View source for Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA

{{short description|List of minerals, intended to be as complete as possible}}
[[File:Sérandite, natrolite, analcime, aegirine 300-4-2112.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Crystals of [[Chemistry:Serandite|serandite]], natrolite, analcime, and aegirine from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada]]
[[Earth:Mineralogy|Mineralogy]] is an active science in which [[Earth:Mineral|mineral]]s are discovered or recognised on a regular basis. Use of old mineral names is also discontinued, for example when a name is no longer considered valid. Therefore, a list of recognised mineral species is never complete. 

Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various ''species''. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral ''variety''.

The [[Organization:International Mineralogical Association|International Mineralogical Association]] (IMA) is the international scientific group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names.  However, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure. Some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). Presently, each year about 90–110 new mineral species (the sum of all mutations c. 120 per year) are officially approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association.<ref name=CNMNC2007>{{Cite journal |journal=Elements |year=2007 |volume=3 |page=360 |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/missingminerals.doc |title=Missing Minerals}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|04}}, the IMA/CNMNC administrates c. 6,500 names.<ref name="IMA-CNMNC List">{{cite web | url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/imalist.htm | title=The official IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names | date=March 2009 | accessdate=2 April 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228165954/http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/imalist.htm}}</ref> Also {{As of|2011|04|lc=y}}, the Webmineral.com website lists 2,722 published and approved (IMA/CNMNC) minerals, 81 discredited minerals (IMA/CNMNC status; Michael Fleischer discredited around one thousand species in his lifetime), 2,691 synonyms and 123 "not approved" names.<ref name="Webmineral_Mineral_Counts">{{cite web | url=http://www.webmineral.com/Alphabetical_Listing.shtml | title=A to Z Listing of Minerals | publisher=Webmineral.com | accessdate=2 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220094244/http://www.webmineral.com/Alphabetical_Listing.shtml | archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref>

{{As of|2020|03}}, the IMA - CNMNC Master List of Minerals lists 5,562 valid minerals,<ref name="IMAMineralsCount">{{cite web | url=http://cnmnc.main.jp/IMA_Master_List_%282020-01%29.pdf | url-status=live | title=The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Updated: January 2020 | publisher=[[Organization:International Mineralogical Association|IMA]] – CNMNC (Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification) | work=The New IMA List of Minerals | date=January 2020 | accessdate=1 March 2020 | last=Pasero | first=Marco |display-authors=0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112161749/http://cnmnc.main.jp/IMA_Master_List_(2020-01).pdf | archive-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>  including 1,159 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 96 questionable minerals. Also {{As of|2020|03|lc=y}}, the Handbook of Mineralogy lists 4,529 species,<ref name="HandbookMiner">{{cite web | url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/index.html | title=Handbook of Mineralogy | publisher=Mineralogical Society of America | accessdate=1 March 2020 | authors=John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, and Monte C. Nichols (editors)}}</ref> and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/Rruff Project lists 5,534 valid species (IMA/CNMNC) of a total of 5,758 minerals.<ref name="rruff">{{Cite web |url=http://rruff.info/ima/ |title=IMA Database of Mineral Properties/RRUFF Project |accessdate=1 March 2020 |publisher=Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona}}</ref> The IMA/Rruff database includes 1,289 pre-IMA minerals.<ref name="rruff"/>

Due to the length of this list, it is divided into alphabetical groups. The minerals are sorted by name.

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (A)|List of minerals approved by IMA (A)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (B)|List of minerals approved by IMA (B)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (C)|List of minerals approved by IMA (C)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (D)|List of minerals approved by IMA (D)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (E)|List of minerals approved by IMA (E)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (F)|List of minerals approved by IMA (F)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (G)|List of minerals approved by IMA (G)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (H)|List of minerals approved by IMA (H)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (I)|List of minerals approved by IMA (I)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (J)|List of minerals approved by IMA (J)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (K)|List of minerals approved by IMA (K)]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (L)|List of minerals approved by IMA (L)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (M)|List of minerals approved by IMA (M)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (N)|List of minerals approved by IMA (N)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (O)|List of minerals approved by IMA (O)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (P–Q)|List of minerals approved by IMA (P–Q)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (R)|List of minerals approved by IMA (R)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (S)|List of minerals approved by IMA (S)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (T)|List of minerals approved by IMA (T)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (U–V)|List of minerals approved by IMA (U–V)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (W–X)|List of minerals approved by IMA (W–X)]]
* [[Earth:List of minerals approved by IMA (Y–Z)|List of minerals approved by IMA (Y–Z)]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Earth:List of minerals (synonyms)|List of minerals (synonyms)]]
* English Wikipedia: <BR/>[[Earth:List of minerals|List of minerals (short list)]]
{{col-end}}

* Abbreviations:
**"*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
**"s.p." – special procedure. 
**<sup>Q</sup> or "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC, mindat.org or mineralienatlas.de status).
**<sup>N</sup> – published without approval of the IMA/CNMNC, or just not an IMA approved mineral but with some acceptance in the scientific community nowadays. The 'IMA database of mineral properties' (rruff.info/ima) has 173 species with 'not an IMA approved mineral' tag, some are an intermediate member of a [[Physics:Solid solution|solid solution]] series, others are "recently" discredited minerals.<ref name="rruff" />
**<sup>I</sup> – intermediate member of a solid-solution series.
**<sup>H</sup> – hypothetical mineral (synthetic, anthropogenic, etc.)
***<sup>ch</sup> – incomplete description, hypothetical solid solution end member. Published without approval and formally discredited or not approved, yet.
**** Mainly: [[Chemistry:Pyrochlore|pyrochlore]], [[Chemistry:Tourmaline|tourmaline]] and [[Chemistry:Amphibole|amphibole]] supergroups, [[Earth:List of minerals (synonyms)#Arrojadite group|arrojadite]], and yftisite-(Y). IMA/CNMNC revisions generate hypothetical solid solution [[Earth:Endmember|endmember]]s.
**group  – a name used to designate a group of species, sometimes only a mineral group name.

