View source for Earth:List of socialist states

{{short description|List of self-declared socialist states}}
{{socialism sidebar}}
Several past and present [[Earth:State (polity)|states]] have declared themselves [[Earth:Socialist state|socialist state]]s or in the process of building [[Social:Socialism|socialism]]. The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been Marxist–Leninist or inspired by it, following the model of the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] or some form of [[Social:People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's]] or national democracy. They share a common definition of socialism and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to [[Social:Communism|communism]] with a leading vanguard party structure, hence they are often called [[Social:Communist state|communist state]]s. Meanwhile, the countries in the non-Marxist–Leninist category represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the term socialism and in many cases the countries do not define what they mean by it. Modern uses of the term ''socialism'' are wide in meaning and interpretation.

Because a [[Earth:Sovereign state|sovereign state]] is a different entity from the [[Social:Political party|political party]] that rules that state at any given time, a country may be ruled by a socialist party without the country itself claiming to be socialist or the socialist party being written into the constitution. This has occurred in both [[Social:One-party state|one-party]] and [[Social:Multi-party system|multi-party]] political systems. In particular, there are numerous cases of social democratic and democratic socialist parties winning elections in liberal democratic states and ruling for a number of terms until a different party wins the elections. While socialist parties have won many elections around the world and most elections in the [[Place:Nordic countries|Nordic countries]], many of those countries have not adopted socialism as a state ideology or written the party into the constitution.

Several countries with [[Social:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions|liberal democratic constitutions]] mention socialism. {{wipe|India}} is a liberal democracy that has been ruled by non-socialist parties on many occasions, but its constitution makes references to socialism. Certain other countries such as Croatia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr00000_.html|title=Croatia Constitution|last=Tschentscher|first=Axel|website=Servat.unibe.ch|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> Hungary,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html|title=Hungary Index|last=Tschentscher|first=Axel|website=Servat.unibe.ch|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> Myanmar,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Myanmar_2008|title=Myanmar 2008|publisher=Constitute Project|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> and {{wipe|Poland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl00000_.html|title=Poland - Constitution|last=Tschentscher|first=Axel|website=Servat.unibe.ch|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> have constitutions that make references to their communist and socialist past by recognizing or condemning it, but without claiming to be socialist in the present.

== Overview ==
Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list, therefore it includes all countries that have claimed to be socialist, even if their claims are disputed. All countries that have not claimed to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where certain outside observers regarded those countries as socialist. [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]] and the Communist Party of China considered the [[History:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom|Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] to be a [[Social:Pre-Marxist communism|proto-communist]] state, although the kingdom never declared itself socialist, hence it is not included on this list.<ref>{{cite web|last=Little|first=Daniel|date=17 May 2009|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1538&context=chinabeatarchive|title=Marx and the Taipings|website=China Beat Archive|publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|access-date=5 August 2020|quote=Mao and the Chinese Communists largely represented the Taiping rebellion as a proto-communist uprising.}}</ref>

The list includes countries that assert in their constitutions that they are based on socialism, regardless of their economic or political system.<!-- As for countries with no written constitution... --> It does not list countries that do not have constitutional references to socialism as [[Earth:Socialist state|socialist state]]s, even in cases where the government is currently run by a socialist party or other left-wing (centre-left and far-left) parties. Inversely, countries that do maintain constitutional references to socialism are listed, even when those countries are ruled by non-socialist parties. The list is best understood as a list of countries that explicitly claim to be socialist and it does not reflect the actual economic systems themselves.

The following images are a combined map of all countries that declared themselves socialist states under any definition at some point in their history, including recognition by the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], color-coded for the number of years they said they were socialist:

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Socialist states by duration.png
| width1 = 565
| caption1 = Map of socialist states by duration
{{legend|#FF0000|Over 70 years}}
{{legend|#FF6600|60–70 years}}
{{legend|#B0B000|50–60 years}}
{{legend|#00CC00|40–50 years}}
{{legend|#0000FF|30–40 years}}
{{legend|#000033|20–30 years}}
{{legend|#9966FF|10–20 years}}
{{legend|#e066ff|Under 10 years}}
| image2 = Communist Block.svg
| width2 = 497
| caption2 = 
{{legend|#E00202|States that had socialist governments}}
{{legend|#DB5502|States that the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] believed to be moving toward socialism}}
{{legend|#D4CE26|Other [[Earth:Socialist state|socialist state]]s}}
}}

== Current socialist states ==
=== Marxist–Leninist states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
!width=150px|Country
!width=85px|Since
!width=85px|Duration
!width=100px|Form of government
!width=95px|Party
!width=95px|Head of party
!width=95px|Head of state
!width=95px|Head of government
|-
|{{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}}{{refn|name="ROC"|The sovereignty of the People's Republic of China is disputed by the Republic of China. For more information, see Cross-Strait relations. [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Place:Macau|Macau]] are administrated by the People's Republic of China under the "One country, two systems" principle. For an overview of the principle, see [http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103372.htm "One Country, Two Systems"].|group="nb"}}
|1 October 1949
|{{ayd|1949|10|1}}
|[[Earth:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Social:One-party state|one-party]]<br />socialist republic
|Communist Party of China
|align="center"|[[Biography:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]]<br />(since 2012)
|align="center"|[[Biography:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]]<br />(since 2013)
|align="center"|Li Keqiang<br />(since 2013)
|-
|{{flag|Cuba|name=Republic of Cuba}}
|1 January 1959
|{{ayd|1959|1|1}}
|[[Earth:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Social:One-party state|one-party]]<br />socialist republic
|Communist Party of Cuba
|align="center"|Miguel Díaz-Canel<br />(since 2021)
|align="center"|Miguel Díaz-Canel<br />(since 2018)
|align="center"|Manuel Marrero Cruz<br />(since 2019)
|-
|{{flag|Laos|name=Lao People's Democratic Republic}}
|2 December 1975
|{{ayd|1975|12|2}}
|[[Earth:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Social:One-party state|one-party]]<br />socialist republic
|Lao People's Revolutionary Party
|align="center" colspan="2"|Thongloun Sisoulith<br />(since 2021)
|align="center"|Phankham Viphavanh<br />(since 2021)
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam}}{{refn|name="SRV"|Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 until 25 April 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bartleby.com/essay/How-Did-The-Vietnam-War-Affect-The-PJ7JU393ERV|title = How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy - 551 Words &#124; Bartleby}}</ref> Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26937807|jstor = 26937807|last1 = Dror|first1 = Olga|title = Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul|journal = Contemporary Southeast Asia|year = 2020|volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 311–313|doi = 10.1355/cs42-2j|s2cid = 225324132}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/40931/ho-chi-minh-on-independence-and-freedom|title = Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
|21 July 1954
|{{ayd|1945|9|2}}
|[[Earth:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Social:One-party state|one-party]]<br />socialist republic
|Communist Party of Vietnam
|align="center"|Nguyễn Phú Trọng<br />(since 2011)
|align="center"|Nguyễn Xuân Phúc<br />(since 2021)
|align="center"|Phạm Minh Chính<br />(since 2021)
|-
|}

