View source for Earth:Bordeaux

{{Short description|Prefecture and commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France}}
{{Infobox French commune
 |name               = Bordeaux
 |native name        = {{native name|oc|Bordèu}} 
 |demonym            = Bordelais
 |commune status     = Prefecture and commune
 |image              = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/3/3/2
 |image1 = Bordeaux Place de la Bourse de nuit.jpg{{!}}Place de la Bourse
 |image2 = Cite du vin Bordeaux 2017 (37500642606).jpg {{!}}Cité du Vin
 |image3 = France-001698 - Triumph of the Republic (South Side) (15031012263).jpg {{!}}Monument aux Girondins
 |image4 = Bordeaux (33) Cathédrale Saint-André Tour Pey Berland 01.jpg{{!}}Tour Pey-Berland
 |image5 = Puerta de Burdeos.JPG{{!}}The big bell of Bordeaux 
 |image6 = Bordeaux Opera.jpg{{!}}Bordeaux Opera
 |image7 = Cathedrale St Andre, lieu de vie.jpg{{!}}Cathédrale Saint-André de Bordeaux at night
 |image8 = Bordeaux (2418988310).jpg {{!}} Pont de Pierre
}}
 |caption            = From top to bottom, left to right: Place de la Bourse, Cité du Vin, Monument aux Girondins, Tour Pey-Berland, Grosse Cloche, Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Saint-André Cathedral and Pont de pierre on the Garonne
 |image coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Bordeaux (Chief of France Moderne).svg
 |image flag = Flag of Bordeaux, France.gif
 |city motto         = ''Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem.''<br />"The [[Fleur-de-lis|fleur-de-lis]] alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion" (in French: "Les lys règnent seuls sur la lune, les ondes, la forteresse et le lion.")<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Bordeaux : Découvrir Bordeaux – Histoire de Bordeaux |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=6931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120062743/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=6931 |archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
 |coordinates        = {{Coord|44.84|-0.58|region:FR-NAQ_type:city(1,000,000)|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 |INSEE              = 33063
 |arrondissement     = Bordeaux
 |canton             = 5 cantons
 |intercommunality   = Bordeaux Métropole
 |mayor              = Pierre Hurmic<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503 |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=13 September 2022 |language=fr |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |party              = The Greens
 |term               = 2020–2026
 |area km2           = 49.36
 |population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
 |population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
 |population footnotes  = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
 |population ranking = 9th in France
 |urban area km2     = 1,287.3
 |urban area date    = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-33701 |title=Comparateur de territoire – Unité urbaine 2020 de Bordeaux (33701) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008130105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-33701 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |urban pop          = 994920
 |metro area km2     = 6315.6
 |metro area date    = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-006 |title=Comparateur de territoire – Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux (006) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307230441/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |metro area pop     = 1376375
 |website            = {{URL|www.bordeaux.fr}}
 {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
 |child         = yes
 |Official_name = Bordeaux, Port of the Moon
 |ID            = 1256
 |Criteria      = Cultural: ii, iv
 |Year          = 2007
 |Area          = 1,731 ha
 |Buffer_zone   = 11,974 ha
}}
}}

'''Bordeaux''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɔːr|ˈ|d|oʊ}} {{respell|bor|DOH}}, {{IPA-fr|bɔʁdo|lang|Fr.Bordeaux.ogg}}; Gascon {{lang-oc|Bordèu}} {{IPA-oc|buɾˈðɛw|}}; {{lang-eu|Bordele}}) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "''Bordelais''{{-"}} (masculine) or "''Bordelaises''{{-"}}  (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.

The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of {{convert|49|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2020 |author=INSEE |access-date=2023-01-16 |language=fr |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live}}</ref> but together with its [[Engineering:Suburb|suburb]]s and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census),<ref name="AAV_pop" /> the sixth-most populated in France after [[Place:Paris|Paris]], Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse.

Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census,<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-206354,5677024,263644,145195&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=243300316&t=A01&view=map4 |title=Statistiques locales – Bordeaux Métropole : Intercommunalité 2021 – Population municipale 2020 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-206354,5677024,263644,145195&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=243300316&t=A01&view=map4 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of [[Place:Paris|Paris]], Marseille, Lyon and Lille.

Bordeaux is a world capital of wine:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shurvell |first=Joanne |title=Five Reasons to Visit the World's Wine Capital, Bordeaux |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanneshurvell/2019/07/31/five-reasons-to-visit-the-worlds-wine-capital-bordeaux/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181937/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanneshurvell/2019/07/31/five-reasons-to-visit-the-worlds-wine-capital-bordeaux/ |url-status=live}}</ref> many châteaux and vineyards stand on the hillsides of the Gironde, and the city is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo. Bordeaux is also one of the centers of gastronomy<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20170615/bordeaux-beats-paris-and-lyon-to-first-place-on-list-of-frances-best-cities-for-restaurants |title=New survey ranks France's best cities for restaurants (and Paris is not top) |date=15 June 2017 |access-date=30 October 2020 |publisher=www.thelocal.fr |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104093507/https://www.thelocal.fr/20170615/bordeaux-beats-paris-and-lyon-to-first-place-on-list-of-frances-best-cities-for-restaurants |url-status=live}}</ref> and business tourism for the organization of international congresses. It is a central and strategic hub for the aeronautics, military and space sector, home to international companies such as Dassault Aviation, [[Company:ArianeGroup|Ariane Group]], Safran and Thalès. The link with aviation dates back to 1910, the year the first airplane flew over the city. A crossroads of knowledge through university research, it is home to one of the only two megajoule lasers in the world, as well as a university population of more than 130,000 students within the Bordeaux Metropolis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classement 2019 des villes étudiantes les plus importantes en France |url=https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146 |access-date=2022-04-08 |publisher=www.investirlmnp.fr |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404010642/https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 350 historic monuments,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Unesco {{!}} Bordeaux 2030 |url=http://www.bordeaux2030.fr/bordeaux-unesco/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |publisher=www.bordeaux2030.fr |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103104343/http://www.bordeaux2030.fr/bordeaux-unesco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> making it, after Paris, the city with the most listed or registered monuments in France. The "Pearl of Aquitaine" has been voted European Destination of the year in a 2015 online poll.<ref>{{Cite web |author=AFP Relax News |date=13 February 2015 |title=Bordeaux named European destination of the year |url=https://my.asiatatler.com/life/bordeaux-european-destination-of-the-year |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Tatler Malaysia |language=en-MY |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104155055/https://my.asiatatler.com/life/bordeaux-european-destination-of-the-year |url-status=live}}</ref> The metropolis has also received awards and rankings by international organizations such as in 1957, Bordeaux was awarded the Europe Prize for its efforts in transmitting the European ideal. In June 2007, the Port of the Moon in historic Bordeaux was inscribed on the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Heritage List, for its outstanding architecture and urban ensemble and in recognition of Bordeaux's international importance over the last 2000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux, Port of the Moon |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date = 13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905195247/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/list/1256/ |archive-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> Bordeaux is also ranked as a Sufficiency city by the [[Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{Quote box
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| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 80%
| quote = Roman Republic {{circa|60}}–27 BC<br />
Roman Empire 27 BC–AD 395<br />
Gallic Empire 260–274<br />
[[Place:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] 395–418<br />
[[Place:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]] 395–6th century<br />
[[Place:Francia|Francia]] 6th century–843<br />
[[History:West Francia|West Francia]] 843–987<br />
{{Flag|Kingdom of France}} 987–1154<br />
{{Flag|Kingdom of England}} 1154–1453<br />
{{Flag|Kingdom of France}} 1453–1792<br />
{{Flag|French First Republic}} 1792–1804<br />
{{Flag|First French Empire}} 1804–1814<br />
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg}} Kingdom of France 1814–1815<br />
{{Flag|First French Empire}} 1815<br />
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg}} Kingdom of France 1815–1830<br />
{{Flag|July Monarchy}} 1830–1848<br />
{{Flag|French Second Republic}} 1848–1852<br />
{{Flag|Second French Empire}} 1852–1870<br />
{{Flag|French Third Republic}} 1870–1940<br />
{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Military Administration in France 1940–1944<br />
∟ ''part of German-occupied Europe from 1940 to 1944'' <br />
{{Flag|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} 1944–1946<br />
{{Flag|French Fourth Republic}} 1946–1958<br />
{{Flagicon|France}} French Fifth Republic 1958–present<br />
}}

=== 5th century BC to 11th century AD ===
[[File:Bituriges Vivisci.jpg|140px|thumb|Coins of the Bituriges Vivisci, fifth–1st century BC, derived from the coin designs of Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul. Cabinet des Médailles.]]

Around 300 BC, the region was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, named the town '''Burdigala''', probably of [[Social:Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]] origin.

In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, and the Tigurini led by Divico. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sivan |first1=H. |first2=R. |last2=Mathisen |title=Places: 138248 (Burdigala) |url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |access-date=29 March 2020 |publisher=Pleiades |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918080522/https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city came under [[History:Ancient Rome|Roman]] rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]] and [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330034006/https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-date=30 March 2020 |url-status=live |title=Burdigala (France) |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument ''Les Piliers de Tutelle''.

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="200" heights="200"">
File:Bordeaux - Pilliers de Tutelle.jpg|''Les Piliers de Tutelle''
File:Bordeaux - Palais Gallien 2.jpg|The Roman amphitheatre
</gallery>

In 276, it was sacked by the Vandals. The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the Visigoths in 414, and the [[History:Franks|Franks]] in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity.