== Clockwork ==

* The name of a new mineral is an IMA secret until it is approved or until its full description is published, its authors' option (approved decision: 'IMA2009-D').<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerals approved in 2010|url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/newminerals2010.pdf|publisher=IMA/ CNMNC|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> The IMA uses a code for its own procedures for the supposed new mineral (and so it is a synonym). Ferri-ottoliniite's proposal was assigned code 'IMA2001-067', it was redefined and approved as 'IMA2001-067a' in 2003, for instance (the ottoliniite root name is discredited since 2012).<ref name="hawthorne2012" />
* Current IMA regulations do not allow substances of anthropogenic origin (burning coal mine dumps, coal mine fires, slag, etc.) to be validated as a mineral species. Since 1998, the majority of [[Physics:Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]s (especially polytypes and polytypoids) are not regarded as separate mineral species anymore.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |title=The IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names: Procedures and Guidelines on Mineral Nomenclature, 1998 |year=1998 |last1=Nickel |first1=Ernest H. |last2=Grice |first2=Joel D. |volume=36 |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/cnmmn98.pdf}}</ref>
* IMA/CNMNC identifiers are usually written without space, as years don't get meaningful hits on Google search.
* "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana" (8 ed.) was the reference of CNMNC/CNMMN's (IMA) initial work. At the Kobe 2006 general meeting, the IMA council endorsed the creation of an Internet site on minerals ('rruff.info/ima'). So a Master List was needed and the older minerals were reviewed in a document of 130 pages. The final GQN List was published (grandfathered, questionable and published without approval) after a final review of Burke E A J and Nickel E H (approved decision: 'IMA2006-C'). Not only the well established minerals before 1959 was grandfathered (G), but the minerals that could not be discredited as well. The merging of the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited) with the 'GQN List' resulted in the first 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names'. The 2007 draft of the 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names' was a courtesy of the Materials Data, Inc. (MDI), its 2009 review had important modifications.<ref>{{Cite book |authors=Nickel E H, Nichols M C |year=2007 |title=IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names : draft |publisher=Materials Data, Inc. |url=http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/MINERALlist.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |authors=Nickel E H, Nichols M C |year=2009 |title=IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names |publisher=Materials Data, Inc. |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA2009-01%20UPDATE%20160309.pdf}}</ref> The RRUFF database was built with the help of the MDI's 2007 draft, the IMA Master List is an update of the MDI's 2009 review.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=RRUFF Database |url=http://rruff.info/about/about_IMA_list.php |title=IMA Mineral List}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Burke E A J |year=2006 |title=A mass discreditation of GQN minerals |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1557–1560 |doi=10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1557}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Jeffrey |last=de Fourestier |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |title=The Naming of Mineral Species Approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association: A Brief History |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1721–1735 |year=2002 |doi=10.2113/gscanmin.40.6.1721|citeseerx=10.1.1.579.3170 }}</ref> Some grandfathered minerals had their status changed to approved afterwards, based on IMA approved reports. Note: the list of approved minerals was revised with 'The New IMA List of Minerals (September 2012)'.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=IMA-CNMNC |url=http://nrmima.nrm.se//IMA_Master_List_(2012-09).pdf |title=The New IMA List of Minerals (September 2012)}}</ref>
* The IMA was founded in a meeting in Madrid (1958). The CNMMN (now CNMNC) was one of the original eight commissions, it was founded in 1959. Not all grandfathered mineral were first described prior to 1959. Hatrurite, a phase in cement clinker ([[Chemistry:Alite|alite]], C3S), was first described in 1977, for instance.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-1828.html MinDat - Hatrurite]</ref>
* Some mineral names were revised; this changed their first letters. Sodium-pharmacosiderite is now natropharmacosiderite, natroapophyllite is now fluorapophyllite-(Na), for instance.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Levinson A A |year=1966 |title=A system of nomenclature for rare-earth minerals |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=51 |pages=152–158 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nickel |first=E H |last2=Mandarino |first2=J A |year=1987 |title=Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=72 |pages=1031–1042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Burke E A J |authorlink=Ernst A. J. Burke |year=2008 |title=Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks |journal=The Mineralogical Record |volume=39 |pages=131–135 |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/tidyingupnames.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armbruster |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Armbruster |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0389 |year=2002 |title=Revised nomenclature of högbomite, nigerite, and taafeite minerals |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=389–395 |url=http://www.krist.unibe.ch/pdf/2002/hognomen.