=== Non-Marxist–Leninist states ===
==== Countries with constitutional references to socialism ====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Since
!scope="col"|Duration
!scope="col"|Form of government
!scope="col" width=340|Constitutional statement
|-
|{{flag|Algeria|name=People's Democratic Republic of Algeria}}
|3 July 1962
|{{ayd|1962|7|3}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential republic]]
|Preamble (1963): "Faithful to the program adopted by the National Council of the Algerian Revolution in Tripoli, the democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism [...]".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|language=|ratified=20 September 1963|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/1963/09/constitution.htm|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />Preamble (1996/2016): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices in order to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State".<ref>{{cite constitution|country=the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag00000_.htmlconstitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|ratified=28 November 1996|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><br /><br />The National Front of Liberation is a political party based on [[Social:Arab socialism|Arab socialism]].<ref name=ANger>Evans, M. (2007). ''Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed''. London: Yale University Press. p. 34.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Portugal|name=Portuguese Republic}}
|25 April 1976
|45 years, 112 days
|[[Earth:Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Social:Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] constitutional [[Social:Republic|republic]]
|Preamble: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend national independence, guarantee citizens' fundamental rights, establish the basic principles of democracy, ensure the primacy of a democratic state based on the rule of law and open up a path towards a socialist society, with respect for the will of the Portuguese people and with a view to the construction of a country that is freer, more just and more fraternal."
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh|name=People's Republic of Bangladesh}}
|11 April 1971
|{{ayd|1971|4|11}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic]]
|align="left"|Preamble: "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the People's Republic of Bangladesh|language=|ratified=4 November 1972|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Eritrea|name=State of Eritrea}}
|24 May 1991
|{{ayd|1991|5|24}}
|One-party presidential republic
|Since 1991, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice, based on socialism and [[Social:Left-wing nationalism|left-wing nationalism]], has been the sole legal political party in Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/47d92c16c1.html|title=2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Eritrea|work=Refworld|publisher=The UN Refugee Agency|access-date=June 24, 2020|date=March 11, 2008|quote=The People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), previously known as the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, is the sole political party and has controlled the country since 1991.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau|name=Republic of Guinea-Bissau}}
|24 September 1973
|{{ayd|1973|9|24}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential republic]]
|Preamble: "The Popular National Assembly congratulates the PAIGC for the vanguard role it has always performed in conducting the fates of the Guinea nation, and congratulates itself for the courageous and timely decision that the Party of Amilcar Cabral took by overcoming the challenge of democratic opening, towards the construction of aplural, just and free society. The decision of the PAIGC follows in accordance with its historic tradition of acting at every moment as the repository for the deepest aspirations of our people."<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Guinea-Bissau|language=|ratified=16 May 1984|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guinea_Bissau_1996.pdf?lang=en|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The PAIGC is a political party based on [[Social:Democratic socialism|democratic socialism]].
|-
|{{flag|Guyana|name=Co-operative Republic of Guyana}}
|6 October 1980
|{{ayd|1980|10|6}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] presidential republic
|Section 1, Article 1: "Guyana is an indivisible, secular, democratic sovereign state in the course of transition from capitalism to socialism and shall be known as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=The State and the Constitution|country=the Cooperative Republic of Guyana|language=|ratified=20 February 1980|url=http://parliament.gov.gy/constitution.pdf|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|North Korea}} Democratic People's Republic of Korea{{refn|name="China"|The sovereignty of the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea is disputed by the {{wipe|South Korea}}. For more information, see North Korea–South Korea relations.|group="nb"}}
|19 February 1992
|{{ayd|1992|2|19}}
|[[Social:One-party state|One-party]] [[Social:Republic|republic]]
|Preamble: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the socialist motherland of ''[[Social:Juche|Juche]]'', which has applied the ideas and leadership of Kim Il-sung".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|language=|ratified=9 September 1948|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn00000_.html|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state.{{refn|Although the government's official state ideology now incorporates the ''[[Social:Juche|Juche]]'' element of Kim Il-sung's Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy as opposed to orthodox [[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]], North Korea still considers itself a socialist state.<ref>Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (27 December 1972). "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the socialist motherland of ''[[Social:Juche|Juche]]'', which has applied the ideas and leadership of Kim Il-sung".</ref> According to ''North Korea: A Country Study'' by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by ''Juche'' since at least 1974.<ref>{{cite book|last=Worden|first=Robert L.|year=2008|url=http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf|title=North Korea: A Country Study|edition=5th|location=Washington, D. C.|publisher=Library of Congress|page=206|isbn=978-0-8444-1188-0}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
|-
|{{flag|India|name=Republic of India}}
|18 December 1976
|{{ayd|1976|12|18}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic]]
|Preamble: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of India|language=|ratified=26 November 1949|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976|publisher=India Code|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Nepal|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}}
|20 September 2015
|{{ayd|2015|09|20}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic]]
|Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=4|section=1|country=the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal|language=|ratified=20 September 2015|url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua|name=Republic of Nicaragua}}
|18 July 1979<!-- Beginning of the Junta of National Reconstruction. -->
|{{ayd|1979|7|18}}
|[[Social:Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]] presidential republic
|Section 1, Article 5: "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. [...] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings".<ref name="NICCR">{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Republic of Nicaragua|language=|ratified=1 January 1987|url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/gacetas/2014/2/g32.pdf|title=Texto De La Constitución Política De La República De Nicaragua Con Sus Reformas Incorporadas|language=es|publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Nicaragua|date=18 February 2014|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}{{refn|name="SADR"|The sovereignty of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is disputed by the Kingdom of Morocco. For more information, see the International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.|group="nb"}}
|26 February 1976
|{{ayd|1976|2|26}}
|One-party [[Social:Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential republic]]
|Section 2 Chapter 1 Article 33: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO (Polisario Front) shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=XXXIII|section=II|chapter=I|country=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|language=English|ratified=20 December 2015|url=https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.pdf}}</ref><br /><br />The Polisario Front is a political party based on [[Social:Democratic socialism|democratic socialism]].
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka|name=Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}}
|7 September 1978
|{{ayd|1978|9|7}}
|[[Social:Multi-party system|Multi-party]] [[Social:Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential republic]]
|Preamble: "[...] to constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka|language=|ratified=7 September 1978|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Preamble.html|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania|name=United Republic of Tanzania}}
|26 April 1964
|{{ayd|1964|4|26}}
|[[Social:Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]] [[Social:Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential republic]]
|Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the United Republic of Tanzania|language=|ratified=25 April 1978|url=http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421001106/http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2015|df=}}</ref>
|}

