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{{Short description|Point on a curve where motion must move backwards}}
[[File:Cusp at (0,0.5).svg|thumb|right|200px|A cusp at (0, 1/2) ]]
In [[Mathematics|mathematics]], a '''cusp''', sometimes called '''spinode''' in old texts, is a point on a [[Curve|curve]] where a moving point must reverse direction. A typical example is given in the figure. A cusp is thus a type of [[Singular point of a curve|singular point of a curve]].

For a [[Plane curve|plane curve]] defined by an [[Analytic function|analytic]], [[Parametric equation|parametric equation]]
:<math>\begin{align}
x &= f(t)\\
y &= g(t),
\end{align}
</math>
a cusp is a point where both [[Derivative|derivative]]s of {{math|''f''}} and  {{math|''g''}} are zero, and the [[Directional derivative|directional derivative]], in the direction of the [[Tangent|tangent]], changes sign (the direction of the tangent is the direction of the slope <math> \lim (g'(t)/f'(t))</math>).  Cusps are ''local singularities'' in the sense that they involve only one value of the parameter {{math|''t''}}, in contrast to self-intersection points that involve more than one value. In some contexts, the condition on the directional derivative may be omitted, although, in this case, the singularity may look like a regular point.

For a curve defined by an implicit equation 
:<math>F(x,y) = 0,</math>
which is smooth, cusps are points where the terms of lowest degree of the Taylor expansion of {{math|''F''}} are a power of a linear polynomial; however, not all singular points that have this property are cusps. The theory of [[Puiseux series]] implies that, if {{math|''F''}} is an [[Analytic function|analytic function]] (for example a [[Polynomial|polynomial]]), a linear change of coordinates allows the curve to be [[Parametrization (geometry)|parametrized]], in a [[Neighbourhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of the cusp, as
:<math>\begin{align}
x &= at^m\\
y &= S(t),
\end{align}
</math>
where {{math|''a''}} is a [[Real number|real number]], {{math|''m''}} is a positive [[Parity (mathematics)|even]] [[Integer|integer]], and {{math|''S''(''t'')}} is a [[Power series|power series]] of [[Power series#Order of a power series|order]] {{math|''k''}} (degree of the nonzero term of the lowest degree) larger than {{math|''m''}}. The number {{math|''m''}} is sometimes called the ''order'' or the ''multiplicity'' of the cusp, and is equal to the degree of the nonzero part of lowest degree of {{math|''F''}}. In some contexts, the definition of a cusp is restricted to the case of cusps of order two—that is, the case where {{math|1=''m'' = 2}}.

The definitions for plane curves and implicitly-defined curves have been generalized by [[Biography:René Thom|René Thom]] and [[Biography:Vladimir Arnold|Vladimir Arnold]] to curves defined by [[Differentiable function|differentiable function]]s: a curve has a cusp at a point if there is a [[Diffeomorphism|diffeomorphism]] of a neighborhood of the point in the ambient space, which maps the curve onto one of the above-defined cusps.

== Classification in differential geometry ==

Consider a smooth [[Real-valued function|real-valued function]] of two [[Variable (mathematics)|variables]], say {{math|''f'' (''x'', ''y'')}} where {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}} are [[Real number|real number]]s. So {{mvar|f}} is a [[Function (mathematics)|function]] from the plane to the line. The space of all such smooth functions is [[Group action (mathematics)|acted]] upon by the [[Group (mathematics)|group]] of [[Diffeomorphism|diffeomorphism]]s of the plane and the diffeomorphisms of the line, i.e. diffeomorphic changes of coordinate in both the [[Domain of a function|source]] and the [[Range of a function|target]]. This action splits the whole [[Function space|function space]] up into [[Equivalence class|equivalence class]]es, i.e. orbits of the [[Group action (mathematics)|group action]]. 

One such family of equivalence classes is [[Ak singularity|denoted by]] {{tmath|A_k^\pm,}} where {{mvar|k}} is a non-negative integer. A function {{mvar|f}} is said to be of type {{tmath|A_k^\pm}} if it lies in the orbit of <math>x^2 \pm y^{k+1},</math> i.e. there exists a diffeomorphic change of coordinate in source and target which takes {{mvar|f}} into one of these forms. These simple forms <math>x^2 \pm y^{k+1}</math> are said to give [[Canonical form|normal form]]s for the type {{tmath|A_k^\pm}}-singularities. Notice that the {{tmath|A_{2n}^+}} are the same as the {{tmath|A_{2n}^-}} since the diffeomorphic change of coordinate {{tmath|(x,y) \to (x,-y)}} in the source takes <math>x^2 + y^{k+1}</math> to <math>x^2 - y^{2n+1}.</math> So we can drop the ± from {{tmath|A_{2n}^\pm}} notation.

The cusps are then given by the zero-level-sets of the representatives of the {{tmath|A_{2n} }} equivalence classes, where {{math|''n'' ≥ 1}} is an integer.