[[File:Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint Etienne late 6th century.jpg|140px|thumb|upright|Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint-Étienne, late sixth century. British Museum.]]

In the late sixth century the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the [[History:Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] [[Place:Francia|kingdom of the Franks]], but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585 Gallactorius was made Count of Bordeaux and fought the Basques.

In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the Aquitanian garrison. Duke Eudes mustered a force to engage the [[Place:Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], eventually engaging them in the Battle of the River Garonne somewhere near the river Dordogne. The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the Battle of Poitiers and so retain his grip on Aquitaine.

In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).

During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short.  Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac (''Frontiacus'', ''Franciacus'') near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (''Wascones''), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).

In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin) was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia, but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed.

Although the port of Bordeaux was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by [[History:Vikings|Viking]] and Norman incursions and political instability. The restoration of the Ramnulfid Dukes of Aquitaine under William IV and his successors (known as the House of Poitiers) brought continuity of government.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |title=Bordeaux |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428135852/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 12th century to 15th century, the English era ===
[[File:Arms of the city of Bordeaux (In the time of Richard Cœur de Lion).svg|120px|thumb|First Arms of the city, in the time of Richard I of England]]

From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of Eléonore, Duchess of Aquitaine and the last of the House of Poitiers, to Henry II Plantagenêt, Count of Anjou and the grandson of Henry I of England, who succeeded to the English crown months after their wedding, bringing into being the vast Angevin Empire, which stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland.<ref>''Le duché de Bretagne et la politique Plantagenêt aux XII et XIII siecles'', Judith Everard.  ", ''in'' Marin Aurell and Noël-Yves Tonnerre éditeurs. ''Plantagenêts et Capétiens, confrontations et héritages'', Poitiers. Brepols, 2006, Turnhout. Collection ''Histoires de famille. La parenté au Moyen Âge'', p. 202</ref> After granting a tax-free trade status with England, Henry was adored by the locals as they could be even more profitable in the wine trade, their main source of income, and the city benefited from imports of cloth and wheat.<ref name="bordeaux-port.fr">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |title=History &#124; Port de Bordeaux |website=www.bordeaux-port.fr |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031446/https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The belfry (Grosse Cloche) and city cathedral St-André were built, the latter in 1227, incorporating the artisan quarter of Saint-Paul.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/bordeaux/background/history/a/nar/5e51aa7a-15f6-47ad-8ad8-719613858dc0/359293 |title=History in Bordeaux, France |first=Lonely |last=Planet |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031436/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/bordeaux/background/history/a/nar/5e51aa7a-15f6-47ad-8ad8-719613858dc0/359293 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny it became briefly the capital of an independent state (1362–1372) under Edward, the Black Prince, but after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France.

[[File:Coat of arms of Bordeaux, France.svg|120px|thumb|Current Coat of arms since the French Reconquest]]

=== 15th century to 17th century ===

In 1462, Bordeaux created a local parliament.

Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the [[History:Kingdom of France|Kingdom of France]] only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

=== 18th century, the golden era ===

The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.commanderie.org/showRegion.action |title=Commanderie |website=www.commanderie.org |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065355/https://www.commanderie.org/showRegion.action |url-status=live}}</ref> The Port of the Moon supplied the majority of Europe with coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton and indigo, becoming France's busiest port and the second busiest port in the world after London.<ref name="bordeaux-port.fr" /> Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period.

Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |title=Bordeaux struggles with slave past |date=28 September 2009}}</ref> In total, the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150,000 Africans in some 500 expeditions.<ref name="trading and slavery">{{Cite book |last1=François |first1=Hubert |first2=Christian |last2=Block |first3=Jacques |last3=de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century : trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |edition=2nd |location=Bordeaux}}</ref>

[[File:Deuxieme vue du port de Bordeaux prise du château Trompette.jpg|center|300px|thumb|Port of the Moon in 1759]]

=== French Revolution: political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony ===

At the beginning of the {{wipe|French Revolution}} (1789), many local revolutionaries were members of the Girondists. This Party represented the provincial bourgeoisie, favorable towards abolishing aristocracy privileges, but opposed to the Revolution's social dimension. In 1793, the Montagnards led by Robespierre and Marat came to power. Fearing a bourgeois misappropriation of the Revolution, they executed a great number of Girondists. During the purge, the local Montagnard Section renamed the city of Bordeaux "Commune-Franklin" (Franklin-municipality) in homage to [[Biography:Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin]].

At the same time, in 1791, a slave revolt broke out at Saint-Domingue (current Haiti), the most profitable of the French colonies. Three years later, the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery. In 1802, Napoleon revoked the manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves. In 1804, Haiti became independent. The loss of this "Pearl" of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux's port economy, which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves.

Towards the end of the Peninsular War of 1814, the Duke of Wellington sent William Beresford with two divisions and seized Bordeaux, encountering little resistance. Bordeaux was largely anti-Bonapartist and the majority supported the Bourbons. The British troops were treated as liberators.

=== 19th century, rebirth of the economy ===

From the Bourbon Restoration, the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners. They engaged to construct the first bridge of Bordeaux, and customs warehouses. The shipping traffic grew through the new [[Place:French colonial empire|African colonies]].

Georges-Eugène Haussmann, a longtime prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th-century large-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform the quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud. [[Biography:Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]] found the town so beautiful he said: "Take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux".

In 1870, at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], the French government temporarily relocated to Bordeaux from Paris.<ref name=britannica/> That recurred during [[Social:World War I|World War I]] and again very briefly during [[Social:World War II|World War II]], when it became clear that Paris would fall into German hands.

[[File:Hugo d'Alesi, vue cavalière de Bordeaux, 1899, Archives de Bordeaux métropole.jpg|center|350px|thumb|Aerial view of the Port of the Moon in 1899]]

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-074-2852-36A, Bordeaux, Platzkonzert der Wehrmacht.jpg|200px|thumb|The square of the Comedy during Occupation]]

During World War II, Bordeaux fell under German occupation.

In May and June 1940, Bordeaux was the site of the life-saving actions of the Portuguese consul-general, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, who illegally granted thousands of Portuguese visas, which were needed to pass the Spanish border, to refugees fleeing the German occupation.

From 1941 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy established BETASOM, a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from that base, which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural center for exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=World's largest digital arts centre opens in Bordeaux submarine base |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-world-s-largest-digital-arts-centre-opens-in-bordeaux-submarine-base |website=France 24 |language=en |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071806/https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-world-s-largest-digital-arts-centre-opens-in-bordeaux-submarine-base |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 21st century, listed as World heritage ===
In 2007, 40% of the city surface area, located around the Port of the Moon, was listed as World heritage sites. Unesco inscribed Bordeaux as "an inhabited historic city, an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble, created in the age of the Enlightenment, whose values continued up to the first half of the 20th century, with more protected buildings than any other French city except Paris".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256/ |title=Bordeaux, Port of the Moon |first=UNESCO World Heritage |last=Centre |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027221056/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Bordeaux is located close to the European [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the river Garonne, and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend, the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. But, today, the right bank is developing, including new urban projects. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to [[Engineering:Ocean liner|ocean liner]]s through the Gironde estuary. The right bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.

=== Climate ===
Bordeaux's climate can be classified as [[Earth:Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb''), bordering on a [[Earth:Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/bordeaux-merignac/valeurs/07510.html |title=Normales et records pour la période 1981–2010 [données officielles] à Bordeaux-Mérignac |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Infoclimat.fr |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105035127/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/bordeaux-merignac/valeurs/07510.html |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Earth:Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha climate classification]] system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical, due to a recent rise in temperatures related – to some degree or another – to [[Earth:Climate change|climate change]] and the city's [[Earth:Urban heat island|urban heat island]].