==== Socialist territories with limited recognition ====
These are territories that have claimed independence or autonomy and have declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term. While these territories have created stable institutions of governance that have existed for a considerable period of the time, they are not widely recognized as states by the international community and officially belong to other sovereign states under international law.
* {{flagicon image|Wa_State_Flag_2021.png}} Wa State (April 1989 – present)<ref name="Hay">{{cite news|last=Hay|first=Wayne|title=Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/myanmar-sign-lasting-peace-wa-state-190929075944087.html|access-date=6 March 2020|agency=Al Jazeera|date=29 September 2019}}</ref>{{refn|Wa State is a [[Social:One-party state|one-party state]] governed by United Wa State Party, a Maoist and Wa nationalist party, reported to have good relations and a close connection with the Communist Party of China.|group="nb"}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_EZLN.svg}} Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (December 1994 – present)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://links.org.au/mexico-zapatistas-ezln-oventic|title=Two decades on: A glimpse inside the Zapatista's capital, Oventic|last=Mallett-Outtrim|first=Ryan|work=Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal|date=13 August 2016|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg}} [[Place:Rojava|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]] (November 2013 – present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-compass.net/articles/revolutionary-education-rojava|title=Revolutionary Education in Rojava|publisher=New Compass|date=17 February 2015|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

== Former socialist states ==
=== Marxist–Leninist states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Full name
!scope="col"|From
!scope="col"|Until
!scope="col"|Duration
!scope="col"|Ruling party
!scope="col" width=350|Constitutional statement
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1978).svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1979).svg}} Afghanistan
|[[Place:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]
|27 April 1978
|30 November 1987
|{{ayd|1978|04|27|1987|11|30}}
|rowspan="3"|People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
|rowspan="3"|Preamble: "In the present stage, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of National Reconciliation, actively carries forward together with other political, national and democratic forces".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Afghanistan|language=|ratified=30 November 1987|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1987.html|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was a Marxist–Leninist party.<ref name="Amstutz1994">{{cite book|last=Amstutz|first=J. Bruce|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC|access-date=15 March 2014|date=1 July 1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9780788111112|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC/page/n88 65]}}</ref>
|-
|Republic of Afghanistan
|30 November 1987
|28 April 1992
|{{ayd|1987|11|30|1992|4|28}}
|-
|Total
|27 April 1978
|28 April 1992
|{{ayd|1978|4|27|1992|4|28}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Albania_(1944–1946).svg}}/{{flag|Albania|1946}}
|Democratic Government of Albania
|29 November 1944
|11 January 1946
|{{ayd|1944|11|29|1946|1|11}}
|rowspan="5"|Party of Labour of Albania{{refn|Known as the Albanian Communist Party until 1948.|group="nb"}}
|rowspan="5"|Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the [[Social:Dictatorship of the proletariat|dictatorship of the proletariat]], which expresses and defends the interests of all the working people".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Socialist Republic of Albania|language=|ratified=28 December 1976|url=http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Albanian-Constitution-1976.htm|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|People's Republic of Albania
|11 January 1946
|28 December 1976
|{{ayd|1946|1|11|1976|12|28}}
|-
|People's Socialist Republic of Albania
|28 December 1976
|29 April 1991
|{{ayd|1976|12|28|1991|4|29}}
|-
|Republic of Albania
|29 April 1991
|22 March 1992
|{{ayd|1991|4|29|1992|3|22}}
|-
|Total
|29 November 1944
|22 March 1992
|{{ayd|1944|11|29|1992|3|22}}
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}
|People's Republic of Angola
|11 November 1975
|27 August 1992
|{{ayd|1975|11|11|1992|8|27}}
|Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
|Section 1, Article 2: "All sovereignty is vested in the Angolan people. The MPLA, their legitimate representative constituted from a broad front including all patriotic forces engaged in the anti-imperialist struggle, is responsible for the political, economic, and social leadership of the nation".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Angola|language=|ratified=1976|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/rsl2&div=22&id=&page=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951–1991).svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991–1995).svg}} {{wipe|Belarus}}
|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic<ref group=nb>Part of the Soviet Union but admitted into the {{wipe|United Nations}} as a separate entity.</ref>
|31 July 1920
|25 August 1991
|{{ayd|1920|7|31|1991|8|25}}
|Communist Party of Byelorussia
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=14 April 1978|url=http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx%3Fguid%3D2081&prev=search|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Benin|1975}}
|People's Republic of Benin
|30 November 1975
|1 March 1990
|{{ayd|1975|11|30|1990|3|1}}
|People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
|The Marxist–Leninist People's Revolutionary Party of Benin became the sole legal political party on 30 November 1975.<ref>[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpaysfiche/chronopol.htm "Chronologie BENIN"<!-- Bot generated title -->]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109230740/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpaysfiche/chronopol.htm|date=9 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria|1971}}
|People's Republic of Bulgaria
|15 September 1946
|7 December 1990
|{{ayd|1946|9|15|1990|12|7}}
|Bulgarian Communist Party
|Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state of the working people from town and village, headed by the working class".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Bulgaria|language=|ratified=18 May 1976|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA39|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea.svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_State_of_Cambodia.svg}} Cambodia
|Democratic Kampuchea
|17 April 1975
|22 June 1982
|{{ayd|1975|4|17|1982|6|22}}
|Communist Party of Kampuchea
|Chapter 1, Article 1: "The State of Kampuchea is a State of the people, workers, peasants, and all other Kampuchean labourers.".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Democratic Kampuchea|language=|ratified=15 January 1976|url=http://d.dccam.org/Archives/Documents/DK_Policy/DK_Policy_DK_Constitution.htm|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|People's Republic of Kampuchea
|10 January 1979
|1 May 1989
|{{ayd|1979|1|10|1989|5|1}}
|rowspan="3"|People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea
|rowspan="3"|Chapter 1, Article 1: "The Republic of Kampuchea is an independent, sovereign, territorial integrity, peace, democracy,one step towards Popular Socialist Community".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Kampuchea|language=|ratified=27 June 1981|url=http://lac.org.kh/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89-1981.pdf|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />Cambodia was not internationally recognized by some countries following the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.<ref name=kiernanxix>Kiernan, B. (2004) ''How Pol Pot came to Power''. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. xix</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Margaret Slocomb, ''The People's Republic of Kampuchea, 1979-1989: The revolution after Pol Pot'' {{ISBN|978-974-9575-34-5}}</ref>
|-
|State of Cambodia
|1 May 1989
|23 October 1991
|{{ayd|1989|5|1|1991|10|23}}
|-
|Total
|17 April 1975
|23 October 1991
|{{ayd|1975|4|17|1991|10|23}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg}} Congo
|People's Republic of the Congo
|3 January 1970
|15 March 1992
|{{ayd|1970|1|3|1992|3|15}}
|Congolese Labor Party
|Presidential oath: "I swear allegiance to the Congolese people, to the Revolution and to the Congolese Labor Party. I shall undertake, while guided by [[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist principles]], [...] to devote all my strength to the triumph of the proletarian ideals".<ref>Van Maarseveen, Henc; Van Der Tanq, Ger (21 November 1978). ''Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study''. BRILL. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2fEeaVS1I0wC&pg=PA125 p. 125].</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
|Czechoslovak Republic
|9 June 1948
|11 July 1960
|{{ayd|1948|6|9|1960|7|11}}
|rowspan="3"|Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 1: "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is a socialist state founded on the firm alliance of the workers, farmers and intelligentsia, with the working class as its head".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=11 July 1960|url=|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />From 1969 to 1990, Czechoslovakia consisted of two constituent republics.
|-
|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
|11 July 1960
|29 March 1990
|{{ayd|1960|7|11|1990|3|29}}
|-
|Total
|9 June 1948
|29 March 1990
|{{ayd|1948|6|9|1990|3|29}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975–1987).svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1987-1991).svg}} Ethiopia
|rowspan="2"|Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
|rowspan="2"|28 June 1974
|rowspan="2"|22 February 1987
|rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1974|6|28|1987|2|22}}
|Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia{{refn|Until September 12, 1984.|group="nb"}}
|rowspan="4"|Country declared Marxist–Leninist in 1974, with the Workers' Party of Ethiopia becoming "the formulator of the country's development process and the leading force of the state and in society" in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+et0127%29|title=Ethiopia|access-date=29 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029172640/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+et0127%29|archive-date=29 October 2004|url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Workers' Party of Ethiopia{{refn|From 12 September 1984.|group="nb"}}
|-
|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|22 February 1987
|27 May 1991
|{{ayd|1987|2|22|1991|5|27}}
|-
|Total
|28 June 1974
|27 May 1991
|{{ayd|1974|6|28|1991|5|27}}
|
|-
|{{flag|East Germany}}
|German Democratic Republic
|7 October 1949
|3 October 1990
|{{ayd|1949|10|7|1990|10|3}}
|Socialist Unity Party of Germany
|Section 1, Article 1: "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants. It is the political organization of the working people of town and country under the leadership of the working class and its Marxist-Leninist party".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the German Democratic Republic|language=|ratified=7 October 1974|url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|People's Revolutionary Government
|13 March 1979
|25 October 1983
|{{ayd|1979|3|13|1983|10|25}}
|New Jewel Movement
|People's Law Number Two: "The People's Revolutionary Government, PRG, is hereby established as of Tuesday 13 March 1979, in accordance with the sovereign will of the Grenadian people, and in it shall be vested of executive and legislative power".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/declaration.html|title=Declaration of the Grenada Revolution|work=The Grenada Revolution Online|date= 25 March 1979|access-date=August 16, 2019}}</ref><br /><br />The New Jewel Movement considered themselves a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party.<ref>[http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/manifesto.html "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement"], The Grenada Revolution Online.</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flag|Hungary}}
|rowspan=2|Hungarian People's Republic
|rowspan=2|20 August 1949
|rowspan=2|23 October 1989
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|1949|8|20|1989|10|23}}
|Hungarian Working People's Party{{refn|Until 31 October 1956.|group="nb"}}
|rowspan=2|Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=2|section=1|country=the Hungarian People's Republic|language=|ratified=20 August 1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA197|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party{{refn|From 1 November 1956.|group="nb"}}
|-
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|9 September 1948
|19 February 1992
|{{ayd|1948|9|9|1992|2|19}}
|Workers' Party of Korea
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|language=|ratified=27 December 1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA232 |access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />Currently a non-Marxist–Leninist socialist state.{{refn|In 1992, all references to [[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]] in the constitution were dropped and replaced with ''[[Social:Juche|Juche]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dae-Kyu|first=Yoon|year=2003|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj|title=The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=27|issue=4|pages=1289–1305|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all references to [[Social:Communism|communism]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Park|first=Seong-Woo|date=23 September 2009|url=https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/first_millitary-09232009120017.html|title=북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기|script-title=ko:Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi|trans-title=First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution|agency=Radio Free Asia|language=ko|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mongolian_People's_Republic_(1924–1930).svg}}/{{flag|Mongolia|1945}}
|Mongolian People's Republic
|24 November 1924
|12 February 1992
|{{ayd|1924|11|24|1992|2|12}}
|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
|Section 1, Article 2: "The Mongolian People's Republic is a state which exists and is developing in the form of people's democracy".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=2|section=1|country=the Mongolian People's Republic|language=|ratified=6 July 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA263|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mozambique_(1975–1983).svg}}/{{flag|Mozambique}}
|People's Republic of Mozambique
|25 June 1975
|1 December 1990
|{{ayd|1975|6|25|1990|12|1}}
|FRELIMO
|Section 1, Article 2: "Power belongs to the workers and peasants united and led by FRELIMO and organs of people's power".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HslIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22power+belongs+to+the+workers+and+peasants+united+and+led+by+FRELIMO%22|title=The African Communist|date=16 February 1974|publisher=South African Communist Party|via=Google Books}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flag|Poland}}
|rowspan=2|Republic of Poland
|rowspan=2|28 June 1945
|rowspan=2|22 July 1952
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|1945|6|28|1952|7|22}}
|Polish Workers' Party{{refn|Until 21 December 1948.|group="nb"}} 
|rowspan=4|Section 1, Article 1: "The Polish People's Republic is a socialist state".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the People's Republic of Poland|language=|ratified=22 July 1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA289|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|Polish United Worker's Party{{refn|From 21 December 1948.|group="nb"}} 
|-
|Polish People's Republic
|22 July 1952
|30 December 1989
|{{ayd|1952|7|22|1989|12|30}}
|-
|Total
|28 June 1945
|30 December 1989
|{{ayd|1945|6|28|1989|12|30}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Romania|1965}}
|Romanian People's Republic
|30 December 1947
|21 August 1965
|{{ayd|1947|12|30|1965|8|21}}
|Romanian Workers' Party
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 1: "Romania is a socialist republic".

