View source for Earth:Lake Tarawera

{{short description|Lake in New Zealand}}
{{Infobox body of water
|name = Lake Tarawera
|image = Lake Tarawera.jpg
|alt = Lake Tarawera
|caption = Lake Tarawera
|image_bathymetry = Tarawera Bathymetry.png
| alt_bathymetry     = Bathymetric map of Lake Tarawera
|image_map=
|pushpin_map=New Zealand#North Island
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Tarawera
| pushpin_relief = yes
|caption_bathymetry = Bathymetric map of Lake Tarawera<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Ronde |first1=Cornel E.J. |last2=Caratori-Tontini |first2=Fabio |last3=Black |first3=Jenny A. |title=Bathymetric Map of Lake Tarawera, New Zealand |date=2022 |doi=10.21420/3C7C-VY17 |url=https://shop.gns.cri.nz/rl-tarawera/ |access-date=31 August 2023| journal=GNS Science Rotorua Lakes Map Series}}</ref>
|location = Rotorua Lakes, Bay of Plenty Region, North Island
|coords = {{coord|38|12|S|176|27|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|lake_type = volcanic
|inflow = Tarawera Peak Stream, Te Whekau Stream, Orchard Stream, Spencer Road Ford Stream ''multiple springs and subsurface''
|outflow =Tarawera River ''and subsurface''
|catchment ={{convert|143.8|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|56}}
|basin_countries = New Zealand
|length = {{convert|11.4|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" />
|width = {{convert|9.0|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" />
|area = {{convert|41.0|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" />
|depth = {{convert|57.0|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" />
|max-depth = {{convert|87.5|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" />
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation = {{convert|298|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="lowe" /><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|55}}
|islands =
|cities =
|reference =<ref name=White2016>{{cite web| title=Nitrogen discharge from the groundwater system to lakes and streams in the greater Lake Tarawera catchment GNS Science Consultancy Report 20151108| first1=P| last1=White| first2=M | last2=Toews| first3=C| last3=Tschritter| first4=A| last4=Lovett| url=https://www.boprc.govt.nz/media/670484/nitrogen-discharge-from-the-groundwater-system-to-lakes-and-streams-in-the-greater-lake-tarawera-catchment.pdf |access-date=28 August 2023| year=2016}}</ref><ref name="lowe">{{cite book| editor = Viner, A.B.|last1=Lowe |first1= D.J. |last2= Green |first2= J.D.| title = Inland waters of New Zealand| pages = 471–474| publisher=DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre| location = Wellington| year = 1987| isbn=0-477-06799-9}}</ref>
}}
'''Lake Tarawera''' is the largest of a series of lakes which surround the [[Earth:Volcano|volcano]] [[Earth:Mount Tarawera|Mount Tarawera]] in the North Island of [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]]. Like the mountain, it lies within the Ōkataina Caldera. It is located {{convert|18|km}} to the east of Rotorua, and beneath the peaks of the Tarawera massif i.e. Wahanga, Ruawahia, Tarawera and Koa. Tarawera means "Burnt Spear", named by a visiting hunter who left his bird spears in a hut and on returning the following season found both the spears and hut had been burned down completely.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Paul| last1=Smitz| first2=Sandra| last2=Bao| first3=Pete| last3=Cruttenden| year=2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oV6VfIH4qYC&dq=Lake+Tarawera&pg=PA603 | title=Australia & New Zealand on a shoestring| publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |edition=1st |pages=603 |isbn=1-74059-646-3}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Lake Tarawera is {{convert|298|m|abbr=on}} above sea level,<ref name="lowe" /><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|24}} and has a surface area of {{convert|41|km2|abbr=on}}. To the north-west is [[Earth:Lake Ōkataina|Lake Ōkataina]], to the west as you go south, lakes [[Earth:Lake Ōkareka|Ōkāreka]], [[Earth:Lake Tikitapu|Tikitapu]] and [[Earth:Lake Rotokākahi|Rotokākahi]] and to the south-east [[Earth:Lake Rotomahana|Lake Rotomahana]]. Lake Tarawera township is on the western shore, between Lake Tarawera and Lake Ōkāreka. The main road access is from Rotorua to the west.