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.594.9072 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bindi|first=L|author2=Evain M |author3=Spry P G |author4=Menchetti S |title=The pearceite-polybasite group of minerals: crystal chemistry and new nomenclature rules|journal=American Mineralogist|year=2007|volume=92|issue=5–6|pages=918–925|doi=10.2138/am.2007.2440}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=96 |issue=5–6 |pages=895–913 |year=2011 |title=Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals |author1=Darrell J. Henry |author2=Milan Novák |author3=Frank C. Hawthorne |author4=Andreas Ertl |author5=Barbara L. Dutrow |author6=Pavel Uher |author7=Federico Pezzotta  |last-author-amp=yes |doi=10.2138/am.2011.3636 |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/henry%20et%20al%202011%20tourmaline%20tomenclature.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |authors=Frédéric Hatert, Stuart J. Mills, Marco Pasero and Peter A. Williams |title=CNMNC guidelines for the use of suffixes and prefixes in mineral nomenclature, and for the preservation of historical names |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/Hatert%20et%20al%20CNMNC%20guidelines%20for%20suffixes%20(2).pdf |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=25 |year=2013 |pages=113–115 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2013/0025-2267}}</ref> But 2010, hydroxylapatite, [[Chemistry:Fluorapatite|fluorapatite]], [[Chemistry:Fluorellestadite|fluorellestadite]] and chlorapatite had their old names reinstated.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pasero M, Kampf AR, Ferraris C, Pekov IV, Rakovan JR, White TJ |year=2010 |title=Nomenclature of the apatite supergroup minerals |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2022}}</ref>
*Everything is slower on [[Earth:Earth science|earth science]]s, [[Earth:Geology|geology]], [[Earth:Mineralogy|mineralogy]]:
** [[Biography:Georgius Agricola|Georgius Agricola]]'s De re metallica libri xii though apparently finished in 1550, was published 1556 (the author died 1555).
** Some IMA/CNMNC (1959–2000) approved minerals had their complete description published only 2012: 'IMA1998-018' (fluornatromicrolite, published 2011), 'IMA1987-046a' (ferrolaueite, published 2012), 'IMA1978-064' (approval probably based on fake data), 'IMA1977-006' (whelanite, published 2012) and 'IMA1968-003' (discredited, 'IMA2008-B'). 'IMA1995-025' was listed as well, a mistake (natroglaucocerinite, published 1995).<ref name=CNMNC2007 />
** The paper of Armbruster et al. (2006) misunderstood the naming rules and renamed a well established mineral name (hancockite).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Armbruster T, Bonazzi P, Akasaka M, Bermanec V, Chopin C, Giere R, Huess-Assbichler S, Liebscher A, Menchetti S, Pan Y, Pasero M |year=2006 |title=Recommended nomenclature of epidote-group minerals |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=551–567 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0551|citeseerx=10.1.1.511.9929 }}</ref> Hatert et al. (2013) modified the naming rules.<ref>{{Cite journal |authors=Hatert F, Mills S J, Pasero M, Williams P A |year=2013 |title=CNMNC guidelines for the use of suffixes and prefixes in mineral nomenclature, and for the preservation of historical names |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=25 |pages=113–115 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2013/0025-2267}}</ref> and proposal IMA2015 s.p. was accepted, reverting the renaming.<ref>{{Cite journal |authors=Hålenius U, Hatert F, Pasero M, Mills S J |year=2015 |title=IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) Newsletter 26. New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2015 |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=941–947 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2015.079.4.05|doi-access=free }}</ref>
** Sample: [[Chemistry:Bergenite|bergenite]] was discredited as a barium bearing mineral variety of [[Chemistry:Phosphuranylite|phosphuranylite]] (IMA1962 s.p., special procedure). So phosphuranylite was already a valid mineral, and it is listed in the Michael Fleischer's mineral list (1966).<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Michael Fleischer |journal=American Mineralogist |issue=8 |date=August 1966 |title=Index of New Mineral Names, Discredited Minerals, and Changes of Mineralogical Nomenclature in Volumes 1-50 of The American Mineralogist |pages=1247–1336}}</ref> Both are listed as grandfathered minerals as they are not listed in the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited minerals; 2004).<ref name="may2015">{{Cite web |publisher=IMA-CNMNC |url=http://nrmima.nrm.se//IMA_Master_List_2015-05.pdf |title=Master List of IMA-approved minerals (May 2015) |access-date=2015-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173059/http://nrmima.nrm.se//IMA_Master_List_2015-05.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Aleph Enterprises |authors=Ernest Nickel and Monte Nichols |url=http://rruff.info/data_files/sample/file_1669.pdf |title=Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of the IMA
|date=9 February 2004}}</ref>
** The review and approval of new mineral is straight forward most of the time, but there are exceptions. Proposal IMA2009-096 was not accepted, proposal IMA2009-096a was approved as [[Chemistry:Fontarnauite|fontarnauite]] (6.DA.60) in 2014. Proposal IMA1995-020 was not accepted, proposal IMA1995-020c was approved as jarandolite (6.CB.25).<ref name="may2015"/>
** Every year some valid names get discredited (in the broader sense).
*** Tohdite (hydrous alumina) was conditionally approved as 'IMA2004-051'. But the re-examination of the holotype material of [[Chemistry:Akdalaite|akdalaite]] ((Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, 'IMA1969-002') from the Fersman Mineralogical Museum in Moscow showed that both minerals were identical ([[Space group|space group]] was corrected).<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-29353.html Mindat.org - Tohdite]</ref>
*** Tellurocanfieldite was conditionally approved as 'IMA2012-013'. Its approval was withdrawn as further studies showed it to be a Te-rich variety of [[Chemistry:Canfieldite|canfieldite]] (Y: 1894, 2.BA.70).<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-42786.html Mindat.org - Tellurocanfieldite]</ref>
* Some old minerals were known before their 20th century names were first published.

