View source for Earth:Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf

{{short description|Ice shelf in Antarctica}}
{{coord|77|51|33|S|61|17|57|W|region:AQ_type:waterbody_scale:20000000|display=title}}
[[File:Antarctica ice shelves.svg|thumb|{{Legend|#215eba|Filchner-Ronne ice shelf in blue with other ice shelves|border=#4383d7}}]]
[[File:Moa iceshelves.jpg|thumb|300px|Some named Antarctic iceshelves.]]
[[File:Antarctica Map.png|thumb|Location.]]
[[File:Iceberg A-38.jpg|thumb|The calving of A-38 off Ronne ice shelf.]]
[[File:The A38-B Iceberg Splits.gif|thumb|The A38-B iceberg splits.]]
[[File:Rapid Sea Ice Breakup along the Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf.gif|thumb|Rapid sea ice breakup along the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf, January 2010]]
The '''Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf''', also known as '''Ronne–Filchner Ice Shelf''', is an [[Earth:List of Antarctic ice shelves|Antarctic ice shelf]] bordering the Weddell Sea.

==Description==
The seaward side of the Filchner–Ronne [[Earth:Ice shelf|ice shelf]] is divided into Eastern (Filchner) {{coord|79|00|S|40|00|W|scale:4000000}} and the larger Western (Ronne) {{coord|78|30|S|61|00|W|scale:8000000}} sections by Berkner Island. The whole ice shelf covers some 430,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, making it the second largest ice shelf in Antarctica (and on Earth), after the [[Earth:Ross Ice Shelf|Ross Ice Shelf]]. It grows perpetually due to a flow of inland ice sheets. From time to time, when the shearing stresses exceed the strength of the ice, cracks form and large parts of the ice sheet separate from the ice shelf and float off and disperse as [[Earth:Iceberg|iceberg]]s. This is known as [[Earth:Ice calving|calving]].

The Ronne ice shelf is the larger and western part of the Filchner–Ronne ice shelf. It is bounded on the west by the base of the Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land with Zumberge Coast and Orville Coast) and Ellsworth Land. Commander Finn Ronne, USNR, leader of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) in 1947–48, discovered and photographed a strip along the entire northern portion of this ice shelf in two aircraft flights in November and December 1947. He named it the "Lassiter Shelf Ice" and gave the name "Edith Ronne Land" to the land presumed to lie south of it. In 1957–58, the US-[[Earth:International Geophysical Year|IGY]] party at Ellsworth Station, under now Captain Ronne, determined that the ice shelf was larger than previously charted, that it extends southward to preempt most of "Edith Ronne Land". Inasmuch as Capt. James Lassiter's name has been assigned to a coast of Palmer Land, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) approved the name Ronne Ice Shelf for this large ice shelf, on the basis of first sighting and exploration of the ice shelf by Ronne and parties under his leadership. The shelf is therefore named for Edith Ronne, the wife of Finn Ronne and RARE Expedition member.

The Filchner ice shelf is the eastern part of the Filchner–Ronne ice shelf. It is bounded on the west by Berkner Island and on the east by [[Place:Coats Land|Coats Land]]. The east part of this shelf was discovered in January–February 1912 by the German Antarctic Expedition under Wilhelm Filchner. Filchner named the feature for Kaiser Wilhelm, but the Emperor requested it be named for its discoverer. The shelf is nourished primarily by the Slessor Glacier, the Recovery Glacier, and the Support Force Glacier, all located east of Berkner Island.