The city enjoys cool to mild, wet winters, due to its relatively southerly [[Earth:Latitude|latitude]], and the prevalence of mild, westerly winds from the Atlantic. Its summers are warm and somewhat drier, although wet enough to avoid a [[Earth:Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] classification. Frosts occur annually, but snowfall is quite infrequent, occurring for no more than 3–4 days a year. The summer of 2003 set a record with an average temperature of {{convert|23.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}},<ref>GHCN climate, GISS world climate averages, 1971–2000</ref> while February 1956 was the coldest month on record with an average temperature of −2.00&nbsp;°C at Bordeaux Mérignac-Airport.<ref>GISS Station Data v4 homogenized Bordeaux Mérignac Airport</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Bordeaux (BOD), elevation: {{convert|47|m|ft|0|abbr = on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 20.8
|Feb record high C = 26.2
|Mar record high C = 27.7
|Apr record high C = 31.1
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 40.5
|Jul record high C = 41.2
|Aug record high C = 40.7
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 32.2
|Nov record high C = 26.7
|Dec record high C = 22.5
|year record high C = 41.2
|Jan high C = 10.5
|Feb high C = 12.0
|Mar high C = 15.5
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 21.7
|Jun high C = 25.0
|Jul high C = 27.1
|Aug high C = 27.6
|Sep high C = 24.2
|Oct high C = 19.6
|Nov high C = 14.1
|Dec high C = 11.0
|year high C = 18.9
|Jan mean C = 7.1
|Feb mean C = 7.8
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 13.0
|May mean C = 16.6
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 21.7
|Aug mean C = 21.9
|Sep mean C = 18.8
|Oct mean C = 15.2
|Nov mean C = 10.4
|Dec mean C = 7.7
|year mean C = 14.2
|Jan low C = 3.7
|Feb low C = 3.6
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 8.0
|May low C = 11.4
|Jun low C = 14.6
|Jul low C = 16.2
|Aug low C = 16.3
|Sep low C = 13.3
|Oct low C = 10.7
|Nov low C = 6.7
|Dec low C = 4.4
|year low C = 9.6
|Jan record low C = -16.4
|Feb record low C = -14.8
|Mar record low C = -9.9
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = 2.5
|Jul record low C = 5.2
|Aug record low C = 4.7
|Sep record low C = -1.8
|Oct record low C = -5.3
|Nov record low C = -7.3
|Dec record low C = -13.4
|year record low C = -16.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 86.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 66.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 63.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.6
|May precipitation mm = 71.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 48.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 56.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 81.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 83.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 114.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 106.4
|year precipitation mm = 924.9
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.2
|Feb precipitation days = 10.1
|Mar precipitation days = 10.7
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 10.0
|Jun precipitation days = 8.3
|Jul precipitation days = 7.1
|Aug precipitation days = 7.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.3
|Oct precipitation days = 10.7
|Nov precipitation days = 13.3
|Dec precipitation days = 12.7
|year precipitation days = 122.5
|Jan sun = 89.8
|Feb sun = 117.4
|Mar sun = 170.2
|Apr sun = 186.0
|May sun = 220.8
|Jun sun = 237.7
|Jul sun = 256.0
|Aug sun = 248.8
|Sep sun = 208.8
|Oct sun = 150.3
|Nov sun = 100.0
|Dec sun = 84.1
|year sun = 2069.8
|source 1 = Meteo France<ref>{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |title=BORDEAUX−MERIGNAC (33) |work=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=fr |access-date = 14 July 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020044/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 1 April 2022}}
{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |title=BORDEAUX−MERIGNAC (33) |work=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=fr |access-date = 14 July 2022 |archive-date = 1 April 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020044/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |url-status = live}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
|collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
|open =
|metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
|single line = y
|location = Bordeaux (Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport), elevation: {{convert|47|m|abbr = on|disp = or}}, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
|Jan mean C = 6.2
|Feb mean C = 7.5
|Mar mean C = 8.7
|Apr mean C = 11.2
|May mean C = 14.2
|Jun mean C = 17.7
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.6
|Sep mean C = 17.9
|Oct mean C = 14.3
|Nov mean C = 9.1
|Dec mean C = 6.6
|Jan high C = 9.9
|Feb high C = 11.1
|Mar high C = 13.4
|Apr high C = 16.1
|May high C = 19.4
|Jun high C = 23.2
|Jul high C = 25.9
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 24.0
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 13.2
|Dec high C = 10.0
|Jan avg record high C = 12.6
|Feb avg record high C = 16.3
|Mar avg record high C = 17.1
|Apr avg record high C = 19.5
|May avg record high C = 25.3
|Jun avg record high C = 29.3
|Jul avg record high C = 29.2
|Aug avg record high C = 29.4
|Sep avg record high C = 27.0
|Oct avg record high C = 21.4
|Nov avg record high C = 16.1
|Dec avg record high C = 14.4
|Jan record high C = 19.1
|Feb record high C = 25.0
|Mar record high C = 27.7
|Apr record high C = 28.6
|May record high C = 32.6
|Jun record high C = 37.0
|Jul record high C = 38.8
|Aug record high C = 38.3
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 31.5
|Nov record high C = 24.7
|Dec record high C = 22.5
|Jan low C = 2.5
|Feb low C = 3.6
|Mar low C = 4.2
|Apr low C = 6.3
|May low C = 9.1
|Jun low C = 12.4
|Jul low C = 14.3
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 9.2
|Nov low C = 4.7
|Dec low C = 3.2
|Jan avg record low C = -3.1
|Feb avg record low C = -1.8
|Mar avg record low C = -0.1
|Apr avg record low C = 3.7
|May avg record low C = 7.8
|Jun avg record low C = 9.4
|Jul avg record low C = 12.4
|Aug avg record low C = 12.6
|Sep avg record low C = 9.2
|Oct avg record low C = 5.3
|Nov avg record low C = 2.0
|Dec avg record low C = -0.4
|Jan record low C = -16.4
|Feb record low C = -13.2
|Mar record low C = -9.9
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = -0.5
|Jun record low C = 4.0
|Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 6.0
|Sep record low C = 2.2
|Oct record low C = -1.7
|Nov record low C = -7.3
|Dec record low C = -13.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 92.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 86.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 74.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 69.4
|May precipitation mm = 67.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 41.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 45.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 72.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 67.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 96.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.7
|Jan humidity = 88
|Feb humidity = 84
|Mar humidity = 78
|Apr humidity = 76
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 87
|Dec humidity = 88
|year humidity = 80.8
|Jan percentsun = 31
|Feb percentsun = 38
|Mar percentsun = 45
|Apr percentsun = 47
|May percentsun = 47
|Jun percentsun = 53
|Jul percentsun = 59
|Aug percentsun = 58
|Sep percentsun = 56
|Oct percentsun = 49
|Nov percentsun = 36
|Dec percentsun = 31
|Jan sun = 86.3
|Feb sun = 108.8
|Mar sun = 161.9
|Apr sun = 189.6
|May sun = 211.1
|Jun sun = 242.2
|Jul sun = 276.3
|Aug sun = 248.7
|Sep sun = 207.1
|Oct sun = 165.4
|Nov sun = 103.2
|Dec sun = 83.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.1
|Feb precipitation days = 11.5
|Mar precipitation days = 11.7
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 11.1
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 6.7
|Aug precipitation days = 8.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.0
|Oct precipitation days = 10.1
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|Jan snow days = 1.1
|Feb snow days = 1.2
|Mar snow days = 0.6
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 0.8
|source = [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07510.TXT |title=Bordeaux (07510) – WMO Weather Station |access-date = 21 July 2019 |publisher=[[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |archive-date = 21 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190721231537/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07510.TXT |url-status = live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity)<ref name = Infoclimat>{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221220/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07510-bordeaux-merignac.html |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url=http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07510-bordeaux-merignac.html |title=Normes et records 1961–1990: Bordeaux-Merignac (33) – altitude 47m |language=fr |publisher=Infoclimat |access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref>
}}

== Economy ==
Bordeaux is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France. It serves as a major regional center for trade, administration, services and industry.

=== Wine ===
[[File:Haut Brion exterior.jpg|250px|thumb|Château Haut-Brion]]

The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-first century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |title=World Atlas of Wine |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group Ltd |year=1994 |edition=4th |location=London |page=13}}</ref>

[[File:1 Saint-Émilion aerial pano 2016.jpg|250px|thumb|Saint-Émilion aerial view]]

Bordeaux wine growing area has about {{convert|116160|ha|acre}} of vineyards, 57 appellations, 10,000 wine-producing estates (châteaux) and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960&nbsp;million bottles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Wine Region in France: World's Most Famous Fine Wine Region |date=16 March 2007 |url=http://www.intowine.com/bordeaux.html |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=IntoWine.com |archive-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919012556/http://www.intowine.com/bordeaux.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the Bordeaux area produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five ''premier cru'' (First Growth) red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), established by the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855:

Both red and white wines are made in the Bordeaux region. Red Bordeaux wine is called claret in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, and, less commonly in recent years, Carménère.

White Bordeaux is made from Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, and Muscadelle. Sauternes is a sub-region of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, dessert wines such as Château d'Yquem.

Because of a wine glut (wine lake) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and vine pull schemes, the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meantime, the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.{{Cn|date=October 2022}}

The Cité du Vin, a museum as well as a place of exhibitions, shows, movie projections and academic [[Social:Seminar|seminar]]s on the theme of wine opened its doors in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2016 |title=Bordeaux : la Cité du vin cernée par les chantiers |url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2016/02/19/la-cite-du-vin-cernee-par-les-chantiers-2278033-2780.php |language=fr |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222074509/http://www.sudouest.fr/2016/02/19/la-cite-du-vin-cernee-par-les-chantiers-2278033-2780.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Others ===
The [[Engineering:Laser Mégajoule|Laser Mégajoule]] will be one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing [[Research|fundamental research]] and the development of the [[Physics:Laser|laser]] and [[Physics:Plasma|plasma]] technologies.

Some 20,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The city has some of the biggest companies including Dassault, EADS Sogerma, Snecma, Thales, SNPE, and others. The Dassault Falcon private jets are built there as well as the [[Engineering:Military aircraft|military aircraft]] [[Engineering:Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] and [[Engineering:Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]], the [[Engineering:Airbus A380|Airbus A380]] [[Engineering:Cockpit|cockpit]], the [[Engineering:Booster (rocketry)|boosters]] of [[Engineering:Ariane 5|Ariane 5]], and the M51 SLBM [[Engineering:Missile|missile]].

Tourism, especially wine tourism, is a major industry. Globelink.co.uk mentioned Bordeaux as the best tourist destination in Europe in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Best Places to Retire in France |url=http://www.globelink.co.uk/articles/country-information/france/3-best-places-to-retire-in-france.html |access-date=2 August 2016 |publisher=Globelink.co.uk |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022942/http://www.globelink.co.uk/articles/country-information/france/3-best-places-to-retire-in-france.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Gourmet Touring is a tourism company operating in the Bordeaux wine region.

