View source for Earth:Furongian

{{Short description|Fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name                         = Furongian
| color                        = Furongian
| time_start                   = 497
| time_start_prefix            = ~
| time_end                     = 485.4
| time_end_uncertainty         = 1.9
| image_map                    =
| caption_map                  =
| image_outcrop                =
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| image_art                    =
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<!--Chronology-->  
| timeline                     = Cambrian
<!--Etymology-->
| name_formality               = Formal
| name_accept_date             = 2003
| alternate_spellings          =
| synonym1                     =
| synonym1_coined              =
| synonym2                     =
| synonym2_coined              =
| synonym3                     =
| synonym3_coined              =
| nicknames                    =
| former_names                 = Cambrian Series 4
| proposed_names               =
<!--Usage Information--> 
| celestial_body               = earth
| usage                        = Global ([[Organization:International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used              = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by             =
| not_used_by                  =
<!--Definition-->
| chrono_unit                  = Epoch
| strat_unit                   = Series
| proposed_by                  = Shanchi et al., 2002
| timespan_formality           = Formal
| lower_boundary_def           = [[Earth:First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Biology:Trilobite|Trilobite]] ''[[Biology:Glyptagnostus reticulatus|Glyptagnostus reticulatus]]''
| lower_gssp_location          = Paibi section, Paibi, Hunan, {{wipe|China}}
| lower_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|28.3895|N|109.5257|E|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date       = 2003<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peng, S. C. |author2=Babcock, L. E. |author3=Robison, R. A. |author4=Lin, H. L. |author5=Rees, M. N. |author6=Saltzman, M. R. |title=Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian) |journal=Lethaia |date=2004 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=365–379 |doi=10.1080/00241160410002081 |url=http://www.palaeontology.geo.uu.se/ISCS/ISCS_GSSPs.html |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def           = FAD of the [[Biology:Conodont|Conodont]] ''[[Biology:Iapetognathus fluctivagus|Iapetognathus fluctivagus]]''.
| upper_gssp_location          = Greenpoint section, Green Point, Newfoundland, {{wipe|Canada}}
| upper_gssp_coords            = {{Coord|49.6829|N|57.9653|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date       = 2000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Roger |last2=Nowlan |first2=Godfrey |last3=Williams |first3=S. H. |title=Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System |journal=Episodes |date=March 2001 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005 |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/tremadocian.pdf |access-date=6 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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}}
The '''Furongian ''' is the fourth and final [[Earth:Epoch (geology)|epoch]] and [[Earth:Series (stratigraphy)|series]] of the [[Earth:Cambrian|Cambrian]]. It lasted from {{Period start|Furongian}} to {{Period start|Ordovician}} million years ago. It succeeds the [[Earth:Miaolingian|Miaolingian]] series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician [[Earth:Tremadocian|Tremadocian]] Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the [[Earth:Paibian|Paibian]], [[Earth:Jiangshanian|Jiangshanian]] and the unnamed [[Earth:Cambrian Stage 10|10th stage of the Cambrian]].<ref name="GSSP Paleozoic">{{cite web|title=GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/index.php?parentid=77|publisher=Geologic Timescale Foundation|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>

==Naming==
The Furongian was also known as the '''Cambrian Series 4''', and the name replaced the older term '''Upper Cambrian''' and equivalent to the local term '''Hunanian'''. The present name was ratified by the [[Organization:International Commission on Stratigraphy|International Commission on Stratigraphy]] in 2003. {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Fúróng}} ({{lang|zh|芙蓉}}) means '[[Biology:Lotus (genus)|lotus]]' in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state".<ref name="Peng 2004"/>