== Curiosities ==
* Current regulations do not allow a new mineral name to honour a person a second time. But there are exceptions: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848) ([[Chemistry:Berzelianite|berzelianite]], berzeliite and berzeline (now haüyne)); Pierre Berthier (1782–1861) (berthierine and [[Chemistry:Berthierite|berthierite]]); Andor von Semsey (1833–1923) ([[Chemistry:Andorite|andorite]] IV, andorite VI and [[Chemistry:Semseyite|semseyite]]); [[Biography:Brian Harold Mason|Brian Harold Mason]] (1917–2009) ([[Chemistry:Brianite|brianite]] and stenhuggarite); Caleb Wroe Wolfe (1908–1980) (wolfeite and wroewolfeite) and Leo Neal Yedlin (1908–1977) (yedlinite and nealite). The regulation does not affect mineral series and other variations (prefix iso, hexa, ortho, tetra, clino, meta, para, pseudo etc.). For instance: Karl Hugo Strunz (1910–2006) ([[Chemistry:Strunzite|strunzite]] group); George P. Merrill (1854–1929) ([[Chemistry:Merrillite|merrillite]] series, [[Chemistry:Whitlockite|whitlockite]] group); Edward S. Grew (Ph.D. 1971) (edgrewite series, [[Chemistry:Humite|humite]] group).
*[[Standard temperature and pressure]] (STP).
** [[Physics:Silicate perovskite|Silicate perovskite]]s, [[Chemistry:Argentite|argentite]] and β-quartz are not valid minerals, as they do not occur on Earth's surface (STP). The type material of bridgmanite is from a meteorite. Some minerals are unstable on Earth's surface ([[Chemistry:Metastability|metastability]]): [[Chemistry:Diamond|diamond]]s, [[Chemistry:Cohenite|cohenite]] and [[Chemistry:Haxonite|haxonite]], for instance. [[Chemistry:Acanthite|Acanthite]] var. argentite (a [[Earth:Pseudomorph|pseudomorph]] after argentite) and β-quartz pseudomorphs are sometimes sold.<ref>[http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Argentit Argentit (German)]</ref> 
**Ramdohr (1936) discovered that the type material of schapbachite (Ag<sub>0.4</sub>Pb<sub>0.2</sub>Bi<sub>0.4</sub>S) was a mixture of [[Chemistry:Galena|galena]] (PbS) and matildite (AgBiS<sub>2</sub>).<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3558.html Mindat.org - Schapbachite]</ref> It was discredited (1982) as it was found unstable at 'standard temperature and pressure' (STP).<ref>{{Cite journal |first=M H|last=Hey|year=1982  |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |title=International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names |volume=46|issue=341|pages=513–514 |doi=10.1180/minmag.1982.046.341.25}}</ref> It was revalidated (2004) as Pb-bearing schabachite is stable at STP.<ref>{{Cite journal|authors=Walenta K, Bernhardt H J, Theye T |year=2004 |title=Cubic AgBiS2 (schapbachite) from the Silberbrünnle mine near Gengenbach in the Central Black Forest, Germany |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte |volume=2004 |issue=9 |pages=425–432 |title-link=Central Black Forest |doi=10.1127/0028-3649/2004/2004-0425 }}</ref> The [[Earth:Type locality (geology)|type locality]] is not  Schapbach now, but Silberbrünnle mine, Gengenbach; both Black Forest localities.
**[[Chemistry:Hexaferrum|Epsilon iron]], hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of iron is stable only at extremely high pressure. It can be found as a mineral (chemical formula: (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)).
* It is not only schapbachite that had a longer controversy. Other minerals have a complicated history, as well.
** [[Chemistry:Imogolite|Imogolite]], 9.ED.20, was  first published 1962.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoshinaga|first1=N.|last2=Aomine|first2=S.|title=Allophane in some Ando soils|journal=Soil Science and Plant Nutrition|year=1962|volume=8|issue=2|pages=6–13|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001719463/en|doi=10.1080/00380768.1962.10430983}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoshinaga |first1=N. |last2=Aomine |first2=S. |title=Imogolite in some Ando soils |journal=Soil Science and Plant Nutrition |year=1962 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1080/00380768.1962.10430993 |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001719472|doi-access=free }}</ref> Its formal discreditation by the IMA was published 1967, as its description was incomplete.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hey |first=M.H. |title=International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names|url=http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/MM36_131.pdf |journal=Mineralogical Magazine|year=1967|volume=36|issue=277 |page=133 |doi=10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20}}</ref> The IMA referred it to the AIPEA (''Association Internationale Pour l'Étude des Argiles'') for advice and it was approved by the AIPEA (Nomenclature Committee) at its Tokyo meeting (1970).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wada|first1=Koji|last2=Yoshinaga|first2=Naganori|title=The structure of "Imogolite"|journal=The American Mineralogist|date=January–February 1969|volume=54|pages=50–71|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM54/AM54_50.pdf|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Summary of national and international recommendations on clay mineral nomenclature: Clays and Clay Minerals|journal=Clays and Clay Minerals|year=1971|volume=19|issue=2|page=131|doi=10.1346/ccmn.1971.0190210 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = S. W.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fleischer (1983) described it as a variety of [[Chemistry:Allophane|allophane]] and it was finally redefined and approved by the IMA/CNMNC 1986.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fleischer |first=M. |authorlink=Michael Fleischer (mineralogist) |year=1983 |title=Glossary of Mineral Species |publisher=Mineralogical Record |location=Tucson, AZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayliss |first=P. |title=Mineralogical notes: mineral nomenclature: imogolite |url=http://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/MM51_327.pdf |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |year=1987 |volume=51 |issue=360 |page=327 |doi=10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.18}}</ref> 
*** Amorphous allophane, nanotube-like imogolite ({{Chem|Al|2|SiO|3|(OH)|4}}), [[Chemistry:Halloysite|halloysite]]-10Å ({{Chem|Al|2|Si|2|O|5|(OH)|4|·2H|2|O}}), halloysite-7Å ({{Chem|Al|2|Si|2|O|5|(OH)|4}}) and [[Chemistry:Gibbsite|gibbsite]] ({{Chem|Al(OH)|3}}) are thought to be products of tuff [[Earth:Weathering|weathering]].
