View source for Earth:Chattian

{{short description|Second Age of the Oligocene Epoch}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name                         = Chattian
| color                        = Chattian
| time_start                   = 27.82
| time_end                     = 23.03
| image_map                    =
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<!--Chronology-->  
| timeline                     = Paleogene
| formerly_part_of             = [[Earth:Tertiary|Tertiary]] [[Earth:Geological period|Period]]/[[Earth:System (stratigraphy)|System]]
| partially_contained_in       =
| partially_contains           =
<!--Etymology-->
| name_formality               = Formal
| name_accept_date             =
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<!--Usage Information--> 
| celestial_body               = earth
| usage                        = Global ([[Organization:International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used              = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by             =
| not_used_by                  =
<!--Definition-->
| chrono_unit                  = Age
| strat_unit                   = Stage
| proposed_by                  =
| type_section                 =
| timespan_formality           = Formal
| lower_boundary_def           = LAD of the [[Biology:Foraminifera|Planktonic Foraminifer]] Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b)
| lower_gssp_location          = Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy
| lower_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|43.6466|N|13.4677|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date       = September 2016<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coccioni|first1=Rodolfo |last2=Montanari|first2=Alessandro |last3=Nice|first3=David|last4=Brinkhuis|first4=Henk|last5=Deino|first5=Alain|last6=Frontalini|first6=Fabrizio |last7=Liter|first7=Fabrizio|last8=Maiorano|first8=Patricia|last9=Monechi|first9=Simonetta|last10=Prods|first10=Jörg|last11=Rochette|first11=Pierre|last12=Sagnotti|first12=Leonardo|last13=Sideri|first13=Marianna|last14=Sprovieri|first14=Mario|last15=Tateo|first15=Fabio|last16=Touchard|first16=Yannick|last17=Can Simaeys|first17=Stefaan|last18=Williams|first18=Graham L.|title=The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy|journal=Episodes|date=1 March 2018|volume=41|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=	10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003|doi-access=free|hdl=11573/1611823|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def           =
* Base of magnetic polarity [[Physics:Chronozone|chronozone]] C6Cn.2n.
* [[Earth:First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Biology:Foraminifera|Planktonic Foraminiferan]] ''Paragloborotalia kugleri''
| upper_gssp_location          = Lemme-Carrosio Section, Carrosio, Italy
| upper_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|44.6589|N|8.8364|E|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date       = 1996<ref name="Steininger 1997">{{cite journal|last=Steininger|first=Fritz F. |author2=M. P. Aubry |author3=W. A. Berggren |author4=M. Biolzi |author5=A. M. Borsetti |author6=Julie E. Cartlidge |author7=F. Cati |author8=R. Corfield |author9=R. Gelati |author10=S. Iaccarino |author11=C. Napoleone |author12=F. Ottner |author13=F. Rögl |author14=R. Roetzel |author15=S. Spezzaferri |author16=F. Tateo |author17=G. Villa |author18=D. Zevenboom |title=The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene|journal=Episodes|year=1997|volume=20|issue=1|pages=23–28|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file9.pdf|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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}}

The '''Chattian''' is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two [[Earth:Age (geology)|ages]] or upper of two [[Physics:Stage (stratigraphy)|stages]] of the [[Earth:Oligocene|Oligocene]] [[Earth:Epoch (geology)|Epoch]]/[[Earth:Series (stratigraphy)|Series]]. It spans the time between {{ma|Chattian|and}} {{ma|Aquitanian|Ma}}. The Chattian is preceded by the [[Earth:Rupelian|Rupelian]] and is followed by the [[Earth:Aquitanian (stage)|Aquitanian]] (the lowest stage of the Miocene).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale|title=International Commission on Stratigraphy 2017}}</ref>

==Stratigraphic definition==
The Chattian was introduced by Austrian palaeontologist Theodor Fuchs in 1894.<ref>Harland, Brian et al. ''A Geological Time Scale 1989'', Cambridge University Press, 1982. pp 64. {{ISBN|0-521-38361-7}}</ref> Fuchs named the stage after the Chatti, a Germanic tribe.<ref name="berry">Berry, Edward W. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/6334 "The Mayence Basin, a Chapter of Geologic History"], ''The Scientific Monthly'', Vol. 16, No. 2, February 1923. pp. 114. Retrieved March 18, 2020.</ref> The original [[Earth:Type locality (geology)|type locality]] was near the {{wipe|Germany}} city of Kassel.