The lake was substantially affected by the [[Earth:1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera|eruption of Mount Tarawera]] on 10 June 1886 to the lake's east.<ref name="Keam1988">Royal Society of New Zealand (1984), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq0EAAAAIAAJ&q=10+June+1886 ''Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand''], Vol. 14–15 p. 121. ISSN 0303-6758</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarawera: The Volcanic Eruption of 10 June 1886|last=Keam|first=Ron|publisher=R. F. Keam|year=1988|location=Auckland}}</ref><ref>Nairn, I. and Houghton, B. F. (1986) "Tarawera- the 1886 eruption" in Perry, J. F. (Ed.) ''Tarawera Eruption Centennial Exhibition 1886–1986,'' Rotorua District Council, Rotorua, 204</ref><ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|291–2}} There were changes in lake level and sediment carriage.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|491–2,4}}

The lake has a large catchment. This includes Lake Tarawera's immediate catchment, being {{convert|143.8|km2|abbr=on}} in area, and the catchment of the nearby higher lakes, being a total of {{convert|380.9|km2|abbr=on}}, with an estimated mean annual precipitation of {{convert|20001|L/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|56}}

=== Water Flow ===
{{stack|clear=true | margin=true |
[[File:LakeTarawera.jpg|thumb|The deep blue of Lake Tarawera on a fine day.]]
[[File:Abaconda lake tarawera.jpg|thumbnail|Lake Tarawera, with Mount Tarawera standing behind it|alt=]]
[[File:Hot Water Beach, Tarawera.jpg|alt=|thumb|Steam rising from Hot Water Beach, Te Rata Bay, as viewed from Tarawera Track]]
[[File:Lake Tarawera Hot Water Beach (33390859072).jpg|thumb|Lake Tarawera Hot Water Beach from a boat 2017]]
[[File:Lake Tarawera (32111116643).jpg|thumb|Shoreline native forest (bush) Lake Tarawera in 2017]]
[[File:Tarawera-0865.jpg|thumb|Ducks and swans on Lake Tarawera in 2007]]
[[File:Edward Payton - Tarawera Mountain and Lake - 1924-4 - Auckland Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|Edward Payton – Tarawera Mountain and Lake – 1924]]
[[File:Wairoa, Lake Tarawera (48752869078).jpg|thumb|Wairoa, Lake Tarawera ca. 1880 Kennett Watkins]]
[[File:Abaconda tarawera lake.jpg|thumb|Lake Tarawera township in 2011]]
}}
Lake Tarawera is filled primarily by water flowing through the volcanic rocks and ashes, only about 42% being from water flowing in streams, etc.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|10}} The mean surface inflows are estimated to be:<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Surface water flows to Lake Tarawera
|-
! Source !! Mean Water Flow !! Coordinates
|-
| Te Puroku No. 2 (Twin Creeks) || {{convert|384|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|13|23|S|176|24|13|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Wairoa Stream || {{convert|347|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|12|29|S|176|22|31|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Wairua Stream || {{convert|208|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|14|24|S|176|25|28|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Waterfall || {{convert|174 |L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|14|21|S|176|27|17|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Waitangi Stream || {{convert|164 |L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|10|37|S|176|23|5|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Te Puroku No. 1 (Twin Creeks) || {{convert|123|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|13|23|S|176|24|13|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Te Toroa || {{convert|91|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|12|15|S|176|23|4|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| Camp Site || {{convert|65|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|14|3|S|176|27|17|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| The Landing drain 1  || {{convert|32|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|12|24|S|176|22|38|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| Te Whekau Stream || {{convert|20|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|10|1|S|176|23|36|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Orchard Stream || {{convert|16|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|12|18|S|176|22|38|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| Ungauged sites in Kotukutuku Bay || {{convert|10|L/s|abbr=on}} || - <ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| Ungauged sites in SE of lake || {{convert|10|L/s|abbr=on}} || - <ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}
|-
| Waitangui Spring || {{convert|4|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|10|28|S|176|23|24|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|-
| Spencer Rd Ford Stream  || {{convert|1.5|L/s|abbr=on}} ||<small>{{coord|38|9|52|S|176|23|35|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline}}</small><ref name="White2016" />{{rp|43}}<ref name="Gillon2009" />
|}
Thus surface water inflows contribute {{convert|1649.5|L/s|abbr=on}} which is less than the {{convert|2358|L/s|abbr=on}} rainfall on the lake surface itself and much less than either the estimated total outflow from the lake approaching {{convert|10000|L/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|15, 47, 68–69}} Therefore there is a fair subsurface inflow into the lake.
{{float begin|side=left}}
|- align="center"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Catchment !! Inflow
|-
| Tarawera || {{convert|8494|L/s|abbr=on}}
|-
| Rotomahana || {{convert|1128|L/s|abbr=on}}
|-
| Okareka || {{convert|752|L/s|abbr=on}}
|-
| Okataina || {{convert|625|L/s|abbr=on}}
|-
| Rotokakahi || {{convert|559|L/s|abbr=on}}
|-
| Tikitapu || {{convert|103|L/s|abbr=on}}
|}
{{float end|'''Catchment inflows to Lake Tarawera'''}}