** Betalommosovite was described by Gerasimovskiy and Kazakova (1962) and discredited by the IMA-CNMMN (IMA1967 s.p.). It was published without approval and listed as discredited on the 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names' (2009). Later, betalomonosovite was revalidated (IMA2014-J).<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/min-647.html Mindat]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Sokolova, E., Hawthorne, F. C., Abdu, Y.A., Genovese, A. & Cámara, F. |year=2015 |title=Reapproval of betalomonosovite as a valid mineral species: single-crystal X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, Raman and IR |journal=Periodico di Mineralogia |volume=ECMS2015 |pages=157–158}}</ref>
** Jichengite as xinghuaite (IMA1984-047) was rejected by the IMA-CNMMN. Jichengite (IMA1994-039) was rejected by the IMA-CNMMN, as well. Unfortunately, it was published without approval in 2011.<ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Jichengite Mineralienatlas]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Yu, Z., Hao, Z., Wang, H., Yin, S., Cai, J. |year=2011 |title=Jichengite 3CuIr2S4·(Ni,Fe)9S8, a New Mineral, and Its Crystal Structure |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=1022–1027 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00537.x}}</ref>
**UM1991-//-COF:BaCaCe (IMA1989-012), a calcium analogue of cordylite-(Ce) from Bayan Obo mine, had the approval procedure suspended by Joseph A. Mandarino, because of the cerium dominant cordylite (IMA2000-C).<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/min-42618.html Mindat]</ref>
*Other curiosities:
**Niggliite (former 1.AG.60, year: 1938), sorosite (former 1.AC.15, IMA1994-047), yuanjiangite (former 1.AC.15, IMA1993-028) are not classified as tin alloys (PGE-metal alloys and indium-tin family) in ''Fleischer's Glossary''. But, they are stannide minerals (nickeline mineral group), sulfide mineral class there.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Malcolm E. |last1=Back |title=Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species |year=2014 |edition=11 |publisher=Mineralogical Record Inc. |pages=434 |location=Tucson AZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Malcolm E. |last1=Back |first2=Joseph A. |last2=Mandarino |title=Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species |year=2008 |edition=10 |publisher=Mineralogical Record Inc. |pages=345 |location=Tucson AZ}}</ref>
**Tiragalloite (9.BJ.25, IMA1969-061, Mn<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(HAsSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>13</sub>)), is an arsenosilicate and grenmarite (9.BE.25, IMA2003-024, (Na,Ca)<sub>4</sub>(Mn,Na)(Zr,Mn)<sub>2</sub>(Zr,Ti)(Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(O,F)<sub>4</sub>) is a zirconium silicate (analogous to the more common [[Chemistry:Aluminosilicate|aluminosilicate]]s, borosilicates and titanium silicates).<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3974.html MinDat - Tiragalloite]</ref><ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-27516.html MinDat - Grenmarite]</ref>
**Mostly anthropogenic minerals: [[Chemistry:Abhurite|abhurite]] (3.DA.30), lausenite (7.CB.70), guildite (7.DC.30), [[Chemistry:Hoelite|hoelite]] (10.CA.15), [[Chemistry:Calclacite|calclacite]] (10.AA.25).
**[[Chemistry:Studtite|Studtite]] (4.GA.15, year: 1947) is the first peroxide mineral, the [[Earth:Facies|facies]] radioactivity generate peroxide.
**Ianthinite (4.GA.10, year: 1926), [[Chemistry:Uranium|U]](IV) is one of the constituents of the mineral), it gets a layer of [[Chemistry:Schoepite|schoepite]]/ metaschoepite in the presence of oxygen.
**[[Chemistry:Polyoxometalate|Polyoxometalate]]s:
***Menezesite (4.FN.05, IMA2005-023) and [[Chemistry:Aspedamite|aspedamite]] (IMA2011-056), are the only natural heteropolyniobates known.
***[[Chemistry:Ophirite|Ophirite]] (IMA2013-017) is a mineral with a heteropolytungstate tri-lacunary [[Chemistry:Keggin structure|keggin anion]].
***Melcherite (IMA2015-018) and [[Chemistry:Peterandresenite|peterandresenite]] (IMA2012-084) have a lindqvist anion.
**Inosilicate, biopyriboles:
***[[Chemistry:Jimthompsonite|Jimthompsonite]] (IMA1977-011) is a triple chain inosilicate.
***[[Chemistry:Chesterite|Chesterite]] (IMA1977-010) is a connected double chain inosilicate.
**Inosilicate, double dreier chains:
***[[Chemistry:Xonotlite|Xonotlite]] (Y: 1866) is an inosilicate with double dreier chains.
***Chivruaiite (IMA2004-052) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO<sub>4</sub>) tetrahedra.
***[[Chemistry:Zorite|Zorite]] (IMA1972-011) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO<sub>4</sub>) tetrahedra.
***Haineaultite (IMA1997-015) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO<sub>4</sub>) tetrahedra.
**Other inosilicates:
***Veblenite (IMA2010-050) has a veblenite ribbon (Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>).
***[[Chemistry:Yangite|Yangite]] (IMA2012-052) is an inosilicate with two-connected double chain.
***[[Chemistry:Yegorovite|Yegorovite]] (IMA2008-033) is an inosilicate with single zig-zag chains of Si tetrahedra.
**[[Chemistry:Icosahedrite|Icosahedrite]] (IMA2010-042), the only natural quasicrystal known.
**Comancheite (IMA2013-B/ IMA1980-077, former 3.DD.65) is a mercury nitride mineral now.
**α-[[Chemistry:Sulfur|Sulfur]] (old); chemical formula unit with 1 atom; unit cell with 128 formula units (Z).
**Whitecapsite (IMA2012-030), chemical formula: H<sub>16</sub>Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>5</sub>Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>14</sub>Sb<sup>3+</sup><sub>6</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>18</sub>O<sub>16</sub>·120H<sub>2</sub>O; unit cell with 1 formula unit (Z).
**Megacyclite (9.CP.10, IMA1991-015); chemical formula unit with 111 atoms; unit cell with 4 formula units (Z).
**[[Chemistry:Labyrinthite|Labyrinthite]] (9.CO.10, IMA2002-065); chemical formula unit with 278.5 atoms; unit cell with 3 formula units (Z).
**[[Chemistry:Ashcroftine-(Y)|Ashcroftine-(Y)]] (9.DN.15, year: 1933); chemical formula unit with 180 atoms; unit cell with 4 formula units (Z).