Access to the port from the Atlantic is via the Gironde estuary. Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Port de Bordeaux |url=https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=www.bordeaux-port.fr |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031446/https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Major companies ===
This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there.
[[File:Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at Merignac.jpg|250px|thumb|Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at Merignac]]
*Arena
*Groupe Bernard
*Groupe Castel
*Cdiscount
*Dassault
*Jock
*Marie Brizard
*[[Company:McKesson Corporation|McKesson Corporation]]
*Oxbow
*[[Company:Pernod Ricard|Ricard]]
*Sanofi Aventis
*Smurfit Kappa
*Snecma
*[[Company:Solectron|Solectron]]
*Thales Group

== Population ==
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
|colspan="2"|'''Largest groups of immigrants{{efn|An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.}} living in the Bordeaux metropolitan area'''
|-
! Country of birth || Population (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=AAV2020-006#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS |title=Étrangers – Immigrés en 2019 : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux (006) : IMG1B – Pays de naissance détaillé – Sexe : Ensemble |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE) |language=fr |access-date=2023-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116222353/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=AAV2020-006#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}|| 15,551
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}|| 15,207
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}|| 10,006
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}|| 7,756
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}|| 4,231
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}||2,875
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}|| 2,683
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}|| 2,373
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}|| 2,197
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}|| 1,784
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}|| 1,759
|-
|{{flag|China}}|| 1,724
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| 1,603
|-
|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}|| 1,589
|}

In January 2020, there were 259,809 inhabitants in the city proper (commune) of Bordeaux.<ref name="population" /> The commune (including Caudéran which was annexed by Bordeaux in 1965) had its largest population of 284,494 at the 1954 census.<ref name="population" /> The majority of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards (Up to 20% of the Bordeaux population claim some degree of Spanish heritage), Portuguese, Turks, Germans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/france/gironde/ |title=Gironde (France): Arrondissements & Communes – Population Statistics, Charts and Map |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201921/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/france/gironde/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The built-up area has grown for more than a century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune ({{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}) and [[Earth:Urban sprawl|urban sprawl]], so that by January 2020 there were 1,376,375 people living in the overall {{convert|6316|km2|abbr=on}} metropolitan area (''aire d'attraction'') of Bordeaux,<ref name="AAV_pop" /> only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper.
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
 |title=Population of Bordeaux (commune)<br /><small>(incl. Caudéran annexed in 1965)</small>
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|4923|Bordeaux}}</ref> and INSEE<ref name="population" />
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |107198
|1800 |93570
|1806 |94214
|1821 |91161
|1831 |101965
|1836.29 |101769
|1841.29 |108176
|1846.37 |129217
|1851.37 |135308
|1856.13 |154394
|1861.2 |168422
|1866.2 |198112
|1872.2 |199174
|1876.71 |220446
|1881.87 |227736
|1886.410959 |248545
|1891.278452 |261085
|1896.241096 |267369
|1901.227397 |268186
|1906.172603 |264835
|1911.180822 |275468
|1921.180822 |283394
|1926.180822 |273840
|1931.180822 |283374
|1936.180822 |281338
|1946.180822 |279128
|1954.356164 |284494
|1962.180822 |278403
|1968.180822 |266662
|1975.139726 |223131
|1982.180822 |208159
|1990.180822 |210336
|1999.180822 |215363
|2009 |236725
|2014 |246586
|2020 |259809
}}

== Politics ==

=== Municipal administration ===

[[File:Pierre Hurmic en conseil municipal en février 2018.png|200px|thumb|The current mayor Pierre Hurmic]]

The Mayor of the city is the environmentalist Pierre Hurmic.

Bordeaux is the capital of five cantons and the Prefecture of the Gironde and [[Place:Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].

The town is divided into three districts, the first three of Gironde. The headquarters of Urban Community of Bordeaux Mériadeck is located in the neighbourhood and the city is at the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry that bears his name.

The number of inhabitants of Bordeaux is greater than 250,000 and less than 299,999 so the number of municipal councilors is 65.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-elections/Dossier-elections-municipales-2014/Annexe-4-Nombre-de-conseillers-municipaux-selon-la-population-de-la-commune |title=Annexe 4 – Nombre de conseillers municipaux selon la population de la commune |first=Ministère de |last=l'Intérieur |website=www.interieur.gouv.fr |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620130239/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-elections/Dossier-elections-municipales-2014/Annexe-4-Nombre-de-conseillers-municipaux-selon-la-population-de-la-commune |url-status=live}}</ref> They are divided according to the following composition:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party !! Political line !! President !! Seats !! Status
|-
| EELV – PS – PCF – PRG – G.s – ND – PP || Ecologist and left ||Pierre Hurmic ||48 ||majority
|-
| LR – MR – Modem – Agir – UDI – LREM || Right and centre-right ||Nicolas Florian ||14 ||opposition
|-
| NPA – [[Social:La France Insoumise|LFI]] – PG – E ! || Anticapitalist left ||Philippe Poutou ||3 ||opposition
|}

=== Mayors of Bordeaux ===

Since the Liberation (1944), there have been six mayors of Bordeaux:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Social:Mayor (France)|Mayor]]
! Term start
! Term end
! class=unsortable|&nbsp;
! Party
|-
|Fernand Audeguil
|align=center|August 1944
|align=center|19 October 1947
| bgcolor="{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|SFIO
|-
|Jacques Chaban-Delmas
|align=center|19 October 1947
|align=center|19 June 1995
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
|RPR
|-
|Alain Juppé
|align=center|19 June 1995
|align=center|13 December 2004
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
|RPR / UMP
|-
|Hugues Martin
|align=center|13 December 2004
|align=center|8 October 2006
| bgcolor="{{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|UMP
|-
|Alain Juppé
|align=center|8 October 2006
|align=center|7 March 2019
| bgcolor="{{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|UMP / LR
|-
|Nicolas Florian
|align=center|7 March 2019
|align=center|3 July 2020
| bgcolor="{{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
|LR
|-
|Pierre Hurmic
|align=center|3 July 2020
|align=center|''Incumbent''
| bgcolor="{{party color|Europe Ecology – The Greens}}" |
|EELV
|-
|}

*RPR was renamed to UMP in 2002 which was later renamed to LR in 2015.

=== Elections ===

==== Presidential elections of 2007 ====
At the 2007 presidential election, the Bordelais gave 31.37% of their votes to Ségolène Royal of the Socialist Party against 30.84% to Nicolas Sarkozy, president of the UMP. Then came François Bayrou with 22.01%, followed by [[Biography:Jean-Marie Le Pen|Jean-Marie Le Pen]] who recorded 5.42%. None of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. Nationally, Nicolas Sarkozy led with 31.18%, then Ségolène Royal with 25.87%, followed by François Bayrou with 18.57%. After these came Jean-Marie Le Pen with 10.44%, none of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. In the second round, the city of Bordeaux gave Ségolène Royal 52.44% against 47.56% for Nicolas Sarkozy, the latter being elected President of the Republic with 53.06% against 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. The abstention rates for Bordeaux were 14.52% in the first round and 15.90% in the second round.

==== Parliamentary elections of 2007 ====
In the parliamentary elections of 2007, the left won eight constituencies against only three for the right. It should be added that after the partial 2008 elections, the eighth district of Gironde switched to the left, bringing the count to nine. In Bordeaux, the left was for the first time in its history the majority as it held two of three constituencies following the elections. In the first division of the Gironde, the outgoing UMP MP Chantal Bourragué was well ahead with 44.81% against 25.39% for the Socialist candidate Beatrice Desaigues. In the second round, it was Chantal Bourragué who was re-elected with 54.45% against 45.55% for his socialist opponent. In the second district of Gironde the UMP mayor and all new Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea Alain Juppé confronted the General Counsel PS Michèle Delaunay. In the first round, Alain Juppé was well ahead with 43.73% against 31.36% for Michèle Delaunay. In the second round, it was finally Michèle Delaunay who won the election with 50.93% of the votes against 49.07% for Alain Juppé, the margin being only 670 votes. The defeat of the so-called constituency "Mayor" showed that Bordeaux was rocking increasingly left. Finally, in the third constituency of the Gironde, Noël Mamère was well ahead with 39.82% against 28.42% for the UMP candidate Elizabeth Vine. In the second round, Noël Mamère was re-elected with 62.82% against 37.18% for his right-wing rival.

==== Municipal elections of 2008 ====
In 2008 municipal elections saw the clash between mayor of Bordeaux, Alain Juppé and the President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine Socialist Alain Rousset. The PS had put up a Socialist heavyweight in the Gironde and had put great hopes in this election after the victory of Ségolène Royal and Michèle Delaunay in 2007. However, after a rather exciting campaign it was Alain Juppé who was widely elected in the first round with 56.62%, far ahead of Alain Rousset who has managed to get 34.14%. At present, of the eight cantons that has Bordeaux, five are held by the PS and three by the UMP, the left eating a little each time into the right's numbers.