The base of the Chattian is at the [[Biology:Extinction|extinction]] of the foram [[Biology:Genus|genus]] ''Chiloguembelina'' (which is also the base of foram [[Earth:Biozone|biozone]] P21b). An official GSSP for the Chattian Stage was ratified in October of 2016.

The top of the Chattian Stage (which is the base of the Aquitanian Stage, Miocene Series and [[Earth:Neogene|Neogene]] [[Earth:System (stratigraphy)|System]]) is at the first appearance of foram species ''Paragloborotalia kugleri'', the [[Biology:Extinction|extinction]] of calcareous [[Earth:Plankton#Size groups|nanoplankton]] species ''Reticulofenestra bisecta'' (which forms the base of nanoplankton [[Earth:Biozone|biozone]] NN1), and the base of [[Physics:Magnetic|magnetic]] C6Cn.2n.

The Chattian is coeval with regionally used stages or zones such as the upper Avernian European mammal zone (it spans the [[Earth:Mammal Paleogene zones|Mammal Paleogene zones]] 30 through 26 and part of 25<ref name="MP">{{cite web |last = Alroy |first = John | page = The Paleobiology Database | title = Mammal Paleogene zones |url = http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=processViewScale&scale_no=125 | access-date = 15 July 2009}}</ref>); the upper [[Earth:Geringian|Geringian]] and lower [[Earth:Arikareean|Arikareean]] mammal zones of North America; most of the [[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]] mammal zone of South America; the upper Hsandgolian and whole [[Earth:Tabenbulakian|Tabenbulakian]] mammal zone of Asia; the upper Kiscellian and lower Egerian [[Earth:Paratethys|Paratethys]] stages of Central and eastern Europe; the upper Janjukian and lower Longfordian Australian regional stages; the Otaian, Waitakian, and Duntroonian stages of the [[Earth:New Zealand geologic time scale|New Zealand geologic time scale]]; and part of the Zemorrian Californian stage and Chickasawhayan regional stage of the eastern US.

==Volcanic event==
During the Chattian the largest known single-event volcanic eruption occurred: the [[Earth:Fish Canyon Tuff|Fish Canyon eruption]] of [[Earth:La Garita Caldera|La Garita]] with a magnitude of 9.2 and VEI of 8.<ref name="Mason2004">Mason ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> It has been dated to {{val|27.51|u=Ma}} ago.<ref>Lanphere & Baadsgaard (2001)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Literature===
* {{aut|Fuchs, T.}}; '''1894''': ''Tertiaerfossilien aus den kohlenführenden Miocaenablagerungen der Umgebung von Krapina und Radaboj und über die Stellung der sogenannten "Aquitanischen Stufe"'', Königlich- Ungarische Geologische Anstalt, Mittheilungen und Jahrbuch '''10''', p.&nbsp;163-175. {{in lang|de}}
* {{aut|Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.}}; '''2004''': ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'', {{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{aut|Lanphere, M.A. & Baadsgaard, H.}}; '''2001''': ''Precise K–Ar, <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar, Rb–Sr and U/Pb mineral ages from the 27.5 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff reference standard'', Chemical Geology '''175'''(3–4), pp 653–671.
* {{aut|Mason, B.G.; Pyle, D.M. & Oppenheimer, C.}}; '''2004''': ''The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth'', Bulletin of Volcanology '''66'''(8), pp 735–748.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100822030348/http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Chattian.html Stratigraphy.org: GeoWhen Database for Chattian Age]
* [http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/1_Neogene.pdf Purdue.edu: ICS subcommission for stratigraphic information − Neogene timescale (including the upper Paleogene)] — ''by subcommission of International Commission on Stratigraphy− ICS''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518100342/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig19.1_Pal_bio_colA.pdf NorgesNetwork.no: Stratigraphic chart of the Paleogene Period] — ''Norwegian records of offshore geology and stratigraphy''.

{{Geological history|p|c|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Oligocene geochronology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chattian}}