== Notes ==
[[File:Feldspar group.svg|thumb|[[Chemistry:Feldspar|Feldspar]] series]]
{{al2sio5 phase diagram}}
* Attention with the amphiboles: some mineral names have been redefined (IMA2012 s.p. was the last revision), some even more than once; i.e. their chemical formula range changed.<ref name="hawthorne2012">{{Cite journal|authors=Frank C. Hawthorne, Roberta Oberti, George E. Harlow, Walter V. Maresch, Robert F. Martin, John C. Schumacher, Mark D. Welch |title=Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup |journal=American Mineralogist |year=2012 |volume=97 |issue=11–12 |pages=2031–2048 |doi=10.2138/am.2012.4276}}</ref> For example, aluminotaramite ('IMA2006-023', 9.DE.20) is a synonym of ferro-taramite, sodic-ferri-ferropedrizite (IMA2003 s.p., 9.DE.25) was renamed to ferro-ferri-pedrizite, ehimeite is a synonym of chromio-pargasite ('IMA2011-023', 9.DE.15), kôzulite is a synonym of mangano-arfvedsonite ('IMA1968-028', 9.DE.25) and kornite is a synonym of potassic-mangani-leakeite ('IMA1992-032', 9.DE.25).
*Some IMA-CNMNC approved minerals have a questionable status on mineralienatlas.de, but their unit cell parameters are given on mindat.org (or vice versa). Their status here doesn't change, it remains 'approved mineral'.
*The mineral systematic given on Nickel-Strunz (9 and 10 ed) is not controversial. Dmisteinbergite ([[Chemistry:Feldspar|feldspar]], 9.EG.15), uranyl sorovanadates (4.HD. ids) and silica family (4.DA. ids) are some exceptions, for instance.
* Great care must be taken with definitions and their redefinitions. There is a difference between rocks, natural minerals and chemical compounds. Some examples: rocksalt (a redirect), [[Chemistry:Halite|halite]] and sodium chloride; kaolin earth (a redirect) and [[Chemistry:Kaolinite|kaolinite]]; apatite, strict sense (chlorapatite, [[Chemistry:Fluorapatite|fluorapatite]] and hydroxylapatite), apatite group and apatite supergroup; kaolinite-serpentine group (alias serpentine), [[Chemistry:Serpentine subgroup|serpentine subgroup]], serpentinization and [[Earth:Serpentinite|serpentinite]]; olivine structural group (after rruff.nfo/ima); olivine group and [[Chemistry:Olivine|olivine]] (a fosterite var.); [[Chemistry:Spessartine|spessartine]] (a [[Chemistry:Garnet|garnet]]) and spessartite (a lamprophyre); [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]] (element), [[Chemistry:Telluric iron|telluric iron]] (alias native iron) and [[Chemistry:Meteoric iron|meteoric iron]]; phyllosilicate minerals (alias sheet silicates) and [[Earth:Clay|clay]]s; [[Chemistry:Pyrochlore|pyrochlore]] (invalid mineral name since 2010), pyrochlore group and pyrochlore supergroup; [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]] and [[Chemistry:Stibnite|stibnite]] (alias antimonite); etc.
* The data of a mineral on the databases is similar but not equal. For instance:
** [[Chemistry:Opal|Opal]] is a valid IMA/CNMNC name but it is a mineraloid (a mixture of [[Chemistry:Cristobalite|cristobalite]] and/or [[Chemistry:Tridymite|tridymite]] and amorphous silica), it has a page on Mindat.org and Webmineral.com but not on the Handbook of Mineralogy.
*** Ice, [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]] (low melting point); allophane, [[Chemistry:Delvauxite|delvauxite]], [[Chemistry:Hisingerite|hisingerite]] (amorphous/ poorly cristalline); [[Chemistry:Actinolite|actinolite]], [[Chemistry:Augite|augite]], [[Chemistry:Omphacite|omphacite]], [[Chemistry:Sanidine|sanidine]] (intermediate member of a [[Physics:Solid solution|solid solution]] series) are IMA/CNMNC valid names too. The reasons can be inherited pre-IMA status, practical reasons or entrenchment in the literature, including medical and legal usage.
** [[Chemistry:Oligoclase|Oligoclase]]<sup>I</sup> is an albite variety on Mindat.org and it has pages on the Handbook of Minerals and Webmineral.com, see 'List of minerals (synonyms)' ([[Chemistry:Plagioclase|plagioclase]]/[[Chemistry:Albite|albite]]-[[Chemistry:Anorthite|anorthite]] series). It is not the only intermediate member of a solid solution series with a page on the Handbook of Mineralogy ([[Earth:List of minerals (synonyms)#Mineral varieties|mineral varieties]]).
** The Handbook of Mineralogy has pages on clinochrysotile, orthochrysotile and parachrysotile, but not on [[Chemistry:Chrysotile|chrysotile]]; but they are polytypes of chrysotile, see 'List of minerals (synonyms)'.
** Mindat.org uses to give the chemical formula of some minerals as a range (between parentheses, if tin dominant then herzenbergite: (Sn,Pb)SnS<sub>2</sub>; otherwise [[Chemistry:Teallite|teallite]]: (Pb,Sn)SnS<sub>2</sub>), on the other side the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/ Rruff Project uses to give the ideal chemical formula of the solid solution end member (herzenbergite: SnS). 
***The given chemical names are a compromise for information purposes, being based on the Nickel-Strunz code too. Most of the time the chemical formula on rruff.info was used, sometimes the simpler one on mindat.org. To illustrate it: bartonite, K<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>10</sub>S<sub>14</sub> (mindat.org), K<sub>6</sub>Fe<sub>20</sub>S<sub>26</sub>S (rruff.info); [[Chemistry:Bayleyite|bayleyite]], Mg<sub>2</sub>(UO<sub>2</sub>)(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·18H<sub>2</sub>O (mindat.org), Mg<sub>2</sub>(UO<sub>2</sub>)(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>12</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O (rruff.info) and bredigite, Ca<sub>7</sub>Mg(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (mindat.org), CaCa<sub>13</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub> (rruff.info).