==== European elections of 2009 ====
In the European elections of 2009, Bordeaux voters largely voted for the UMP candidate Dominique Baudis, who won 31.54% against 15.00% for PS candidate Kader Arif. The candidate of Europe Ecology José Bové came second with 22.34%. None of the other candidates reached the 10% mark. The 2009 European elections were like the previous ones in eight constituencies. Bordeaux is located in the district "Southwest", here are the results:

UMP candidate Dominique Baudis: 26.89%. His party gained four seats. PS candidate Kader Arif: 17.79%, gaining two seats in the European Parliament. Europe Ecology candidate Bove: 15.83%, obtaining two seats. MoDem candidate Robert Rochefort: 8.61%, winning a seat. Left Front candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon: 8.16%, gaining the last seat. At regional elections in 2010, the Socialist incumbent president Alain Rousset won the first round by totaling 35.19% in Bordeaux, but this score was lower than the plan for Gironde and Aquitaine. Xavier Darcos, Minister of Labour followed with 28.40% of the votes, scoring above the regional and departmental average. Then came Monique De Marco, Green candidate with 13.40%, followed by the member of Pyrenees-Atlantiques and candidate of the MoDem Jean Lassalle who registered a low 6.78% while qualifying to the second round on the whole Aquitaine, closely followed by Jacques Colombier, candidate of the National Front, who gained 6.48%. Finally the candidate of the Left Front Gérard Boulanger with 5.64%, no other candidate above the 5% mark. In the second round, Alain Rousset had a tidal wave win as national totals rose to 55.83%. If Xavier Darcos largely lost the election, he nevertheless achieved a score above the regional and departmental average obtaining 33.40%. Jean Lassalle, who qualified for the second round, passed the 10% mark by totaling 10.77%. The ballot was marked by abstention amounting to 55.51% in the first round and 53.59% in the second round.

<small>''Only candidates obtaining more than 5% are listed''</small>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2007 Presidential Election<ref>[http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle_2007/%28path%29/presidentielle_2007/072/033/33063.html Résultat de l'élection présidentielle de 2007 à Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231204712/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle_2007/%28path%29/presidentielle_2007/072/033/33063.html |date=31 December 2015 }} sur le site du ministère de l'intérieur.</ref>
!rowspan=2|Candidate !!colspan=2|1st round !!colspan=2|2nd round
|-
!Bordeaux !! National
!Bordeaux !! National
|-
|align=left|'''Nicolas Sarkozy'''||30.84%||'''31.18%'''||47.56%||'''53.06%'''
|-
|align=left|Ségolène Royal||'''31.37%'''||25.87%||'''52.44%'''||46.94%
|-
|align=left|François Bayrou||22.01%||18.57%||||
|-
|align=left|[[Biography:Jean-Marie Le Pen|Jean-Marie Le Pen]]||5.42%||10.44%||||
|-
|align=left|Total votes||85.48%||83.77%||84.10%||83.97%
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2012 Presidential Election<ref>[http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__PR2012/%28path%29/PR2012/072/033/033063.html Résultat de l'élection présidentielle de 2012 à Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231204712/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__PR2012/%28path%29/PR2012/072/033/033063.html |date=31 December 2015 }} sur le site du ministère de l'intérieur.</ref>
!rowspan=2|Candidate !!colspan=2|1st round !!colspan=2|2nd round
|-
!Bordeaux !! National
!Bordeaux !! National
|-
|align=left|'''François Hollande'''||'''33.05%'''||'''28.63%'''||'''57.18%'''||'''51.64%'''
|-
|align=left|Nicolas Sarkozy||28.68%||27.18%||42.82%||48.36%
|-
|align=left|Jean-Luc Mélenchon||12.16%||11.10%||||
|-
|align=left|François Bayrou||10.91%||9.13%||||
|-
|align=left|Marine Le Pen||8.22%||17.90%||||
|-
|align=left|Total votes||79.25%||79.48%||80.44%||80.35%
|}

==== 2017 elections ====
Bordeaux voted for Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election. In the 2017 parliamentary election, La République En Marche! won most of the constituencies in Bordeaux.

==== 2019 European elections ====
Bordeaux voted in the 2019 European Parliament election in France.

==== Municipal elections of 2020 ====

After 73 years of right-of-centre rule, the ecologist Pierre Hurmic (EELV) came in ahead of Nicolas Florian (LR/LaREM).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200628-hidalgo-re-elected-as-paris-mayor-as-greens-claim-key-cities |title=Hidalgo re-elected as Paris mayor as greens claim key cities |date=28 June 2020 |website=RFI |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111164344/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200628-hidalgo-re-elected-as-paris-mayor-as-greens-claim-key-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Parliamentary representation ===
The city area is represented by the following constituencies: Gironde's 1st, Gironde's 2nd, Gironde's 3rd, Gironde's 4th, Gironde's 5th, Gironde's 6th, Gironde's 7th.

== Education ==

=== University ===

{{Main|Organization:University of Bordeaux}}

[[File:Universite Bordeaux 2-Victoire.JPG|250px|thumb|University Bordeaux 2, former faculty of medicine, now faculty of sociology]]

During Antiquity, a first university had been created by the Romans in 286.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p7070/gallo-romains-56-4e-siecle- |title=Gallo-romains (−56 / 4e siècle) |website=Site officiel de la ville de Bordeaux |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923055132/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p7070/gallo-romains-56-4e-siecle- |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was an important administrative centre and the new university had to train administrators. Only [[Philosophy:Rhetoric|rhetoric]] and [[Social:Grammar|grammar]] were taught. Ausonius and Sulpicius Severus were two of the teachers.

In 1441, when Bordeaux was an English town, the Pope Eugene IV created a university by demand of the archbishop Pey Berland. In 1793, during the {{wipe|French Revolution}}, the National Convention abolished the university, and replace them with the École centrale in 1796. In Bordeaux, this one was located in the former buildings of the college of Guyenne.
In 1808, the university reappeared with Napoleon. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235&nbsp;ha).<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Université de Bordeaux website: [http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/ www.univ-bordeaux.fr] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064411/http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/ |date=20 April 2013 }}; retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref>

=== Schools ===<!-- BEM links here (for Bordeaux école de management) -->
Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Engineering schools:
*Arts et Métiers ParisTech, graduate school of industrial and mechanical engineering
*ESME-Sudria, graduate school of engineering
*École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB-MATMECA)
*École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
*École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine
*École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux
*École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
*Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
*Institut de cognitique
*École supérieure d'informatique
*École privée des sciences informatiques

Business and management schools:
[[File:Campus Kedge BS à Bordeaux.jpg|250px|thumb|KEDGE Business School]]
*The Bordeaux MBA (International College of Bordeaux)
*IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (business school)
*INSEEC Business School (Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales)
*KEDGE Business School (former BEM – Bordeaux Management School)
*Vatel Bordeaux International Business School
*E-Artsup
*Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
*Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Other:
[[File:La cour intérieure de l’École nationale de la magistrature à Bordeaux.jpg|250px|thumb|''École nationale de la magistrature'']]
*''École nationale de la magistrature'' (National school for the judiciary)
*{{lang|fr|École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux}}
*{{lang|fr|École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux}}
*{{lang|fr|École française des attachés de presse et des professionnels de la communication}} (EFAP)
*{{lang|fr|Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine}} (CNAM)
*{{lang|fr|École des Avocats ALIENOR de Bordeaux}} (law school)

=== Weekend education ===

The {{Nihongo|{{lang|fr|École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Bordeaux}}|ボルドー日本語補習授業校|Borudō Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō}}, a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the ''Salle de L'Athénée Municipal'' in Bordeaux.<ref name="MEXTEuropeHoshuko">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190146/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/004.htm 欧州の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190146/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/004.htm Archive]). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Retrieved on 10 May 2014. "Salle de L'Athénée Municipal Place St. Christoly, 33000 Bordeaux, FRANCE"</ref>

== Main sights ==

[[File:Bordeaux place de la bourse with tram.JPG|300px|thumb|Place de la Bourse at night with the Miroir d'eau and tram]]

=== Heritage and architecture ===

Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 ''monuments historiques'' (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux, Port of the Moon, has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".

Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after Nancy, to have entered an era of [[Engineering:Urbanism|urbanism]] and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King Louis XV, under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur then the Marquis de Tourny.

Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France. The organ in Saint-Louis-des-Chartrons is registered on the French monuments historiques.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orgue de tribune : partie instrumentale de l'orgue |url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM33001025 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183606/https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM33001025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Buildings ===

Main sights include:
* ''Place de la Bourse'' (1735–1755), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV, now replaced by the ''Fountain of the Three Graces''.
* ''Grand Théâtre'' (1780), a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
* ''Allées de Tourny''
* ''Cours de l'Intendance''
* ''Place du Chapelet''
* ''Place du Parlement''
* ''Place des Quinconces'', the largest square in France.
* ''Monument aux Girondins''
* ''Place Saint-Pierre''
*''Pont de pierre (1822)''
* ''Bordeaux Cathedral (Saint André)'', consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096 and dedicated to the Apostle Saint Andrew. Of the original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remains. The Royal Door is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
* ''Tour Pey-Berland'' (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular Gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
* ''Sainte-Croix church'': This church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, stands on the site of a seventh-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. The present building was erected and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries.  The façade is in Romanesque style.
* The Gothic ''Saint Michel Basilica'', constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century.
* Basilica of Saint Severinus, the oldest church in Bordeaux, built in the early sixth century on the site of a palaeo-Christian necropolis. It has an 11th-century [[Engineering:Portico|portico]], while the apse and [[Engineering:Transept|transept]] are from the 12th.  The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses tombs of the Merovingian family.
* ''Église Saint-Pierre'', Gothic church
* ''Église Saint-Éloi'', Gothic church
* ''Église Saint-Bruno'', baroque church decorated with frescoes
* ''Église Notre-Dame'', baroque church
* ''Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier'', baroque church
* ''Palais Rohan'', once the archbishop's residence, now city hall
* {{illm|Palais Gallien|fr|lt=''Palais Gallien''}}, the remains of a late second-century [[History:Ancient Rome|Roman]] amphitheatre
* ''Porte Cailhau'', a medieval gatehouse in the old city walls.
* ''La Grosse Cloche'' (15th century), the second remaining gate in the medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two {{convert|40|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high}} circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing {{convert|7800|kg}}. The clock is from 1759.
* ''Grande Synagogue'', completed 1882
* ''Rue Sainte-Catherine'', the longest pedestrian street in France
* ''Darwin ecosystem'', alternative place into former military barracks 
* The BETASOM submarine base