Section 1, Article 3: "The leading force of society in the Socialist Republic of Romania is the Romanian Communist Party".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the Socialist Republic of Romania|language=|ratified=21 August 1965|url=http://www.constitutia.ro/const1965.htm|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Place:Socialist Republic of Romania|Socialist Republic of Romania]]
|21 August 1965
|30 December 1989
|{{ayd|1965|8|21|1989|12|30}}
|Romanian Communist Party
|-
|Total
|30 December 1947
|30 December 1989
|{{ayd|1947|12|30|1989|12|30}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic.svg}} {{wipe|Russia}}/ {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1955).svg}} [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
|[[Place:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
|7 November 1917
|6 November 1991{{refn|The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased operations in Russian territory on 6 November 1991 with the Soviet Union itself being dissolved on 26 December 1991.|group="nb"}}
|{{ayd|1917|11|7|1991|11|6}}
|rowspan=3|Communist Party of the Soviet Union{{refn|Known as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) until March 1918, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) until December 1925 and the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) until October 1952. In 1990, CPSU branches in the Russian SFSR regions formed the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.|group="nb"}} 
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 1, Chapter 2: "Bearing in mind as its fundamental problem the abolition of the exploitation of men by men, the entire abolition of the division of the people into classes, the suppression of exploiters, the establishment of a socialist society, and the victory of socialism in all lands".<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1918/article1.htm Article I (R.S.F.R.S. Constitution)]</ref><ref>[https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/18cons01.html#chap01 1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I]</ref><br /><br />Section 1, Article 1: "The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|language=|ratified=7 October 1977|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/77cons01.html#chap01|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The Soviet Union consisted of fifteen republics.{{refn|The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current Baltic governments and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. According to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was ''de facto'' a single federal state.|group="nb"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NAQtAAAAIBAJ&pg=3477,829499&hl=en|title=Walter Duranty Explains Changes In Soviet Constitution|work=Miami News|date=6 February 1944|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{wipe|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}}
|30 December 1922
|6 March 1990{{refn|The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased ruling the country on 6 March 1990, when the Congress of People’s Deputies amended Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution|group="nb"}}
|{{ayd|1922|12|30|1990|3|6}}
|-
|Total
|7 November 1917
|26 December 1991{{refn|The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased ruling the country on 6 March 1990 and the Soviet Union itself was dissolved on 26 December 1991.|group="nb"}}
|{{ayd|1917|11|7|1991|12|26}}
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|Somali Democratic Republic
|21 October 1969
|26 January 1991
|{{ayd|1969|10|21|1991|1|26}}
|Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Somali Democratic Republic is a socialist state led by the working class and is an integral part of the Arab and African entities".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Somali Democratic Republic|language=|ratified=25 August 1979|url=http://www.so.undp.org/docs/Constitution%201979%20-%20in%20Somali.pdf|access-date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202002806/http://www.so.undp.org/docs/Constitution%201979%20-%20in%20Somali.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2011|df=}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People's_Republic_(1926-1930).svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People's_Republic_(1935-1939).svg}} Tuva
|[[Place:Tuvan People's Republic#Establishment|Tannu Tuvan People's Republic]]
|14 August 1921
|24 November 1926
|{{ayd|1921|8|14|1926|11|24}}
|rowspan=3|Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
|rowspan=3|Chapter 1: "[...] in international affairs, the state acts under the auspices of Soviet Russia".<ref name="rusvex">{{cite web |url=http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/subjects/tuva.htm|title=Республика Тыва|author=Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry|website=vexillographia.ru|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><br /><br />In October 1944, the country was annexed by the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] at the request of Tuva's parliament.<ref name="rusvex"/>
|-
|[[Place:Tuvan People's Republic|Tuvan People's Republic]]
|24 November 1926
|11 October 1944
|{{ayd|1926|11|24|1944|10|11}}
|-
|Total
|14 August 1921
|11 October 1944
|{{ayd|1921|8|14|1944|10|11}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.svg}} {{wipe|Ukraine}}
|[[Place:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]{{refn|Part of the Soviet Union, it was admitted into the {{wipe|United Nations}} as a separate entity.|group="nb"}}
|10 March 1919
|24 August 1991
|{{ayd|1919|3|10|1991|8|24}}
|Communist Party of Ukraine
|Section 1, Article 1: "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is the whole peoples state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intellectuals, workers of the republic of all nationalities".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|language=|ratified=20 April 1978|url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/site/const/istoriya/1978.html&prev=search|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam|1955}}/{{flagicon image|Flag of North Vietnam (1945-1955).svg}} North Vietnam
|Democratic Republic of Vietnam
|2 September 1945{{refn|2 September 1945 is celebrated as the National Day of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the successor to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.|group="nb"}}
|2 July 1976	
|{{ayd|1945|9|2|1976|7|2}}
|Communist Party of Vietnam 
|Section 2, Article 9: "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is advancing step by step from people's democracy to socialism by developing and transforming the national economy along socialist lines, transforming its backward economy into a socialist economy with modern industry and agriculture and an advanced science and technology".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=9|section=1|country=the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|language=|ratified=31 December 1959|url=|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The Indochinese Communist Party and the Workers' Party of Vietnam were the dominant parties prior to the consolidation of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|South Yemen}}
|People's Republic of South Yemen
|30 November 1967
|1 December 1970
|{{ayd|1967|11|30|1970|12|1}}
|National Liberation Front{{refn|Until 1978.|group="nb"}}
|rowspan="3"|Section 1, Article 3: "The Yemeni Socialist Party, armed with the [[Social:Scientific socialism|Scientific Socialism]] theory, is the leader and guide of society and state".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=3|section=1|country=the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|language=|ratified=31 October 1978|url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
|1 December 1970
|22 May 1990
|{{ayd|1970|12|1|1990|5|22}}
|Yemeni Socialist Party{{refn|From 1978.|group="nb"}}
|-
|Total
|30 November 1967
|22 May 1990
|{{ayd|1967|11|30|1990|5|22}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yugoslavia_(1943–1946).svg}}/{{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}
|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
|29 November 1943
|29 November 1945
|{{ayd|1943|11|29|1945|11|29}}
|rowspan="4"|League of Communists of Yugoslavia{{refn|Known as the Communist Party of Yugoslavia until 1952.|group="nb"}}
|rowspan="4"|Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|language=|ratified=7 April 1963|url=|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />Yugoslavia consisted of six constituent socialist republics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817231834/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,796967,00.html "New Power"], ''{{wipe|Time (magazine)}}'', 4 December 1944</ref>
|-
|Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
|29 November 1945
|7 April 1963
|{{ayd|1945|11|29|1963|4|7}}
|-
|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
|7 April 1963
|27 April 1992
|{{ayd|1963|4|7|1992|4|27}}
|-
|Total
|29 November 1943
|27 April 1992
|{{ayd|1943|11|29|1992|4|27}}
|}