***Caution with the chemical formula units of silicates and their "formula masses". Some molecules have a repeating unit, these might be chains, networks, [[Chemistry:Polymers|polymers]], and so the true molecule might be a multiple of the smallest repeating unit (the [[Unit cell|unit cell]] of a crystal is formed by repeating 'Z' times the chemical formula). Examples: [[Chemistry:Wadsleyite|wadsleyite]] (Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>) a sorosilicate and high pressure polymorth of [[Chemistry:Forsterite|forsterite]] and [[Chemistry:Ringwoodite|ringwoodite]]; [[Chemistry:Leucophanite|leucophanite]] (NaCaBeSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>F), but it has Nickel-Strunz identifier 9.DH.05 (inosilicates with 4-periodic single chains, Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub>); clinoenstatite (MgSiO<sub>3</sub>), but it has Nickel-Strunz identifier 9.DA.10 (inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>); [[Chemistry:Scolecite|scolecite]] (CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O), but it has Nickel-Strunz identifier 9.GA.05 (zeolites with T<sub>5</sub>O<sub>10</sub> units – the fibrous zeolites); mogánite (SiO<sub>2</sub>), but it has Nickel-Strunz identifier 4.DA.20 (oxides with small cations: silica family).
*The existence in nature of some questionable/ doubtful minerals is very unlikely at all or at the [[Earth:Type locality (geology)|type locality]]. For example, [[Chemistry:Magnesium chloride|chloromagnesite]]<sup>Q</sup> (Y: 1872, MgCl<sub>2</sub>) 3.AB.20 and [[Chemistry:Zinc sulfate|zinkosite]]<sup>Q</sup> (Y: 1852, ZnSO<sub>4</sub>) 7.AB.10.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-1022.html Mindat.org - Chloromagnesite]</ref><ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-4418.html Mindat.org - Zinkosite]</ref>
*Some names are not names of minerals anymore, but names of a group of minerals:
**Micas, [[Chemistry:Biotite|biotite]] group.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-677.html Mindat.org - Biotite]</ref><ref group="nb" >No Webmineral reference</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/biotite.pdf Handbookofmineralogy - Biotite]</ref>
***The IMA/CNMMN, Subcommittee on Nomenclature of the Micas (1998, 1999) has recommended that the name biotite be used for a series including [[Chemistry:Phlogopite|phlogopite]], [[Chemistry:Siderophyllite|siderophyllite]], [[Chemistry:Annite|annite]] and eastonite.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Rieder, Milan, Cavazzini, Giancarlo, D'yakonov, Yurii S., Frank-Kamenetskii, Viktor A. <!-- Glauco Gottardi, Stephen Guggenheim, Pavel V. Koval, Georg Mueller, Ana M. R. Neiva, Edward W. Radoslovich, Jean-Louis Robert, Francesco P. Sassi, Hiroshi Takeda, Zdenek Weiss, and David R. Wones --> |journal=Canadian Mineralogist |year=1998 |title=Nomenclature of the micas (IMA/CNMMN Mica Group Subcommittee Report) |volume=36 |pages=905–912 |url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/IMA/ima98(10).pdf }}</ref>
**Zeolites: [[Chemistry:Chabazite|chabazite]] group,;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-956.html Mindat.org - Chabazite]</ref><ref group="nb" >No Webmineral reference</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/chabazite.pdf Handbookofmineralogy - Chabazite]</ref> dachiardite group,;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-1212.html Mindat.org - Dachiardite]</ref><ref>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Dachiardite.shtml Webmineral - Dachiardite]</ref><ref group="nb" >No Handbook of Mineralogy reference</ref> [[Chemistry:Heulandite|heulandite]] group.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-1889.html Mindat.org - Heulandite]</ref><ref group="nb" >No Webmineral reference</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/heulandite.pdf Handbookofmineralogy - Heulandite]</ref>
** [[Earth:List of minerals (synonyms)#Pyrochlore supergroup|Pyrochlore supergroup]]:
*** The pyrochlore supergroup was revised in 2010. The update of the databases isn't complete, yet.
***Groups: [[Chemistry:Pyrochlore|pyrochlore]],;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3316.html Mindat.org - Pyrochlore]</ref><ref>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Pyrochlore.shtml Webmineral - Pyrochlore]</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/pyrochlore.pdf Handbookofmineralogy - Pyrochlore]</ref> [[Chemistry:Romeite|roméite]],;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3443.html Mindat.org - Roméite]</ref><ref>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Rom%E9ite.shtml Webmineral - Roméite]</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/romeite.pdf Handbookofmineralogy - Roméite]</ref> [[Chemistry:Betafite|betafite]],;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-649.html Mindat.org - Betafite]</ref><ref>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Betafite.shtml Webmineral - Betafite]</ref><ref>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/betafite.pdf Handbookofmineraology - Betafite]</ref> [[Chemistry:Microlite|microlite]],;<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-2705.html Mindat.org - Microlite group]</ref> elsmoreite.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-40371.html Mindat.org - Elsmoreite group]</ref>