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Le Palais Gallien vestige gallo-romain à Bordeaux.jpg|Palais Gallien
File:Cathédrale St André Bordeaux 3.jpg|Bordeaux Cathedral (Saint André)
File:Bordeaux Porte Cailhau R02.jpg|Porte Cailhau
File:Grand Théâtre Bordeaux.jpg|Grand Théâtre
File:Bordeaux Notre-Dame R01.jpg|The Notre Dame church 
File:151 - Le Pont de Pierre - Bordeaux.jpg|Pont de Pierre
File:Bordeaux - Basilique Saint-Michel - Vue générale.jpg|Basilica of Saint Michel
File:Puerta de Burdeos.JPG|Grosse cloche
File:026 - Hôtel de ville Place Pey-Berland - Bordeaux.jpg|Palais Rohan (town hall)
File:FacadeSainteCroixBordeauxsoir.jpg|Sainte-Croix church
File:Bordeaux Place du Parlement R01.jpg|Place du Parlement
File:Synagogue Bx 5.jpg|The Grand Synagogue
File:Façades de deux ouvrages Art Déco du Quartier Lescure (Bordeaux).jpg|Facades of the Art déco district
File:Darwin - Magasin général.jpg|Darwin district
File:Basesousmarine.JPG|Submarine Pen
</gallery>

=== Contemporary architecture ===
* ''Cité Frugès'', district of Pessac, built by Le Corbusier, 1924–1926, listed as UNESCO heritage
* Fire Station, ''la Benauge'', Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954
* Mériadeck district, 1960-70's
* ''Court of first instance'', Richard Rogers, 1998
* CTBA, wood and furniture research center, A. Loisier, 1998
* Hangar 14 on the ''Quai des Chartrons'', 1999
* The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006
* The ''Jardin botanique de la Bastide'', Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/Pascal Convert, 2007
* The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007
* Seeko'o Hotel on the Quai de Bacalan, King Kong architects, 2007
* Matmut Atlantique stadium, Herzog & de Meuron, 2015
* Cité du Vin, XTU architects, Anouk Legendre & Nicolas Desmazières, 2016
* MECA, Maison de l'Économie Créative et de la culture de la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bjarke Ingels, 2019

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Bordeaux Meriadeck.JPG|Mériadeck district
File:Bordeaux Palais de Justice 23.JPG|Court of first instance
File:Seeko'o Hotel, Bordeaux, July 2014 (03).JPG|Seeko'o hotel
File:Cite du vin Bordeaux 2017 (37500642606).jpg|Cité du Vin
File:RB 20200222 Bordeaux-11.jpg|MECA
</gallery>

=== Museums ===
* ''Musée des Beaux-Arts'' (''Fine arts museum''), one of the finest painting galleries in France with paintings by painter such as Tiziano, Veronese, Rubens, Van Dyck, Frans Hals, Claude, Chardin, Delacroix, Renoir, Seurat, Redon, Matisse and Picasso.
* ''Musée d'Aquitaine'' (archeological and history museum)
* ''Musée du Vin et du Négoce'' (museum of the wine trade)
* {{Lang|fr|Musée des Arts Décoratifs et du Design}} (museum of decorative arts and design)
* ''Musée d'Histoire Naturelle'' (natural history museum)
* ''Musée Mer Marine'' (Sea and Navy museum)
* ''Cité du Vin''
* ''CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux'' (modern art museum)
* ''Musée national des douanes'' (history of French customs)
* ''Bordeaux Patrimoine Mondial'' (architectural and heritage interpretation centre)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk/cultural-heritage/bordeaux-world-heritage-cultural-heritage-centre.html |title=Bordeaux World Heritage, cultural heritage centre &#124; Bordeaux Tourism & Conventions |website=www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130162033/https://www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk/cultural-heritage/bordeaux-world-heritage-cultural-heritage-centre.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Musée d'ethnologie'' (ethnology museum)
* ''Institut culturel Bernard Magrez'', modern and streetart museum into an 18th-century mansion
* Cervantez Institute (into the house of Goya)
* ''Cap Sciences''
* ''Centre Jean Moulin''

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Beaux arts bordeaux.jpg|''Musée des Beaux-Arts''
File:Musée Aquitaine.JPG|''Musée d'Aquitaine''
File:Hôtel de Lalande - Musée des arts décoratifs et du design de Bordeaux.jpg|{{Lang|fr|Musée des Arts Décoratifs et du Design}}
File:CAPC janvier 2018.jpg|''CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux''
File:Musée du vin et du négoce de Bordeaux (3).jpg|''Musée du vin et du négoce de Bordeaux''
</gallery>

=== Memory of slavery ===
Slavery was part of a growing drive for the city. Firstly, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Bordeaux was an important slave port, which saw some 500 slave expeditions that cause the deportation of 150,000 Africans by Bordeaux shipowners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2010 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |location=Bordeaux}}</ref> Secondly, even though the "Triangular trade" represented only 5% of Bordeaux's wealth, the city's direct trade with the Caribbean, that accounted for the other 95%, concerns the colonial stuffs made by the slave (sugar, coffee, cocoa).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20190224-bordeaux-slavery-museum-seeks-change-narrative-slave-trade-past |title=Bordeaux museum working to change narrative on slavery past |date=24 February 2019 |website=RFI |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029161157/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20190224-bordeaux-slavery-museum-seeks-change-narrative-slave-trade-past |url-status=live}}</ref> And thirdly, in that same period, a major migratory movement by Aquitanians took place to the Caribbean colonies, with Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) being the most popular destination. 40% of the white population of the island came from [[Place:Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacques de Cauna |title=''L'Eldorado des Aquitains. Gascons, Basques et Béarnais aux Îles d'Amérique'' |publisher=Atlantica |year=1998 |isbn=978-2-84394-073-6 |location=Biarritz}}</ref> They prospered with [[Finance:Plantation economy|plantations]] incomes, until the first slave revolts which concluded in 1848 in the final abolition of slavery in France.<ref name="musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/bordeaux-18th-century-trans-atlantic-trading-and-slavery |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery &#124; Le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine |website=www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925080028/http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/bordeaux-18th-century-trans-atlantic-trading-and-slavery |url-status=live}}</ref>

A statue of Modeste Testas, an Ethiopian woman who was enslaved by the Bordeaux-based Testas brothers was unveiled in 2019. She was trafficked by them from West Africa, to Philadelphia (where one of the brother coerced her to have two children by him) and was ultimately freed and lived in Haiti. The bronze sculpture was created by the Haitian artists Woodly Caymitte.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haiti – Memory : Bordeaux inaugurates the statue of a slave of the Haitian sculptor, C. Woodly – HaitiLibre.com : Haiti news 7/7 |url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-27707-haiti-memory-bordeaux-inaugurates-the-statue-of-a-slave-of-the-haitian-sculptor-c-woodly.html |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=www.haitilibre.com |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141544/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-27707-haiti-memory-bordeaux-inaugurates-the-statue-of-a-slave-of-the-haitian-sculptor-c-woodly.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

A number of traces and memorial sites are visible in the city. Moreover, in May 2009, the Museum of Aquitaine opened the spaces dedicated to "Bordeaux in the 18th century, trans-Atlantic trading and slavery". This work, richly illustrated with original documents, contributes to disseminate the state of knowledge on this question, presenting above all the facts and their chronology.<ref name="musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr" />

The region of Bordeaux was also the land of several prominent [[Social:Abolitionism|abolitionists]], as [[Biography:Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], Laffon de Ladébat and Elisée Reclus. Others were members of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks as the revolutionaries Boyer-Fonfrède, Gensonné, Guadet and Ducos.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Bordeaux place de la Bourse mascaron visage africain.JPG|African face [[Engineering:Mascaron (architecture)|mascaron]] on the place de la Bourse
File:Détail de la fresque du Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux.jpg|Allegory of Bordeaux and her wealth, including two African slaves, ceiling of the Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux
File:Salles consacrées à l'esclavage au Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux.jpg|Spaces dedicated to slave trade, Musée d'Aquitaine
File:Statue-fétiche Fon-Musée d'Aquitaine (1).jpg|Fon fetish, Musée d'Aquitaine
File:Buste en bronze de Toussaint Louverture, Bordeaux.jpg|Bronze bust of Toussaint Louverture
File:Statue de Modeste Testas, quai des Chartrons, Bordeaux.jpg|Bronze Statue of Modeste Testas, Ethiopian woman enslaved by two Bordeaux plantation owners
</gallery>

=== Parks and gardens ===
* ''Jardin public de Bordeaux'', with inside the ''Jardin botanique de Bordeaux''
* ''Jardin botanique de la Bastide''
* ''Parc bordelais''
* ''Parc aux Angéliques''
* ''Jardin des Lumières''
* ''Parc Rivière''
* ''Parc Floral''

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Bordeaux Jardin Public R02.jpg|''Jardin public''
File:Jardin botanique de Bordeaux 7.jpg|''Jardin botanique''
File:Bordeaux Quai Louis XVIII R01.jpg|''Jardin des Lumières''
File:Parc floral de Bordeaux 3298.jpg|''Parc floral'', Casablanca pavilion
</gallery>

=== Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas ===
[[File:Bordeaux - Pont Chaban Delmas sur la Garonne.jpg|thumb|Chaban Delmas bridge]]

Europe's longest-span vertical-lift bridge, the Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas, was opened in 2013 in Bordeaux, spanning the River Garonne. The central lift span is {{convert|117|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|-long}}, weighs 4,600 tons and can be lifted vertically up to {{convert|53|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} to let tall ships pass underneath. The €160&nbsp;million bridge was inaugurated by President François Hollande and Mayor Alain Juppé on 16 March 2013. The bridge was named after the late Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who was a former Prime Minister and [[Social:Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of Bordeaux.