=== Non-Marxist–Leninist states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Full name
!scope="col"|From
!scope="col"|Until
!scope="col"|Duration
!scope="col" width=350|Constitutional statement
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Burma|1974}}
|[[Social:Burmese Way to Socialism|Union of Burma]]
|2 March 1962
|3 January 1974
|{{ayd|1962|3|2|1974|1|3}}
|rowspan="3"|Chapter XVI General Provisions: "In order to overcome this deterioration and to build Socialism, the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma assumed responsibility as a historical mission, adopted the Burmese Way to Socialism and also formed the Burma Socialist Programme Party".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=XVI|section=General Provisions|country=the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|language=|ratified=2 March 1974|url=http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/constmyanmar.html|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
|3 January 1974
|18 September 1988
|{{ayd|1974|1|3|1988|9|18}}
|-
|Total
|2 March 1962
|18 September 1988
|{{ayd|1962|3|2|1988|9|18}}
|-
|{{Flag|Cape Verde|1975}}
|Republic of Cape Verde
|5 July 1975
|22 September 1992
|{{ayd|1975|7|5|1992|9|22}}
|Chapter 1, Article 1: "Cape Verde is a sovereign, democratic, laic, unitary, anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist state".<ref>{{cite constitution|quote=Cape Verde is a sovereign, democratic, laic, unitary, anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist state.|article=1|section=1|country=Cape Verde|language=Portuguese|ratified=5 September 1980|url=http://cedis.fd.unl.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CONST-CV-1980.pdf|access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><br /><br />It was a one-party state ruled by the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, whose goal was the construction of a socialist society and which received support from other socialist states.<ref>Weisburd, Arthur Mark (2010) [1997]. ''Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II''. Penn State University Press. p. 79.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|Republic of Chad
|16 April 1962
|13 April 1975
|{{ayd|1962|4|16|1975|4|13}}
|From 1962 to 1975, the African socialist Chadian Progressive Party was the sole legal political party in Chad.
|-
|{{Flag|Congo}}
|Republic of Congo
|16 August 1963
|4 September 1968
|{{ayd|1963|8|26|1968|9|4}}
|From 1963 to 1968, the socialist National Movement of the Revolution was the sole legal political party in the Republic of Congo.
|-
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|Republic of Djibouti
|24 October 1981
|3 October 1992
|{{ayd|1981|10|24|1992|10|3}}
|Law on National Mobilization Part 2, Article 4: "During the National Mobilization the People's Rally for Progress guarantees the formation and expression of popular consensus and the national will for economic and social transformation. It brings to the President of the Republic, guarantor of national unity, the support of its organization and the action of its activists. It ensures within it the democratic debate between the various social, cultural, economic and regional components of the national community as well as their equitable representation, their free expression and right of proposal. Its statutes must promote a broad development of internal democracy as well as broad popular support for the various institutions of the Republic".<ref>{{cite act |date= 24 October 1981|article= Law on National Mobilization|legislature= National Assembly|title= Loi portant sur la Mobilisation Nationale.|trans-title= Law on National Mobilization|url= https://www.presidence.dj/PresidenceOld/jo/1981/loi199an81.htm|language=fr}}</ref><br /><br />The People's Rally for Progress is a socialist party.
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Egypt}}
|Republic of Egypt
|18 June 1953
|22 February 1958
|{{ayd|1953|6|18|1958|2|22}}
|rowspan="4"|Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Egypt|language=|ratified=22 July 1957|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Egypt%20Constitution.pdf|access-date=|quote="The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab nation and work for the realization of its comprehensive unity" (removed on 26 March 2007).}}</ref>
|-
|[[Place:United Arab Republic|United Arab Republic]]
|22 February 1958
|28 September 1961
|{{ayd|1958|2|22|1961|9|28}}
|-
|Arab Republic of Egypt
|28 September 1961
|26 March 2007
|{{ayd|1961|9|28|2007|3|26}}
|-
|Total
|18 June 1953
|26 March 2007
|{{ayd|1953|6|18|2007|3|26}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Equatorial Guinea (1973–1979).svg}} Equatorial Guinea
|Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|7 July 1970
|3 August 1979
|{{ayd|1970|7|7|1979|8|3}}
|See the 1973 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum.<br /><br />Preamble: "The United National Workers' Party of Equatorial Guinea (PUNT), draws up the general policy of the nation, and coordinates and controls it through the State organs".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=Preamble|section=Preamble|country=the Republic of Equatorial Guineaa|language=Spanish|ratified=29 July 1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_H1qWbXARIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The United National Workers' Party was a political party based on African socialism.
|-
|{{flag|Ghana|1964}}
|Republic of Ghana
|1 July 1960
|24 February 1966
|{{ayd|1960|7|1|1966|2|24}}
|Part 1, Article 2: "In the confident expectation of an early surrender of sovereignty to a union of African states and territories, the people now confer on Parliament the power to provide for the surrender of the whole or any part of the sovereignty of Ghana".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=2|country=the Republic of Ghana|language=|ratified=1 July 1960|url=http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist247/winter_2017/resources/ghana_constitution_1960.pdf|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />See the 1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum.<br /><br />Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana, is mentioned in the 1960 constitution. Nkrumah and his party, the Convention People's Party, were African socialists, whose party constitution stated: "To establish a socialist state in which all men and women shall have equal opportunity and where there shall be no capital[ist] exploitation".<ref>Apter, David Ernest (21 February 1972) [1963]. ''Ghana in Transition'' (2nd revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 204. {{ISBN|978-0691021669}}.</ref><br /><br />Ghana's Seven Year Development plan included the task to "[e]mbark upon the socialist transformation of the economy through the rapid development of state and co-operative sectors".<ref>Ghana. Planning Commission (1964). ''Seven-year Development Plan: A Brief Outline''. Office of the Planning Commission.</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Guinea}}
|Republic of Guinea
|2 October 1958
|3 April 1984
|{{ayd|1958|10|2|1984|4|3}}
|From 1958 to 1984, the African socialist Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally was the sole legal political party in Guinea.<ref>Thomas O'Toole, ''Historical Dictionary of Guinea'', 1978, p. 55</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flagicon|Iraq|1959}}/{{flag|Iraq|1991}}
|rowspan="2"|Iraqi Republic
|14 July 1958
|8 February 1963 
|{{ayd|1958|7|14|1963|2|8}}
|From 1958 to 1963, the Iraqi Communist Party held significant power within the progressive military government of General Abd al-Karim Qasim.<br/><br/>See the 14 July Revolution.<ref name = "Hunt 2005 76">{{Harvnb|Hunt|2005|p=76}}.</ref>