== Nomenclature dictionary ==

;Special minerals (relaxed sense)
*Native elements (class 1): carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides, elements, alloys, amalgams
*Special minerals (strict sense): tellurium(VI) oxysalts ([Te<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>x</sub>], trioxotellurate(IV) tetraoxotellurate(VI) [Te<sup>4+</sup>O<sub>3</sub>][Te<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>])
;"Ore" minerals (sulfides and oxides)
*Sulfide class (class 2): sulfides [S], selenides [Se], tellurides [Te], arsenides [As], antimonides [Sb], bismuthides [Bi], sulfantimonides [Sb<sub>x</sub>S<sub>y</sub>], sulfarsenides [As<sub>x</sub>S<sub>y</sub>], sulfbismuthides [Bi<sub>x</sub>S<sub>y</sub>], sulfastannides [Sn<sub>x</sub>S<sub>y</sub>], plumboarsenide [As,Pb], plumbobismuthide [Bi,Pb]
*Oxide class (class 4): sulfites(IV) [SO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, selenites(IV) [SeO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, iodates [IO<sub>3</sub>], trioxotellurate(IV) [Te<sup>4+</sup>O<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, dihydroxotellurate(IV) [Te<sup>4+</sup>O(OH)<sub>2</sub>], pentaoxoditellurate(IV) [(Te<sup>4+</sup>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, vanadyl anion [V<sup>4+</sup>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>
;Evaporite and similar minerals
*Halide class (class 3): fluoride [F], chloride [Cl], bromide [Br], iodide [I], tetrafluoroborates [BF<sub>4</sub>], hexafluorosilicates [SiF<sub>6</sub>], hexachlorothallate(III) [Tl<sup>3+</sup>Cl<sub>6</sub>]
*Carbonate and nitrate class (class 5): carbonates [CO<sub>3</sub>], bicarbonate [HCO<sub>3</sub>]
**Nitrates (subclass 5.N): nitrates [NO<sub>3</sub>]
*Borate class (class 6): metaborates [B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>], trioxoborate [BO<sub>3</sub>], tetrahydroborate [B(OH)<sub>4</sub>]
;Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, monomeric minerals
*Sulfate class (class 7), monomeric minerals: sulfates [SO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, tungstates [WO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, niobates [NbO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, molybdates [MoO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, chromates [CrO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, tetraoxotantalate [TaO<sub>4</sub>], thiosulphates [SO<sub>3</sub>S]<sup>2−</sup>
*Phosphate class (class 8), monomeric minerals: phosphates(V) [PO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>3−</sup>, arsenates(V) [AsO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>3−</sup>, vanadates(V) [VO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>3−</sup>, hydroxophosphates(V) [PO<sub>3</sub>OH]<sup>2−</sup>, dihydroxophosphates(V) [PO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>], hydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO<sub>3</sub>OH]<sup>2−</sup>, dihydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]
*Nesosilicates (subclass 9.A), monomeric minerals: tetraoxosilicate [SiO<sub>4</sub>], hydrotrioxosilicate [SiO<sub>3</sub>OH]
;Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, di- and chain silicates
*Sorosilicates (subclass 9.B): heptaoxodisilicate [Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>], hydrohexaoxodisilicate [Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>OH], tetraoxosilicate heptaoxodisilicate [SiO<sub>4</sub>][Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>], decaoxotrisilicate [Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>], undecaoxotetrasilicate [Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>11</sub>]
*Inosilicates (subclass 9.D):
**Single-chain inosilicates: pyroxenes
**Double-chain inosilicates: amphiboles
**Other inosilicates: 
;Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, framework silicates
*Cyclosilicates (subclass 9.C):
*Phyllosilicates (subclass 9.E):
*Tridimensional silicate frameworks: tectosilicates (subclass 9.F)
**Silica family (class 4, family DA): dioxosilicate [SiO<sub>2</sub>]
*Tectosilicates, zeolites (subclass 9.G):
;Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, other cases
*Dimeric and polymeric minerals, phosphate and sulfate class: polyphosphates, polyoxometalates, hexaniobates [Nb<sub>6</sub>O<sub>19</sub>], pyrophosphates [P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>], pyroarsenates [As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>], decavanadates [V<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub>]
;Other cases (relaxed sense)
*Organic minerals, salts of organic acids (class 10, division A): oxalates, citrates, acetates, formiate
*Cations: divalent [dimercury] [Hg<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, uranyl [U<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, ammonium [NH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>, tetramethylammonium [N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>
*Other building blocks: stannide alloys [Sn], aluminide alloys [Al], aluminosilicates, borosilicates, aluminoborosilicates, paddlewheel cluster [e.g.: uranyl-tricarbonate cluster (UO<sub>2</sub>)(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:H2O-NaCl-phase-diagram-greek.svg|[[Chemistry:Halite|Halite]]/ hydrohalite [[Phase diagram|phase diagram]]
File:An-Wo-Sp-phase-diagram-greek.svg|Ternary phase diagram: [[Chemistry:Anorthite|anorthite]] (CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), [[Chemistry:Wollastonite|wollastonite]] (CaSiO<sub>3</sub>) and [[Chemistry:Titanite|titanite]] (CaTiSiO<sub>5</sub>)
File:Sulfur phase diagram.svg|[[Chemistry:Sulfur|Sulfur]]/ β-sulfur diagram, rosickyite turns slowly to α-sulfur at room temperature
File:Carbon basic phase diagram.png|Theoretically predicted phase diagram of carbon
File:Biotit Mischkristallreihe.jpg|[[Chemistry:Biotite|Biotite]] series (micas)
</gallery>

== See also ==
* Classification of minerals - Non silicates
* Classification of minerals - Silicates
* [[Earth:Geology|Geology]]
* [[Earth:List of critical mineral raw materials|List of critical mineral raw materials]]
* [[Earth:List of rock types|List of rock types]]
* [[Earth:Mineralogy|Mineralogy]]
* [[Earth:Mineraloid|Mineraloid]]
* [[Earth:Rock (geology)|Rock]]

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=A. |year=1993 |edition=3 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location=London |pages=852 |title=Hey's Mineral Index}}
*{{Cite book |author1=Gaines, R.V. |author2=Skinner, H.C. |author3=Foord, E.E. |author4=Mason, B. |author5=Rosenzweig, A. |year=1997 |title=Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury |edition=8 |publisher= Wiley & Sons |place=New York |pages=1819 |isbn=978-0-471-19310-4  }}
*{{Cite book |last=de Fourestier |first=Jeffrey |year=1999 |edition=2 |title=Glossary of Mineral Synonyms. Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 2 |publisher=Mineralogical Association of Canada |place=Ottawa |pages=445 |isbn=978-0921294443 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Strunz |first=Hugo |last2=Nickel |first2=Ernest H. |year=2001 |edition=9 |title=Strunz Mineralogical Tables |publisher=Schweizerbart |place=Stuttgart |pages=869 |isbn=978-3-510-65188-7 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Ferraiolo |first=J.A. |year=2003 |title=A Systematic Classification of Minerals
|place=Bowie, US-MD |pages=441 }}
*{{Cite book |first1=Malcolm E. |last1=Back |title=Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species |year=2014 |edition=11 |publisher=Mineralogical Record Inc. |pages=434 |location=Tucson AZ}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Deer |first1=William A. |last2=Howie |first2=Robert A. |last3=Zussman |first3=Jack |title=An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals |publisher=Mineralogical Society |location=London |isbn=9780903056274 |edition=3 |year=2013 |pages=498 }} Note: known as [[Earth:An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals|DHZ]].

== Notes ==
<references group="nb" />

=== References ===
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Refbegin}}
*Web: rruff.info/ima/, 'IMA database of mineral properties' switchboard:
**'Not an IMA approved mineral' tag – E.g. [[Chemistry:Buserite|buserite]]
**'Discredited' mineral tag – E.g. bindheimite
**'Pending publication' tag – E.g. drobecite (IMA 2002-034)
**'Questionable mineral species' tag – E.g. shubnikovite
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mindat.org/index.php Mindat.org], the mineral database
*[http://webmineral.com/Alphabetical_Listing.shtml Webmineral.com]
*[http://www.mineralatlas.eu/ Mineralatlas.eu]

{{Strunz}}

[[Category:Minerals| List02]]
[[Category:Mineralogy|*List02]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of minerals approved by IMA|1}}