==Definition==
The lower boundary is defined in the same way as the GSSP of the [[Earth:Paibian|Paibian]] Stage. Both begin with the [[Earth:First appearance datum|first appearance]] of the [[Biology:Trilobite|trilobite]] ''[[Biology:Glyptagnostus reticulatus|Glyptagnostus reticulatus]]'' around {{Period start|Paibian}} million years ago.<ref name="GSSP for the Paibian">{{cite web|title=GSSP for the Paibian|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/paibian.htm|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194356/https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/paibian.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The upper boundary is the lower boundary and GSSP of the [[Earth:Tremadocian|Tremadocian]] Stage which is the first appearance of the [[Biology:Conodont|conodont]] ''[[Biology:Iapetognathus fluctivagus|Iapetognathus fluctivagus]]'' around {{Period start|Tremadocian}} million years ago.<ref name="GSSP for the Cambrian - Ordovician Boundary">{{cite web|title=GSSP for the Cambrian - Ordovician Boundary|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/camord.htm|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225739/https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/camord.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
The following table shows the subdivisions of the Furongian series/epoch:<ref name="GSSP Paleozoic" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Series
! style="width:75px;"| Stage
! style="width:55px;"| Age (Ma)
|- style="background:{{period color|Lower Ordovician}}"
| rowspan="3" | Lower Ordovician
|- style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"
| [[Earth:Floian|Floian]]
| {{Period start|Floian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Tremadocian}}"
| [[Earth:Tremadocian|Tremadocian]]
| {{Period start|Tremadocian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Furongian}}"
| rowspan="4" | Furongian
|- style="background:{{period color|Stage 10}}"
| [[Earth:Cambrian Stage 10|Stage 10]]
| {{Period start|Stage 10}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Jiangshanian}}"
| [[Earth:Jiangshanian|Jiangshanian]]
| {{Period start|Jiangshanian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Paibian}}"
| [[Earth:Paibian|Paibian]]
| {{Period start|Paibian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Series 3}}"
| rowspan="4" | Series 3
|- style="background:{{period color|Guzhangian}}"
| [[Earth:Guzhangian|Guzhangian]]
| {{Period start|Guzhangian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Drumian}}"
| [[Earth:Drumian|Drumian]]
| {{Period start|Drumian}}
|- style="background:{{period color|Stage 5}}"
| [[Earth:Wuliuan|Wuliuan]]
| {{Period start|Wuliuan}}
|}

==Biostratigraphy==
The base of two of three stages of the Furongian are defined as the first appearance of a trilobite. The base of the Paibian is the first appearance of ''[[Biology:Glyptagnostus reticulatus|Glyptagnostus reticulatus]]'' and the base of the [[Earth:Jiangshanian|Jiangshanian]] is the first appearance of ''[[Biology:Agnostotes orientalis|Agnostotes orientalis]]''.<ref name="Peng 2004">{{cite journal|last=Peng|first=Shanchi|author2=Babcock, Loren|author3= Robison, Richard|author4= Lin, Huanling|author5= Rees, Margaret|author6= Saltzman, Matthew|title=Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)|journal=Lethaia|date=30 November 2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=365–379|doi=10.1080/00241160410002081|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf|access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="GSSP Jiangshanian">{{cite web|title=GSSP for Jiangshanian|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=145&top_parentid=0|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> The still unnamed [[Earth:Cambrian Stage 10|Cambrian Stage 10]] might be defined as the first appearance of ''Lotagnostus americanus'' or the [[Biology:Conodont|conodont]] ''Eoconodontus notchpeakensis''.<ref name="Landing 2011">{{cite journal|last=Landing|first=E.|author2=Westrop, S.R.|author3=Adrain, J.M.|title=The Lawsonian Stage - the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD and HERB carbon isotope excursion define a globally correlatable terminal Cambrian stage|journal=Bulletin of Geosciences|date=19 September 2011|pages=621–640|doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1251|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Furongian can be divided into a number of [[Earth:Trilobite zone|trilobite zone]]s:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Series
! Stage
! Trilobite zone
! Trilobite GSSP
|-
| rowspan=4 style="background-color:{{period color|Furongian}};" | Furongian
| style="background-color:{{period color|Stage 10}};" | [[Earth:Cambrian Stage 10|Stage 10]]
| Saukia zone (upper part), Eurekia apopsis zone, Tangshanaspis Zone, Parakoldinioidia zone, Symphysurina zone<ref name="Landing 2011" />
| ''Lotagnostus americanus'' (undecided)
|-
| style="background-color:{{period color|stage 9}};" | [[Earth:Jiangshanian|Jiangshanian]]
| Ellipsocephaloides zone, Saukia zone (lower part)<ref name="Landing 2011" />
| ''[[Biology:Agnostotes orientalis|Agnostotes orientalis]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{period color|Paibian}};" | [[Earth:Paibian|Paibian]]
| ? (?)
|  rowspan=2 | ''[[Biology:Glyptagnostus reticulatus|Glyptagnostus reticulatus]]''
|-
| ''[[Biology:Cedaria|Cedaria]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geological history|p|p|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Furongian| ]]
[[Category:Cambrian geochronology|*04]]



{{Sourceattribution|Furongian}}