|-
|8 February 1963 
|17 July 1968
|{{ayd|1963|2|8|1968|7|17}}
|From 1963 to 1968, the Arab Socialist Union was the sole legal political party in Iraq.<ref name="NyropStudies1971">{{cite book|author1=Richard F. Nyrop|author2=American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies|title=Area Handbook for Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6eBguNYflQC&pg=PA198|year=1971|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=198}}</ref>
|-
|Iraqi Republic
|17 July 1968
|7 April 2005
|{{ayd|1968|7|17|2005|4|7}}
|rowspan="2"|Chapter 1, Article 1: "Its [the country's] basic objective is the realization of one Arab State and the build-up of the socialist system".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=1|country=the Republic of Iraq|language=|ratified=21 September 1968|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/local_iraq1990.pdf|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|14 July 1958
|7 April 2005
|{{ayd|1958|7|14|2005|4|7}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Libya_(1969–1972).svg}}/{{flag|Libya|1977}}
|Libyan Arab Republic
|1 September 1969
|2 March 1977
|{{ayd|1969|9|1|1977|3|2}}
|rowspan="4"|Section 1, Article 6: "The aim of the state is the realization of socialism through the application of social justice which forbids any form of exploitation".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|language=|ratified=11 December 1969|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly00000_.html|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|2 March 1977
|15 April 1986
|{{ayd|1977|3|2|1986|4|15}}
|-
|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|15 April 1986
|23 October 2011
|{{ayd|1986|4|15|2011|10|23}}
|-
|Total
|1 September 1969
|23 October 2011
|{{ayd|1969|9|1|2011|10|23}}
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|Democratic Republic of Madagascar
|30 December 1975
|12 September 1992
|{{ayd|1975|12|30|1992|9|12}}
|See the 1975 Malagasy constitutional referendum.<ref name="EISA">[http://www.eisa.org.za/wep/mad1975referendum.htm "Madagascar: 1975 Constitutional referendum"]. EISA. Retrieved 20 January 2020.</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Mali}}
|Republic of Mali
|20 June 1960
|26 March 1991
|{{ayd|1960|6|20|1991|2|26}}
|From 1960 to 1968, the African socialist Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally was the sole legal political party in Mali.<br /> <br /> The 1974 Malian constitution provided for a one-party system which was ruled by the socialist Democratic Union of the Malian People.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Insoumission civile et défaillance étatique : les contradictions du processus démocratique malien|first=Marie-France|last=Lange|language=fr|trans-title=Civil dissent and state failure: the contradictions of the Malian democratic process|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/autrepart/010019329.pdf|journal=Autrepart|issue=10|year=1999|pages=177–134|via=Horizon pleins textes}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Mauritania|1959}}
|Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|25 December 1961
|10 July 1978
|{{ayd|1961|12|25|1978|7|10}}
|Chapter 1, Article 9: "The popular will is expressed through the democratically organized State Party. The Mauritanian People's Party, born from the merger of the national parties existing on December 25, 1961, is recognized as the only party of the State".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=9|section=1|country=Mauritania|language=French|ratified=12 February 1965|url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/mr1964.htm}}</ref><br /><br />The Mauritanian People's Party was a political party based on [[Religion:Islamic socialism|Islamic socialism]]. 
|-
|{{Flag|Senegal}}
|Republic of Senegal
|20 August 1960
|24 April 1981
|{{ayd|1960|8|20|1981|4|24}}
|From 1960 to 1975, the African socialist Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS) was the sole legal political party in Senegal and until 1981 there were only three parties allowed a socialist party (UPS), a liberal party and a communist party.<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|section=SECOND EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF 1976|country=Senegal|language=French|ratified=9 July 1975|url=http://www.dri.gouv.sn/sites/default/files/gouvernance/LOI%20N%20%201976%2026%20DU%2006%20AVRIL%201976.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles|1977}}
|Republic of Seychelles
|5 June 1977
|27 December 1991
|{{ayd|1977|06|05|1991|12|27}}
|Preamble: "Seychelles is declared to be a sovereign socialist republic".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03050718.1979.9985562|volume=5|title=The 1979 constitution for Seychelles|journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin|year=1979|issue=4|pages=1329–1332}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|Republic of Sierra Leone
|12 July 1978
|1 October 1991
|{{ayd|1978|7|12|1991|10|1}}
|Chapter X, Article 176: "The All People's Congress established and in being immediately prior to the commencement of this Constitution shall continue in being thereafter and be deemed to be the One Party officially recognised in Sierra Leone".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=176|section=10|country=Republic of Sierra Leone|language=English|ratified=13 May 1978 (by parliament)|url=https://sierralii.org/sl/legislation/act/1978/12}}</ref><br /><br />The All People's Congress is a political party based on African socialism. 
|-
|{{flag|Sudan|1970}}
|Democratic Republic of the Sudan
|25 May 1969
|10 October 1985
|{{ayd|1969|5|25|1985|10|10}}
|Preamble: "In the belief of our pursuit of freedom, socialism and democracy to achieve the society of sufficiency, justice and equality".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Democratic Republic of the Sudan|language=|ratified=13 March 1973|url=http://www.righttononviolence.org/mecf/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Constitution-Sudan-1973-+-amendment-1975.pdf|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Syria_(1963-1972,_1-2).svg}}/{{flag|Syria|1980}}
|Syrian Arab Republic
|8 March 1963
|27 February 2012
|{{ayd|1963|3|8|2012|2|27}}
|Section 1, Article 8: "The leading party in the society and the state is the Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party. It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people's masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation's goals".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=5|section=1|country=the Syrian Arab Republic|language=|ratified=12 April 1973|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy00000_.html|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|Republic of Tunisia
|22 October 1964
|27 February 1988
|{{ayd|1964|10|22|1988|2|27}}
|From 1964 to 1988, the Socialist Destourian Party was the sole legal political party in Tunisia.<ref>Brace, ''Morocco Algeria Tunisia'' (Prentice Hall 1964) pp. 114-116, 121-123, 140-143.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Zambia|1964}}
|Republic of Zambia
|25 August 1973
|24 August 1991
|{{ayd|1973|8|25|1991|8|24}}
|Section 1, Article 4: "There shall be one and only one political party or organization in Zambia, namely, the United National Independence Party".<ref>{{cite constitution|article=4|section=1|country=the Republic of Zambia|language=|ratified=25 August 1973|url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Zambia-Constitution-1973.pdf|access-date=}}</ref><br /><br />The United National Independence Party is a political party based on African socialism.
|}