An estimate has been made of total inflows both surface and subsurface from the surrounding lake catchments<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|68–69}}

The main hot water sources are in the southern section of the lake at the Wairua Stream, Hot Water Beach and Te Puha and Tarawera fumaroles. There is also a small geothermal area at Humphrey's Bay, to the south of Lake Ōkataina.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|69}} Water varies between {{convert|37|C||abbr=on}} and {{convert|90|C||abbr=on}}.<ref name=Gillon2009>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/344893/CBER_94.pdf|title=Groundwater in the Okataina caldera: Model of future nitrogen loads to Lake Tarawera|last1=Gillon |first1=Nicolas |first2= Paul |last2=White |first3= David |last3=Hamilton |last4= Warwick |first4=Silvester|date=2009|website=University of Waikato}}</ref>
Lake Tarawera's outflow at its north east end, has been heavily influenced by the local geology, with a mean {{convert|7|m3/s|abbr=on}} discharged on the surface into the Tarawera River, which flows north-east into the Bay of Plenty.<ref name=Hodgkinson2005>{{cite journal| first1=K. A.| last1=Hodgson | first2=I. A. | last2=Nairn |year=2005| title=The c. AD 1315 syn‐eruption and AD 1904 post‐eruption breakout floods from Lake Tarawera, Haroharo caldera, North Island, New Zealand| journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics| volume=48 | issue=3| pages= 491–506| doi=10.1080/00288306.2005.9515128 | s2cid=129163031 }}</ref>{{rp|491}} An estimate of subsurface outflow has been made by measuring flow below Tarawera Falls where total river flow has increased to {{convert|9.9|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|47}}

