View source for Cyrix coma bug

{{Short description|Design flaw in Cyrix 6x86 processors}}
The '''Cyrix coma bug''' is a design flaw in [[Company:Cyrix|Cyrix]] 6x86 (introduced in 1996), 6x86L, and early 6x86MX [[Central processing unit|processors]] that allows a [[Privilege (computing)|non-privileged]] program to [[Hang (computing)|hang]] the computer.

== Discovery ==
According to Andrew Balsa, around the time of the discovery of the [[Pentium F00F bug|F00F bug]] on [[Company:Intel|Intel]] Pentium, Serguei Shtyliov from [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] found a flaw in a [[Company:Cyrix|Cyrix]] processor while developing an IDE disk driver in [[Assembly language|assembly language]]. Alexandr Konosevich, from Omsk, further researched the bug and coauthored an article with Uwe Post in the [[Social:German language|German]] technology magazine ''c't'', calling it the "hidden CLI bug" (CLI is the instruction that disables [[Interrupt|interrupt]]s in the [[X86|x86]] architecture). Balsa, as a member on the [[Software:Linux kernel mailing list|Linux kernel mailing list]], confirmed that the following [[C (programming language)|C]] program (which uses inline [[X86|x86]]-specific [[Assembly language|assembly language]]) could be compiled and run by an [[Privilege (computing)|unprivileged]] user:

<source lang="c">
unsigned char c[4] = {0x36, 0x78, 0x38, 0x36};
int main()
{
  asm (
  "        movl    $c, %ebx\n"
  "again:  xchgl   (%ebx), %eax\n"
  "        movl    %eax, %edx\n"
  "        jmp     again\n"
  );
}
</source>

Execution of this program renders the processor completely useless until it is rebooted, as it enters an [[Infinite loop|infinite loop]] that cannot be [[Interrupt|interrupt]]ed. This allows any user with access to a Cyrix system with this bug to perform a [[Denial-of-service attack|denial-of-service attack]].

It is similar to execution of a [[Halt and Catch Fire (computing)|Halt and Catch Fire]] instruction, although the coma bug is not any one particular instruction.

== Analysis ==
What causes the bug is not an [[Interrupt|interrupt]] mask, nor are interrupts being explicitly disabled. Instead, an anomaly in the Cyrix's instruction pipeline prevents interrupts from being serviced for the duration of the loop; since the loop never ends, interrupts will never be serviced. The '''xchg'''<ref>'''xchgl''' in the source code means Exchange (Long)</ref> instruction is atomic, meaning that other instructions are not allowed to change the state of the system while it is executed. In order to ensure this atomicity, the designers at Cyrix made the '''xchg''' uninterruptible. Due to pipelining and [[Branch predictor|branch predicting]], however, another '''xchg''' enters the pipeline before the previous one completes, causing a [[Deadlock|deadlock]].

== Workarounds ==
A fix for unintentional instances of the bug is to insert another instruction in the loop, the '''[[NOP (code)|nop]]''' instruction being a good candidate. Cyrix suggested serializing the xchg opcode, thus bypassing the pipeline. However, these techniques will not serve to prevent deliberate attacks.

One can also prevent the bug by disabling implicit bus locking normally done by '''xchg''' instruction. This is accomplished by setting bit four (mask of <code>0x10</code>) in the configuration register, <code>CCR1</code>.

== See also ==
* [[Pentium F00F bug]]
* [[Halt and Catch Fire (computing)|Halt and Catch Fire]]

== Notes ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130720222634/http://gwyn.tux.org/~balsa/linux/cyrix/p11.html Andrew Balsa's early description of the bug]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090928041114/http://grafi.ii.pw.edu.pl/grafi1/gbm/x86/6x86reg.html Cx6x86 registers] (and undocumented features)

[[Category:Denial-of-service attacks]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cyrix coma bug}}