=== Ephemeral socialist states ===
These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars, revolutions, or unrest and declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term, but which did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition.
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Paris Commune (18 March 1871 – 28 May 1871)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Republic of Guria (May 1902 – 10 January 1906)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:Strandzha Commune|Strandzha Commune]] (18 August 1903 – 8 September 1903)
* {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}} (1917–1921)
* {{flagicon|Crimea|1917}} Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918)
* {{flagicon image|Petropavlovsk-Krondstadt flag.svg}} Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (December 1917 – February 1918)
* {{flag|Belarusian People's Republic}} (1918–1919)
* {{flag|West Ukrainian People's Republic}} (1918–1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (28 January 1918 – 29 April 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Odessa Soviet Republic (31 January 1918 – 13 March 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (12 February 1918 – May 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Baku Commune (13 April 1918 - 25 July 1918) 
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918–1921, 4-5).svg}} Democratic Republic of Georgia (May 1918 – February 1921)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:People's State of Bavaria|People's State of Bavaria]] (8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine.svg}} [[Place:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace Soviet Republic]] (9 November 1918 – 22 November 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine#Council of Strasbourg|Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg]] (9 November 1918 – 22 November 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Free Socialist Republic of Germany (9 November 1918 – 11 August 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council (9 November 1918 – 9 December 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine.svg}} [[Place:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine#Council of Strasbourg|Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic]] (10 November 1918 – 22 November 1918)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} Commune of the Working People of Estonia (29 November 1918 – 5 June 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Saxon Soviet Republic (November 1918 – March 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Latvian SSR 1919.svg}} Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (17 December 1918 – 13 January 1920)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1918-1919).svg}} [[Place:First Hungarian Republic|Hungarian People's Republic]] (16 November 1918 – 21 March 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Махновское знамя.svg}} Free Territory (27 November 1918 – 28 August 1921)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:Würzburg Soviet Republic|Würzburg Soviet Republic]] (1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:Bremen Soviet Republic|Bremen Soviet Republic]] (10 January 1919 – 4 February 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg}} [[Place:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (27 February 1919 – 25 August 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Social:Hungarian Soviet Republic|Republic of Councils in Hungary]] (21 March 1919 – 6 August 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Mughan Soviet Republic (March 1919 – June 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Social:Bavarian Soviet Republic|Bavarian Soviet Republic]] (6 April 1919 – 3 May 1919)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Monaghan Soviet (1919)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Limerick Soviet (1919)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Knocklong Soviet (1919)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Waterford Soviet (1920)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Bruree Soviet (1921)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Cork Harbour Soviet (1921)
*{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Place:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic|Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic]] (28 April 1919 – 26 June 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (May 1919 – September 1919; 15 September 1924 – 18 September 1924)
* {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Slovak Soviet Republic (16 June 1919 – 7 July 1919)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1921-1924).svg}} People's Republic of Mongolia (1921–1924)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg}} Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (9 June 1920 – September 1921)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Galician SSR.svg}} Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (8 July 1920 – 21 September 1920)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg}} Hunan Soviet (September 1927 – October 1927)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg}} Guangzhou Commune (Guangzhou Soviet) (11 December 1927 – 13 December 1927)
* {{flagicon image|中國工農紅軍軍旗.svg}} Soviet Zone (1927–1937)
* {{flagicon image|BlackFlag.svg}} Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931)
* {{flagicon image|Communist Party of Vietnam flag.svg}} Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
* {{flagicon image|Chinese_soviet_flag.svg}} Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
* {{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}} (7 November 1931 – 22 September 1937)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chile.svg}} Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June 1932 – 2 October 1932)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Fujian People's Government.svg}} People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (22 November 1933 – 13 January 1934)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Xinjiang-Shicai 2.svg}} Xinjiang Clique (1934–1941)
* {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934)
* {{flagicon image|CNT FAI flag.svg}} Regional Defence Council of Aragon (1936–1937)
* {{flagicon image|CNT FAI flag.svg}} Anarchist Aragon (1936–1939)
* {{flagicon image|CNT FAI flag.svg}} Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1939)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region (1937–1946)
* {{flagicon|Finland}} Finnish Democratic Republic (December 1939 – March 1940)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Political Committee of National Liberation (10 March 1944 – 9 October 1944)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Inner-Mongolian Autonomous Government.svg}} Inner Mongolian People's Republic (9 September 1945 – 6 November 1945)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People%27s Committee of Korea.svg}} People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union (1924–1955).svg}} Soviet Civil Administration (1945–1949)
* {{flagicon image|Second War Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg}} Liberated Zone (1946–1949)
* {{flagicon image|Azerbaijan people's government flag.svg}} Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 – December 1946)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Mahabad.svg}} Republic of Mahabad (22 January 1946 – 15 December 1946)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg}} Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (1946–1947)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg}} People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} Provisional Democratic Government of North Greece (1947–1949)
* {{flagicon image|Single_Color_Flag_-_BF0000.svg}} Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic.svg}} Second East Turkestan Republic (12 November 1949 – 20 December 1949)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg}} People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba (1964)
* {{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} Republic of South Vietnam (8 June 1969 – 2 June 1976)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977-1978).svg}} People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Guinea.svg}} People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984)
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} Junta of National Reconstruction (18 July 1979 – 10 January 1985)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia.svg}} National Revolutionary Council of Gambia (30 July 1981 – 5 August 1981)
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg}} Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (22 June 1982 – 24 September 1993)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Burkina Faso.svg}} National Council for the Revolution (1984–1987)
* {{flagicon|Kuwait}} Republic of Kuwait (4 August 1990 – 28 August 1990)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} Democratic Republic of Yemen (21 May 1994 – 7 July 1994)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic_Kampuchea.svg}} Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (11 July 1994 – 22 June 1998)