=== Geology ===
Lake Tarawera has been modified by eruptions within the Ōkataina Caldera, most recently the 1314 ± 12 CE Kaharoa eruption and the 10 June 1886 eruption.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|491–2}} Its current outlet control is where Tapahoro lava flows created by the 5526 ± 145 [[Earth:Before Present|BP]]<ref name=Villamor2022>{{cite journal|title=Fault ruptures triggered by large rhyolitic eruptions at the boundary between tectonic and magmatic rift segments: The Manawahe Fault, Taupō Rift, New Zealand |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027322000099 |year= 2022 |volume=427 |issn=0377-0273 |first1=Pilar |last1=Villamor|first2= Nicola J. |last2=Litchfield |first3= David |last3=Gómez-Ortiz |first4= Fidel |last4=Martin-González |first5= Brent V. |last5=Alloway |first6=Kelvin R. |last6=Berryman |first7=Kate J. |last7=Clark|first8= William F. |last8=Ries |first9= Andrew |last9=Howell |first10= India A. |last10=Ansell|page=107478 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107478|bibcode=2022JVGR..42707478V |s2cid=246258923 }}</ref> Whakatane eruption<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|492}} run into a 14,009 ± 155 BP<ref name="Villamor2022" /> Pokohu lava flow which the Tarawera River flows across in a {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} wide channel.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|492}} Before the Whakatane eruption it is thought the lake had a lower level than at present.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|494}} Immediately after the Whakatane eruption its level increased by at least  {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} with gradual cutting down and [[Earth:Taupō Rift|Taupō Rift]] subsidence to a level just before the 1314 Kaharoa eruption of {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} above present lake levels.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|494}} The 1314 eruption blocked the outlet in a temporary dam to a temporary lake height of {{convert|32|m|abbr=on}} above present lake levels, which was subsequently eroded with a great flood at one stage, to reach by the time of European settlement first surveys {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} below present lake level.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|494}}

The lake outlet was blocked for two decades after the 1886 eruption and the lake level increased to a maximum of {{convert|12.8|m|abbr=on}} above its present level.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|491–2,4}} The eruption killed over 120 people, and buried the Māori village of Te Wairoa on the southwest shore of the lake.<ref>Flagler, Bette (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9UGCFfRAQC&pg=PA205 ''Adventure Guide New Zealand''], Hunter Publishing (NJ), Illustrated ed. p. 205. {{ISBN|1-58843-405-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dissolving Dreams|last=Keam|first=Ron|publisher=RE. F. Keam|year=2004|location=Auckland|pages=33–34}}</ref> The last major decrease in lake level occurred in a flood of 1904 down the Tarawera River valley after the new volcanic material dam first broke on 1 November 1904.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|504}} The main flood surge on 3 November 1904 was assessed at a peak flow of {{convert|700|m3/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hodgkinson2005" />{{rp|504}} After 1906 it is now known that the main change in lake level relative to reference [[Sea level|sea level]] would have been due to the slow subsidence of this area of the Taupō Rift. This rate can be estimated to have been about {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}} in 100 years from the nearest NZ Geonet station RGTA data which has been operative since November 2007 and shows a linear trend in height decrease since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geonet.org.nz/data/network/sensor/search| title=Geonet Sensor Search:RGTA |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fits.geonet.org.nz/plot?siteID=RGTA&typeID=u| title=Geonet Sensor Plot:RGTA |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>

Also assumed destroyed were the nearly famed Pink and White Terraces which were located to the south of the lake and accessed via boat across the lake and the old Lake  Rotomahana.<ref name=Thomas1888>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=A. P. W. |title=Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, N.Z. |year=1888 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout68-t21-front-d3.html |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|26}} However, in February 2011 a team mapping the lake floor discovered what appeared to be part of the Pink Terraces. The lowest two tiers of the terraces were reportedly found in their original place at {{convert|60|m}} deep (too deep for scuba diving without special gas gear). Subsequently, a portion of the White Terraces was reportedly rediscovered in June 2011. The announcement of the rediscovery of the White Terraces coincided with the 125th anniversary of the eruption of Mt. Tarawera in 1886. It was thought that the rest of the terraces may be buried in sediment rather than having been destroyed. More recent research question these earlier findings and reports the Pink and White terrace spring sites instead lie on land (along with a lesser-known Black Terrace spring).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bunn|first1=Rex|last2=Nolden|first2=Sascha|date=2017-06-07|title=Forensic cartography with Hochstetter's 1859 Pink and White Terraces survey: Te Otukapuarangi and Te Tarata|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=48|pages=39–56|doi=10.1080/03036758.2017.1329748|bibcode=2018JRSNZ..48...39B |s2cid=134907436|issn=0303-6758}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bunn|first1=Rex|last2=Nolden|first2=Sascha|date=December 2016|title=Te Tarata and Te Otukapuarangi: Reverse engineering Hochstetter's Lake Rotomahana Survey to map the Pink and White Terrace locations|url=https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/jnzs/article/view/3988/3555|journal=Journal of New Zealand Studies.|volume=NS23|pages= 37–53}}</ref><ref>Bunn, A. R., Davies, N. and Stewart, D. (2018) "Dr Hochstetter’s Lost Survey''” Surveying+Spatial'', 94, 5–13.</ref><ref>Bunn, A. R. (2019) "Hochstetter’s Survey of the Pink and White Terraces: The Final Iteration''” Surveying+Spatial'', 99, 30–35</ref> As of 2023 no sample of any terrace has been recovered, so any claim of survival of any of the terrace formations is unproven.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bunn |first1=Alfred Rex |last2=Nolden |first2=Sascha |title=Ferdinand von Hochstetter's November 1860 Folio of New Zealand survey data and the location of the Pink and White Terraces |volume=Preprint version 1 |journal=[[EarthArXiv]] |date=17 March 2023 |doi=10.31223/X5T365 |url=https://www.academia.edu/98763663 |access-date=25 August 2023 |via=[[Company:Academia.edu|Academia.edu]] }}</ref>{{rp|34}}

