View source for Earth:Lake Rotorua

{{Short description|Lake in the North Island of New Zealand}}{{for multi|the lake in the South Island|Lake Rotorua (Canterbury)|the territorial authority|Rotorua Lakes}}
{{Infobox body of water
 |name = Lake Rotorua
 |native_name = {{lang-mi|Te Rotorua nui ā Kahumatamomoe}}
 |image = Lake Rotorua.jpg
 |caption = Lake Rotorua
 |alt = Lake Rotorua
 |image_bathymetry =
 |image_map={{Infobox mapframe |area_km2=79.8|point=none|shape-fill-opacity=0|stroke-width=1}}
 |pushpin_map=New Zealand#North Island
 |pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Rotorua
 |pushpin_relief=yes
 |caption_bathymetry = 
 |location = Rotorua Lakes, Bay of Plenty Region, North Island
 |coords = {{coord|38|05|S|176|16|E|type:waterbody_region:NZ|display=it}}
 |type = [[Earth:Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]
 |inflow = Utuhina, Hamurana Spring, Ngongotahā
 |outflow = Ohau Channel
 |catchment = 
 |basin_countries = New Zealand
 |length = {{convert|12.1|km}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |width = {{convert|9.7|km}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |area = {{convert|79.8|km2}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |depth = {{convert|10|m}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |max-depth = {{convert|45|m}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |volume = 
 |residence_time = 
 |shore = 
 |elevation = {{convert|280|m}}<ref name="lowe" />
 |islands = [[Earth:Mokoia Island|Mokoia Island]]
 |cities = Rotorua
 |reference = <ref name="lowe">{{cite book| editor = Viner, A.B.|last1=Lowe |first1= D.J. |last2= Green |first2= J.D.| title = Inland waters of New Zealand| pages = 471–474| publisher = DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre| location = Wellington| year = 1987| isbn=0-477-06799-9}}</ref>
}}
'''Lake Rotorua''' ({{lang-mi|'''Te Rotorua nui ā Kahumatamomoe'''}}) is the second largest [[Earth:Lake|lake]] in the North Island of [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]] by surface area, and covers 79.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="lowe" /> 
With a mean depth of only 10 metres it is considerably smaller than nearby [[Earth:Lake Tarawera|Lake Tarawera]] in terms of volume of water. It is located within the Rotorua Caldera in the Bay of Plenty Region.

== Geography==
Lake Rotorua is fed with water from a number of rivers and streams; some such as the Utuhina flow with a water 
temperature warmer than the lake due to the thermal activity in the Rotorua area. Conversely streams on the northern shore such as the Hamurana Spring and the Awahou stream flow crystal clear water that has a constant temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Other notable tributaries include the Ngongotahā stream, famous for [[Biology:Trout|trout]] fishing. Lake Rotorua flows directly into Lake Rotoiti via the Ohau Channel at the north eastern corner of the lake. The urban development of Rotorua extends along the south portion of the lake shore.

