View source for Earth:Forest-Range Environmental Study Ecosystems

'''Forest-Range Environmental Study Ecosystems''', known as '''FRES''', is a system for the classification of ecosystems developed by the United States Forest Service as a management tool for the entire lower 48.<ref name="Garrison-1977">Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, A. J.; Duncan, D. A.; Lewis, M. E.; and Smith, D. R. (1977) [http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/misc/ah475.pdf ''Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems''] (Forest Service Handbook Number 465) United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., {{OCLC|3359594}}</ref> Thirty four ecosystems were defined for grasslands, forests and woodlands.<ref name="Garrison-1977"/>
==Forest and woodland classification==
*FRES 10  White pine - red pine - jack pine
*FRES 11  Spruce - fir
*FRES 12  Longleaf - slash pine
*FRES 13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
*FRES 14  Oak pine
*FRES 15  Oak - hickory
*FRES 16  Oak - gum - cypress
*FRES 17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
*FRES 18  Maple - beech - birch
*FRES 19  Aspen - birch
*FRES 20  Douglas-fir
*FRES 21  Ponderosa pine
*FRES 22  Western white pine
*FRES 23  Fir - spruce
*FRES 24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce
*FRES 25  Larch
*FRES 26  Lodgepole pine
*FRES 27  Redwood
*FRES 28  Western hardwoods
*FRES 29  Sagebrush
*FRES 30  Desert shrub
*FRES 31  Shinnery
*FRES 32  Texas savanna
*FRES 33  Southwestern shrubsteppe
*FRES 34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
*FRES 35  Pinyon - juniper

==Grassland classification==
*FRES 36  Mountain grasslands
*FRES 37  Mountain meadows
*FRES 38  Plains grasslands
*FRES 39  Prairie
*FRES 40  Desert grasslands
*FRES 41  Wet grasslands
*FRES 42  Annual grasslands

==Alpine classification==
*FRES 44  Alpine meadows and barren

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Ecosystems]]

{{Sourceattribution|Forest-Range Environmental Study Ecosystems}}