== Ecology ==

Lake Tarawera is classified as mesotrophic, with a [[Earth:Trophic level index|trophic level index]] of 3.0 in 2014 which was a decline.<ref name="White2016" />{{rp|5}}

The native bush has regenerated since the 1886 eruption.<ref name=LTSR>{{cite web| url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/bay-of-plenty/places/lake-tarawera-scenic-reserve/?tab-id=50578| title=Lake Tarawera Scenic Reserve |access-date=28 August 2023 | publisher=NZ Department of Conservation }}</ref>

== Recreational ==
Lake Tarawera is home to [[Biology:Eel|eel]]s and [[Biology:Rainbow trout|rainbow trout]]. During the summer it is popular for both fishing and water sports, and also camping as there a number of hot water beaches. Much of the more inaccessible lake shore is part of the Lake Tarawera Scenic Reserve with hunting permits possible.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/things-to-do/hunting/where-to-hunt/bay-of-plenty/rotorua-lakes-and-surrounds/lake-tarawera-scenic-reserve/| title=Hunting Lake Tarawera Scenic Reserve |access-date=28 August 2023 | publisher=NZ Department of Conservation }}</ref> There are multiple popular walking trails with access to thermal features and rock paintings, often without a permit.<ref name="LTSR" />

== Lake Tarawera township ==
The township on the shores of Lake Tarawera is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement, and covers {{Convert|4.50|km2||abbr=on}}.<ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=10 January 2023|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> It had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Lake Tarawera|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y|y||,}} with a population density of {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Lake Tarawera|y}}|R}}/4.50|0}} people per km<sup>2</sup>. Lake Tarawere township is part of the larger Kaingaroa-Whakarewarewa statistical area.<ref>{{NZ census place summary 2018|kaingaroa-whakarewarewa|Kaingaroa-Whakarewarewa}}</ref>

{{Historical populations|2006|270|2013|207|2018|267|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=<ref name="Census 2018" />}}
The township had a population of 267 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (29.0%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 3 people (−1.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 132 households, comprising 132 males and 135 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 30 people (11.2%) aged under 15 years, 33 (12.4%) aged 15 to 29, 126 (47.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 78 (29.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.0% European/Pākehā, 11.2% Māori, 2.2% Pacific peoples, 4.5% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.6% had no religion, 32.6% were Christian and 1.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 69 (29.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 27 (11.4%) people had no formal qualifications. 66 people (27.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 114 (48.1%) people were employed full-time, 42 (17.7%) were part-time, and 3 (1.3%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2018">{{NZ census 2018|7015098 and 7015100}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarawera, Lake}}
[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Lake Tarawera}}