In 2021, [[Biology:Sponge|sponges]] and other unidentified suspension feeders were reported to have been found growing on a boulder under the western margin of the Filchner ice shelf, close to Berkner Island, at a depth of 1,233 m (872 of which were ice), 260 km from open water.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=H.J. |last2=Anker |first2=P. |last3=Linse |first3=K. |last4=Maxwell |first4=J. |last5=Post |first5=A.L. |last6=Stevens |first6=C. |last7=Tulaczyk |first7=S. |date=15 February 2021 |title=Breaking all the rules: the first recorded hard substrate sessile benthic community far beneath an Antarctic ice shelf |journal= Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=8 |pages=76 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.642040 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Disintegration (calving)==
In October 1998, the iceberg A-38 broke off the Filchner–Ronne ice shelf. It had an extent of roughly 150 by 50&nbsp;km and was thus larger than Delaware. It later broke up again into three parts. A similar-sized calving in May 2000 created an iceberg 167 by 32&nbsp;km in extent, dubbed A-43 – the disintegration of this is thought to have been responsible for the November 2006 sighting of several large icebergs from the coast of the South Island of [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]], the first time since 1931 that any icebergs had been observed from the New Zealand mainland. A large group of small icebergs (the largest some 1000 metres in length), were seen off the south-east coast of the island, with one of them drifting close enough to shore to be visible from the hills above the city of [[Place:Dunedin|Dunedin]]. If these were indeed the remnants of this calving, then over the course of five and a half years they had travelled slowly north and also east around over half the globe, a journey of some 13,500&nbsp;km.<ref name="Dunedin">[http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2006-11-07-1/ NIWA report], National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research</ref>

From January 12 and January 13, 2010, an area of sea ice larger than the state of Rhode Island, or one-seventh the size of Wales, broke away from the Ronne–Filchner Ice Shelf and shattered into many smaller pieces. The Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's [[Engineering:Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] and [[Engineering:Terra (satellite)|Terra]] satellites captured this event in this series of photo-like images.<ref name="NASA Images">[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=42302 Rapid Sea Ice Breakup along the Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf]</ref>

In May 2021, Iceberg A-76 broke off the northwest corner of the shelf. At 4320 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the world's largest iceberg |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/Meet_the_world_s_largest_iceberg#.YKTfep3wFKU.link |website=The ESA |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> it is larger than Majorca, several times larger than Iceberg A-74 which calved in the same year, or approximately 14% the size of Belgium.

The ice of the Filchner–Ronne ice shelf can be as thick as 600&nbsp;m; the water below is about 1400&nbsp;m deep at the deepest point.

The international Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf Programme (FRISP) was initiated in 1973 to study the ice shelf.<ref>[http://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/documentation/chap6.html 6.2.1. Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601230803/http://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/wais/documentation/chap6.html |date=2010-06-01 }}. WAIS: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Initiative.</ref>

A study published in ''Nature'' in 2012 by scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany, and funded by the Ice2Sea initiative, predicts the disappearance of the {{convert|450000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} vast ice shelf in Antarctica by the end of the century which could – indirectly – add up to {{convert|4.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rise of sea level each year.<ref name="Wegener">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-antarctica-global-warming-idUSBRE84811E20120509 |title=New Antarctic Ice Shelf Threatened by Warming |work=Reuters |date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=5 Jan 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*Belgrano I Base
*Ellsworth Station
*Filchner Trough
*Grand Chasms
*Weddell Gyre

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Ice shelf}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nsidc.org/data/iceshelves_images/ronne_w_loc.html| title=Satellite image/map of Ronne (W)| publisher=[[Organization:National Snow and Ice Data Center|National Snow and Ice Data Center]] | date=2002-12-03| access-date=2008-01-26}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nsidc.org/data/iceshelves_images/ronne_e_loc.html| title=Satellite image/map of Filchner (E)| publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center | date=2002-12-03| access-date=2008-01-26}}
*[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/340580/title/Big_Antarctic_ice_sheet_appears_doomed  Big Antarctic ice sheet appears doomed; Warming climate predicted to trigger collapse of Filchner-Ronne shelf by 2100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614054354/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/340580/title/Big_Antarctic_ice_sheet_appears_doomed |date=2012-06-14 }}  June 2, 2012; Vol.181 #11 (p.&nbsp;5) Science News.

{{usgs-gazetteer|id=4892|name=Filchner Ice Shelf}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf}}
[[Category:Ice shelves of Antarctica]]

{{Sourceattribution|Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf}}