 1635–1646
| isbn = 978-1-890843-14-4
| s2cid = 23963474
}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Yoram Koren ''Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems'', McGraw Hill, Inc. 1983, 287 pp, {{ISBN|0-07-035341-7}} 
* Singh, V (1997). ''The Cim Debacle: Methodologies to Facilitate Software Interoperability''. Springer. {{ISBN|981-3083-21-2}}.
* A. de Toni and S. Tonchia, ''Manufacturing Flexibility: a literature review''  International Journal of Production Research, 1998, vol. 36, no. 6, 1587–617.
* Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1992), ''Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing'', John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|0-471-93450-X}}
* Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1990), ''CIM, les nouvelles perspectives de la production'', DUNOD- BORDAS, {{ISBN|978-2-04-019820-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://code.google.com/p/cam-occ/ cam-occ, a linux CAM program using OpenCASCADE]
*[http://www.informaworld.com/ijcim ''International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing'']


[[Category:Information technology management]]
[[Category:Computer-aided engineering]]

{{Sourceattribution|Computer-integrated manufacturing}}