=== Shopping ===
[[File:Rue Sainte-Catherine (Bordeaux) 2005.JPG|thumb|''Rue Sainte-Catherine'']]

Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is ''Rue Sainte-Catherine''. This pedestrian-only shopping street has {{convert|1.2|km|mi|sp=us}} of shops, restaurants and cafés; it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe. ''Rue Sainte-Catherine'' starts at ''Place de la Victoire'' and ends at ''Place de la Comédie'' by the ''Grand Théâtre''. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards ''Place de la Comédie'' and the nearby ''Cours de l'Intendance'' is where one finds the more exclusive shops and boutiques.

=== Culture ===
Bordeaux is also the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, ''Arc en rêve''.{{citation needed |date=January 2018}} Bordeaux offers a large number of cinemas, theatres, and is the home of the Opéra national de Bordeaux. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year. In October 2021, Bordeaux was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with [[Place:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], [[Place:Dublin|Dublin]], [[Place:Florence|Florence]], [[Place:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]], Palma de Mallorca and [[Place:Valencia|Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism – Competition winners 2022 |url=https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |website=European Commission |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107212251/https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg|''Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux''
File:Bordeaux - Théâtre Femina.jpg|''Théâtre Femina''
File:RB 20200222 Bordeaux-11.jpg|''MECA, Maison de l’Économie Créative et de la Culture en Aquitaine''
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Road ===
Bordeaux is an important road and [[Engineering:Interchange (road)|motorway junction]]. The city is connected to Paris by the A10 motorway, with Lyon by the A89, with Toulouse by the A62, and with Spain by the A63. There is a {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} ring road called the "Rocade" which is often very busy. Another ring road is under consideration.

[[File:Pont d&#039;Aquitaine, Bordeaux.JPG|200px|thumb|Pont d'Aquitaine]]

Bordeaux has five road bridges that cross the Garonne, the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de pierre (both located downtown), the Pont d'Aquitaine, a suspension bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These two bridges are part of the ring-road around Bordeaux. A fifth bridge, the Pont Jacques-Chaban-Delmas, was constructed in 2009–2012 and opened to traffic in March 2013. Located halfway between the Pont de pierre and the Pont d'Aquitaine and serving downtown rather than highway traffic, it is a vertical-lift bridge with a height in closed position comparable to that of Pont de pierre, and to the Pont d'Aquitaine when open. All five road bridges, including the two highway bridges, are open to cyclists and pedestrians as well. Another bridge, the Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc, is to be built in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc – La CUB |url=http://www.lacub.fr/grands-projets/pont-jean-jacques-bosc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024224845/http://www.lacub.fr/grands-projets/pont-jean-jacques-bosc |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

Lacking any steep hills, Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists. Cycle paths (separate from the roadways) exist on the highway bridges, along the riverfront, on the university campuses, and incidentally elsewhere in the city. Cycle lanes and [[Engineering:Bus lane|bus lane]]s that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city's boulevards. A paid bicycle-sharing system with automated stations was established in 2010.

=== Rail ===
[[File:Bordeaux Gare StJean R01.jpg|200px|thumb|Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean]]

The main railway station, Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, near the center of the city, has 12&nbsp;million passengers a year. It is served by the French national (SNCF) railway's high speed train, the [[Engineering:TGV|TGV]], that gets to Paris in two hours, with connections to major European centers such as Lille, Brussels, [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], Cologne, Geneva and London. The TGV also serves Toulouse and Irun (Spain) from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to Nantes, Nice, Marseille and Lyon. The Gare Saint-Jean is the major hub for regional trains (TER) operated by the SNCF to Arcachon, Limoges, Agen, Périgueux, Langon, Pau, Le Médoc, Angoulême and Bayonne.

Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently, a double-track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by Gustave Eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.

The two-track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2009. The new bridge has four tracks and allows trains to pass at {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://aquitaine.fr/politiques-regionales/transports/pont-ferroviaire-de-bordeaux.html Pont Ferroviaire de Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521131358/http://aquitaine.fr/politiques-regionales/transports/pont-ferroviaire-de-bordeaux.html |date=21 May 2011 }} on aquitaine.fr</ref> During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel's contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.

Since July 2017, the LGV Sud Europe Atlantique is fully operational and makes Bordeaux city 2h04 from Paris.

=== Air ===
[[File:Tour Bordeaux.jpg|200px|thumb|Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport]]

Bordeaux is served by Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport, located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city centre in the suburban city of Mérignac.

=== Trams, buses and boats ===
[[File:Bordeaux tram kruising I.jpg|200px|thumb|Tramway de Bordeaux]]

Bordeaux has an important public transport system called Transports Bordeaux Métropole (TBM). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:

* Four tram lines (A, B, C and D)
* 75 bus routes, all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
* 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)
* An [[Engineering:Trolleybus|electric bus]] shuttle in the city centre
* A boat shuttle on the Garonne river

This network is operated from 5&nbsp;am to 2&nbsp;am.

There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the Tramway de Bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. The tram system uses [[Engineering:Alstom APS|Alstom APS]] a form of [[Engineering:Ground-level power supply|ground-level power supply]] technology developed by French company [[Company:Alstom|Alstom]] and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city. Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city. The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation, maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network. Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas, with limited access for cars.

The planned Bordeaux tramway system is to link with the airport to the city centre towards the end of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |title=Bordeaux : voici le tracé du tramway qui va desservir l'aéroport |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/transports/bordeaux-voici-le-trace-du-tramway-qui-va-desservir-l-aeroport-1461940859 |website=France Bleu |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412125143/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/transports/bordeaux-voici-le-trace-du-tramway-qui-va-desservir-l-aeroport-1461940859 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Taxis ===
There are more than 400 taxicabs in Bordeaux.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

=== Public transportation statistics ===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bordeaux, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 51 min. 12.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 15.5% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}}, while 8% travel for over {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} in a single direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Public Transportation Statistics |url=https://www.moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_France_Bordeaux-924 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180730/https://www.moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_France_Bordeaux-924 |url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</ref>

== Sport ==
[[File:Bordeaux Stade Lescure entrée.JPG|thumb|Entrance to the Stade Chaban-Delmas]]{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Nouveau stade de Bordeaux - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Matmut Atlantique stadium]]

The 41,458-capacity Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux is the largest stadium in Bordeaux. The stadium was opened in 2015 and replaced the Stade Chaban-Delmas, which was a venue for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 and 1998, as well as the 2007 Rugby World Cup. In the 1938 FIFA World Cup, it hosted a violent quarter-final known as the Battle of Bordeaux. The ground was formerly known as the ''Stade du Parc Lescure'' until 2001, when it was renamed in honour of the city's long-time mayor, Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux, Girondins de Bordeaux is the football team, playing in Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Union Bordeaux Bègles is a rugby team in the Top 14 in the Ligue Nationale de Rugby. Skateboarding, rollerblading, and BMX biking are activities enjoyed by many young inhabitants of the city. Bordeaux is home to a quay which runs along the Garonne river. On the quay there is a skate-park divided into three sections. One section is for Vert tricks, one for street style tricks, and one for little action sports athletes with easier features and softer materials. The skate-park is very well maintained by the municipality.

Bordeaux is also the home to one of the strongest cricket teams in France and are champions of the South West League.

There is a {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} wooden velodrome, Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of UCI Track Cycling World Cup events.

The 2015 Trophee Eric Bompard was in Bordeaux. But the Free Skate was cancelled in all of the divisions due to the Paris {{Not a typo|bombing(s)}} and aftermath. The Short Program occurred hours before the bombing. French skaters Chafik Besseghier (68.36) in tenth place, Romain Ponsart (62.86) in 11th. Mae-Berenice-Meite (46.82) in 11th and Laurine Lecavelier (46.53) in 12th. Vanessa James/Morgan Cipres (65.75) in second.