=== Geology ===
The lake was formed from the crater of a large [[Earth:Volcano|volcano]] in the [[Earth:Taupō Volcanic Zone|Taupō Volcanic Zone]].  Its last major eruption was about 240,000 years ago.<ref name="Bégué2014">{{cite journal|first1=F. |last1=Bégué|first2=C. D. |last2=Deering|first3=D. M. |last3=Gravley |first4=B. M. |last4=Kennedy |first5=I. |last5=Chambefort |first6=G. A. R. |last6=Gualda |first7=O. |last7=Bachmann |title=Extraction, Storage and Eruption of Multiple Isolated Magma Batches in the Paired Mamaku and Ohakuri Eruption, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=55 |issue=8 |year=2014 |pages=1653–1684 |doi=10.1093/petrology/egu038 |url=https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/55/8/1653/1486635|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/88102 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  After the eruption, the [[Earth:Magma chamber|magma chamber]] underneath the volcano collapsed.  The circular depression left behind is the Rotorua Caldera, which is the site of the lake.  
<div style="float:left;">
<!--Data based on Marx, R; White, JD; Manville, V (15 October 2009). "Sedimentology and allostratigraphy of post-240 ka to pre-26.5 ka lacustrine terraces at intracaldera Lake Rotorua, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Sedimentary Geology. 220 (3–4): 349–62 but with recent eruption timings corrected consistent with later work ie. Lowe, David; Ilanko, Tehnuka. "Pre-conference tephra data workshop – Hands-on session II: tephra excursion, Okareka Loop Road (29 January 2023 , P Ashwell Controls on rhyolite lava dome eruptions in the Taupo Volcanic Zone 2014--->
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The lake as shown in Figure 1, has had periods at multiple different lake levels since the caldera's Mamaku [[Earth:Ignimbrite|ignimbrite]] eruption, related to both volcanic activity and subsidence within the [[Earth:Taupō Rift|Taupō Rift]].<ref name=Marx2009>{{cite journal| last1=Marx| first1=R| last2=White| first2=JD| last3=Manville| first3=V| title=Sedimentology and allostratigraphy of post-240 ka to pre-26.5 ka lacustrine terraces at intracaldera Lake Rotorua, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand| journal=Sedimentary Geology| date=15 October 2009| volume=220| issue=3-4| pages=349-62| doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.025}}</ref> The lake all time high occurred sometime after the formation of the Ngongotahā Dome which records this on its flanks, and is now dated at 200,000 years.<ref name=Ashwell2014>{{cite thesis| first1=Paul Allan| last1=Ashwell| title=Controls on rhyolite lava dome eruptions in the Taupo Volcanic Zone| year=2014|access-date=2 October 2023| url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstreams/d6a05037-695c-47c4-8e41-41d9f205ff81/download | doi=10.26021/7632}}</ref>{{rp|pp=149,171}} Previously this dome's eruption was assigned much closer to the time of the Mamaku ignimbrite eruption, so the lake maximum high stand was assumed to be more directly related to the caldera's formation. Breakout floods are suspected through the Hemo Gorge after the lake's maximum high stand, definitely after the Rotoiti eruption of the Ōkataina Caldera, with formation of a channel within the western lake floor of Lake Rotoiti and suspected after the Hauparu eruption throught the Kaituna River Gorge.<ref name=Marx2009/> Several other lakes of volcanic origin are located nearby to the east, around the base of the active volcano [[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]] and these also over time have varied in size or existence due to volcanic action.

[[Earth:Mokoia Island|Mokoia Island]], close to the centre of the lake, is a much later [[Earth:Rhyolite|rhyolite]] dome compared to Ngongotahā.<ref name="Bégué2014"/><ref name=Ashwell2014/>{{rp|150}} It is probably New Zealand's best-known lake island, and is closely associated with one of the best-known [[Religion:Māori mythology|Māori]] legends, that of [[Earth:Mokoia Island|Hinemoa and Tutanekai]]. Is said that Hinemoa swam across the lake to her lover Tutanekai who lived on Mokoia Island.

Owing to the [[Earth:Geothermal activity|geothermal]] activity around the lake (including still active [[Earth:Geyser|geyser]]s and hot mud pools), the lake has a high sulphur content. This gives the lake's waters an unusual yellowish-green hue.

=== Mapping of lake floor ===
In 2024, maps of the lake floor were published, showing the results of surveys carried out in 2016 and 2017. The maps reveal the course of an ancient river, now submerged, and thousands of pockmarks that probably result from the emission of gas from decomposition of organic material beneath the lake floor. The surveys also revealed significant geothermal activity extending around {{Convert|1|km|abbr=on}} into the lake from Sulphur Point.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morton |first=Jamie |date=25 January 2024 |title=Hidden wonders: What scientists just discovered beneath Lake Rotorua |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/hidden-wonders-what-scientists-just-discovered-beneath-lake-rotorua/PJ4ULVZMGJAMPFQD34UGOTTGWI/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

== Tourist attraction ==
[[File:Lake Rotorua from air.JPG|thumb|left|Lake Rotorua from the air]]
Despite the large volume of water flowing through Lake Rotorua its shallow depth  makes it very prone to discolouration, especially from sediment following windy weather. It is well used by fishermen, but less popular with watersports participants and swimmers.

The Ohau Channel is navigable by boat and is also favoured by fly fishermen. The Ohau channel joins at the Mourea delta, an area with very low water levels. This area is frequented by novice kayakers and swimmers. Nearby is the ancestral land of the Ngati Pikiao hapu of the Te Arawa tribe. From Lake Rotoiti the waters of Lake Rotorua flow to the Kaituna River into the [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]] near Maketu; the rapid descent from over 900 feet above sea level in less than 20&nbsp;km has created an area used for extreme kayaking and white water rafting.
{{Clear}}
{{Wide image|Lake Rotorua panorama.jpg|1024px|Panoramic view of Lake Rotorua from Mount Ngongotahā}}

==See also==
*Lakes of New Zealand
*List of lakes in New Zealand

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotorua, Lake}}
[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Lake Rotorua}}