==Examples==
[[Image:cusp.svg|thumb|right|200px|A cusp in the [[Semicubical parabola|semicubical parabola]] <math>y^2=x^3</math>]]
* An '''ordinary cusp''' is given by <math>x^2-y^3=0,</math> i.e. the zero-level-set of a type {{math|''A''{{sub|2}}}}-singularity. Let {{math|''f'' (''x'', ''y'')}} be a smooth function of {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}} and assume, for simplicity, that {{math|1=''f'' (0, 0) = 0}}. Then a type {{math|''A''{{sub|2}}}}-singularity of {{mvar|f }} at {{math|(0, 0)}} can be characterised by:
*# Having a degenerate quadratic part, i.e. the quadratic terms in the [[Taylor series]] of {{mvar|f}} form a perfect square, say {{math|''L''(''x'', ''y'')<sup>2</sup>}}, where {{math|''L''(''x'', ''y'')}} is linear in {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}}, ''and''
*# {{math|''L''(''x'', ''y'')}} does not divide the cubic terms in the Taylor series of {{math|''f'' (''x'', ''y'')}}.
* A '''rhamphoid cusp''' ({{ety|el||beak-like}}) denoted originally a cusp such that both branches are on the same side of the tangent, such as for the curve of equation <math>x^2-x^4-y^5=0.</math> As such a singularity is in the same differential class as the cusp of equation <math>x^2-y^5=0,</math> which is a singularity of type {{math|''A''{{sub|4}}}}, the term has been extended to all such singularities. These cusps are non-generic as [[Caustic (mathematics)|caustics]] and wave fronts. The rhamphoid cusp and the ordinary cusp are non-diffeomorphic. A parametric form is <math>x = t^2,\, y = a x^4 + x^5.</math>

For a type {{math|''A''{{sub|4}}}}-singularity we need {{mvar|f}} to have a degenerate quadratic part (this gives type {{math|''A''{{sub|≥2}}}}), that {{mvar|L}} ''does'' divide the cubic terms (this gives type {{math|''A''{{sub|≥3}}}}), another divisibility condition (giving type {{math|''A''{{sub|≥4}}}}), and a final non-divisibility condition (giving type exactly {{math|''A''{{sub|4}}}}).

To see where these extra divisibility conditions come from, assume that {{mvar|f}} has a degenerate quadratic part {{math|''L''<sup>2</sup>}} and that {{mvar|L}} divides the cubic terms. It follows that the third order taylor series of {{mvar|f}} is given by <math>L^2 \pm LQ,</math> where {{mvar|Q}} is quadratic in {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}}. We can complete the square to show that <math>L^2 \pm LQ = (L \pm Q/2)^2 - Q^4/4.</math> We can now make a diffeomorphic change of variable (in this case we simply substitute polynomials with linearly independent linear parts) so that <math>(L \pm Q/2)^2 - Q^4/4 \to x_1^2 + P_1</math> where {{math|''P''{{sub|1}}}} is quartic (order four) in {{math|''x''{{sub|1}}}} and {{math|''y''{{sub|1}}}}. The divisibility condition for type {{math|''A''{{sub|≥4}}}} is that {{math|''x''{{sub|1}}}} divides {{math|''P''{{sub|1}}}}. If {{math|''x''{{sub|1}}}} does not divide {{math|''P''{{sub|1}}}} then we have type exactly {{math|''A''{{sub|3}}}} (the zero-level-set here is a [[Tacnode|tacnode]]). If {{math|''x''{{sub|1}}}} divides {{math|''P''{{sub|1}}}} we complete the square on <math>x_1^2 + P_1</math> and change coordinates so that we have <math>x_2^2 + P_2</math> where {{math|''P''{{sub|2}}}} is quintic (order five) in {{math|''x''{{sub|2}}}} and {{math|''y''{{sub|2}}}}. If {{math|''x''{{sub|2}}}} does not divide {{math|''P''{{sub|2}}}} then we have exactly type {{math|''A''{{sub|4}}}}, i.e. the zero-level-set will be a rhamphoid cusp.

==Applications==
[[File:Caustic00.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An ordinary cusp occurring as the [[Physics:Caustic (optics)|caustic]] of light rays in the bottom of a teacup.]]
Cusps appear naturally when [[Projection (mathematics)|projecting]] into a plane a smooth curve in three-dimensional [[Euclidean space]]. In general, such a projection is a curve whose singularities are self-crossing points and ordinary cusps. Self-crossing points appear when  two different points of the curves have the same projection. Ordinary cusps appear when the tangent to the curve is parallel to the direction of projection (that is when the tangent projects on a single point). More complicated singularities occur when several phenomena occur simultaneously. For example, rhamphoid cusps occur for [[Inflection point|inflection point]]s (and for undulation points) for which the tangent is parallel to the direction of projection.

In many cases, and typically in [[Computer vision|computer vision]] and [[Computer graphics|computer graphics]], the curve that is projected is the curve of the [[Critical point (mathematics)|critical point]]s of the restriction to a (smooth) spatial object of the projection. A cusp appears thus as a singularity of the contour of the image of the object (vision) or of its shadow (computer graphics).

[[Caustic (mathematics)|Caustics]] and wave fronts are other examples of curves having cusps that are visible in the real world.

==See also==
{{wikitionary|cusp}}
*[[Catastrophe theory#Cusp catastrophe|Cusp catastrophe]]
*[[Cardioid]]

==References==
*{{Cite book|first=J. W.|last=Bruce|first2=Peter|last2=Giblin| title=Curves and Singularities|publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}|year=1984|isbn=978-0-521-42999-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Porteous |first=Ian |title=Geometric Differentiation |url=https://archive.org/details/geometricdiffere0000port |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39063-7}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090414160801.htm Physicists See The Cosmos In A Coffee Cup]

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