Between 1951 and 1955, an annual Formula 1 motor race was held on a 2.5-kilometre circuit which looped around the Esplanade des Quinconces and along the waterfront, attracting drivers such as Juan Manuel Fangio, Stirling Moss, Jean Behra and Maurice Trintignant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pike |first=Tim |title=When Bordeaux city centre became a Formula 1 racing track |url=http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-bordeaux-city-centre-became.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906063233/http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-bordeaux-city-centre-became.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights=200>
File:Ausonius.jpg|Ausonius
File:Anthony Frederick Sandys - Queen Eleanor.JPG|Eleanor of Aquitaine
File:Richard II King of England.jpg|Richard II of England
File:Montaigne-Dumonstier.jpg|[[Biography:Michel de Montaigne|Michel de Montaigne]]
File:Sta. Joana de Lestonnac.jpg|Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac
File:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|[[Biography:Montesquieu|Montesquieu]]
File:Rosa Bonheur, 1865, wearing the Legion of Honour.jpg|Rosa Bonheur
File:095 Odilon Redon Mon portrait.jpg|Odilon Redon
File:Self-Portrait Albert Marquet (1904).jpg|Albert Marquet
</gallery>

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
*Ausonius (310–395), Roman poet and teacher of rhetoric
*Jean Alaux (1786–1864), painter
*Bertrand Andrieu (1761–1822), engraver
*Jean Anouilh (1910–1987), dramatist
*Lucien Arman (1811–1873), shipbuilder and politician
*Yvonne Arnaud (1892–1958), pianist, singer and actress
*Xavier Arnozan (1852–1928), physician
*Floyd Ayité (born 1988), Togolese footballer
*Jonathan Ayité (born 1985), Togolese footballer
*Christine Barbe, winemaker
*Jean-Baptiste Barrière (1707–1747), cellist, composer
*Gérard Bayo (born 1936), writer and poet,
*François Bigot (1703–1778), last "Intendant" of New France
*Arnaud Binard (born 1971), actor and producer
*Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899), animal painter and sculptor
*Grégory Bourdy (born 1982), golfer
*Samuel Boutal (born 1969), footballer
*Edmond de Caillou (died c. February 1316) Gascon knight fighting in Scotland
*Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
*Leopold Chasseriau (1825–1891), planter
*René Clément (1913–1996), actor, director, writer
*Jean-René Cruchet (1875–1959), pathologist
*[[Biography:Boris Cyrulnik|Boris Cyrulnik]] (born 1937), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
*Damia (1899–1978), singer and actress
*Étienne Noël Damilaville (1723–1768), [[History:Encyclopédistes|encyclopédiste]]
*Lili Damita (1901–1994), actress
*Frédéric Daquin, (born 1978), footballer
*Danielle Darrieux (1917–2017), actress
*Bernard Delvaille (1931–2006), poet, essayist
*David Diop (1927–1960), poet
*Jean-Francois Domergue, footballer
*Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204), duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and queen of England
*[[Biography:Jacques Ellul|Jacques Ellul]] (1912–1994), sociologist, theologian, Christian anarchist
*Jean Eustache (1938–1981), Nouvelle Vague director
*Marie Fel (1713–1794), opera singer
*Jean-Luc Fournet (1965), papyrologist
*Pierre-Jean Garat (1762–1823), singer
*Armand Gensonné (1758–1793), politician
*Sébastien Gervais (born 1976), professional footballer
*Stephen Girard (1750–1831), merchant, banker, and Philadelphia philanthropist
*Jérôme Gnako (born 1968), footballer
*Randolphe Gohi (born 1969), former professional footballer
*Eugène Goossens (1867–1958), conductor, violinist
*Anna Hamilton (1864–1935), doctor, superintendent of the Protestant Hospital at Bordeaux (1901–1934)
*Adolphe Jacquies (c. 1798–1860), Canadian shopkeeper, printer, trade unionist, and newspaper publisher
*Pierre Lacour (1745–1814), painter
*Léopold Lafleurance (1865–1953), flautist
*Joseph Henri Joachim Lainé (1767–1835), statesman
*Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac (1556–1640), Roman Catholic saint and foundress of the Sisters of the Company of Mary, Our Lady
*Christophe Lestrade (born 1969), former professional footballer
*André Lhote (1885–1962), cubist painter
*Jeanne Henriette Louis, (1938), professor of North American civilization
*Jean-Baptiste Lynch (1749–1835), politician
*Lucenzo (born 1983), singer
*Jean-Jacques Magendie (1766–1835), officer
*François Magendie (1783–1855), physiologist
*Bruno Marie-Rose (born 1965), athlete (sprinter)
*Albert Marquet, (1875–1947), painter
*François Mauriac (1885–1970), writer, Nobel laureate 1952
*Benjamin Millepied (born 1977), dancer and choreographer
*Édouard Molinaro (1928–2013), film director, screenwriter
*Pierre Molinier (1900–1976), painter, photographer
*[[Biography:Michel de Montaigne|Michel de Montaigne]] (1533–1592), essayist
*[[Biography:Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] (1689–1755), man of letters and political philosopher
*Olivier Mony (1966–), writer and literary critic
*Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty (1768–1815), general
*Elie Okobo, basketball player
*Pierre Palmade (born 1968), actor and comedian
*St. Paulinus of Nola (354–431), educator, religious figure
*Émile Péreire (1800–1875), banker and industrialist
*Sophie Pétronin (born 1945), aid worker and humanitarian
*Albert Pitres (1848–1928), neurologist
*Hippolyte Pradelles (1824–1913), naturalist painter
*Georges Antoine Pons Rayet (1839–1906), astronomer, discoverer of the Wolf-Rayet stars, & founder of the Bordeaux Observatory
*Odilon Redon (1840–1916), painter
*Richard II of England (1367–1400), king
*Pierre Rode (1774–1830), violinist
*[[Biography:Olinde Rodrigues|Olinde Rodrigues]] (1795–1851), mathematician, banker and social reformer
*Marie-Sabine Roger (born 1957), writer
*Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget (1827–1895), composer, pianist and singer
*Bernard Sarrette (1765–1858), conductor and music pedagogue
*Jean-Jacques Sempé (1932–2022), cartoonist
*Florent Serra (born 1981), tennis player
*Alfred Smith, (1854–1932), painter
*Soko (born 1985), singer
*[[Biography:Philippe Sollers|Philippe Sollers]], (born 1936), writer
*Wilfried Tekovi, (born 1989), Togolese footballer
*Elie Vinet (1509–1587), historian and humanist of the Renaissance
{{div col end}}

== International relationships ==
[[File:Alain Juppé, Parc Bordeaux Ashdod, Israel.jpg|thumb|upright|Alain Juppé, Mayor of Bordeaux, visiting the twin town of Ashdod]]
[[File:Parc floral de Bordeaux 3290.jpg|225px|thumb|Wuhan pavilion at the ''Parc floral de Bordeaux'']]

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Bordeaux is twinned with:<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=Mairie de Bordeaux |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 3">{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2#tabs3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008010503/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |website=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=fr}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
*{{flagicon|ISR}} Ashdod, Israel, since 1984<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|ESP}} Bilbao, Spain<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Place:Baku|Baku]], Azerbaijan, since 1985<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Azerbaijan twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Twin-cities of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |access-date=9 August 2013 |website=Azerbaijans.com |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916221946/http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} Bristol, United Kingdom, since 1947<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Bristol">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2009 |title=Bristol City – Town twinning |url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075325/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Bristol City Council}}</ref><ref name="Archant twinning">{{Cite web |title=British towns twinned with French towns |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]], Morocco, since 1988<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|JPN}} Fukuoka, Japan, since 1982<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|POL}} Kraków, Poland, since 1993<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{Cite web |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |trans-title=Kraków -Partnership Cities |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=10 August 2013 |website=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Place:Lima|Lima]], Peru, since 1957<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}, California United States, since 1968<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Los Angeles sisters">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles |url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/ |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=sistercities.lacity.org |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411141114/http://sistercities.lacity.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]], Spain, since 1984<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Place:Munich|Munich]], Germany, since 1964<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Munich twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |access-date=3 April 2013 |website=muenchen.de |language=de |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419121017/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ALG}} Oran, Algeria, since 2003<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|POR}} Porto, Portugal, since 1978<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Porto International">{{Cite web |title=International Relations of the City of Porto |url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215200138/http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 |access-date=10 July 2009 |publisher=2006–2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} Quebec City, Quebec Canada, since 1962<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|PSE}} Ramallah, Palestine<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Place:Riga|Riga]], Latvia<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Twin cities of Riga |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Riga City Council}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1993<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="saint_petersburg">{{Cite web |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=23 March 2008 |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Place:Wuhan|Wuhan]], China, since 1998<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
{{Div col end}}

=== Partnerships ===
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
*{{flagicon|TUR}} Samsun, Turkey, since 2010<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samsun- Bordeaux işbirliği sözleşmesini imzalandı |url=http://www.haberexen.com/news_detail.php?id=26638 |access-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=HaberExen.com |language=tr}} </ref>
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Earth:Atlantic history|Atlantic history]]
* Bordeaux wine regions
* Bordeaux–Paris, a formerly professional road bicycle racing annual event
* The [[Earth:Burdigalian|Burdigalian]] Age of the Miocene Epoch is named for Bordeaux
* Canelé, a local pastry
* Communes of the Gironde department
* Dogue de Bordeaux, a [[Biology:Dog breed|breed]] of dog originally bred for dog fighting
* French wine
* Girondins
* History of slavery
* List of mayors of Bordeaux
* Operation Frankton, a British Combined Operations raid on shipping in the harbour at Bordeaux, in December 1942, during World War II
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Chantal Callais and Thierry Jeanmonod |title=Bordeaux: a history of architecture |publisher=La Geste |year=2019 |isbn=979-10-353-0188-0 |location=La Crèche}}
* {{Cite book |last=François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |edition=2nd |location=Bordeaux}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bordeaux}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130306023822/http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/bordeaux-world-capital-wine Bordeaux: the world capital of wine] – Official French website (in English)


[[Category:Burdigalian| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bordeaux}}