== States with governing communist or socialist parties ==
There are multiple states with communist or socialist parties leading the government, sometimes together. Such states are not considered to be communist or socialist states because the countries themselves do not provide a constitutional role for their ruling socialist/communist parties or deemed socialism a state ideology. This does not include socialist parties following [[Philosophy:Social democracy|social democracy]] which governed most of the Western world as part of the mainstream centre-left and refers to democratic socialist parties positioned to their left.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Party
!scope="col"|Electoral coalition
!scope="col"|Election
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Lower house
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Upper house
!scope="col"|Official ideology
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|Constitutionally a socialist state.|group="nb"}}
|National Liberation Front
|— || 2021 || {{composition bar|98|407|hex=#DC241f}} || {{composition bar|59|144|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Social:Arab socialism|Arab socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}{{refn|name="Marxist–Leninist"|Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state.|group="nb"}}
|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
|— || 2017 || {{composition bar|150|220|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]<br>[[Social:Vanguardism|Vanguardism]]
|-
|rowspan="11"|{{flag|Argentina}}
|Kolina
|rowspan="11"|Frente de Todos || rowspan="11"|2019 || rowspan="11"|{{composition bar|119|257|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="11"|{{composition bar|41|72|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="2" | [[Social:Kirchnerism|Kirchnerism]]
|-
|Victory Party
|-
|Somos
|[[Social:Socialist feminism|Socialist feminism]]
|-
|Proyecto Sur
|[[Social:Eco-socialism|Eco-socialism]]
|-
|Popular Unity
|[[Social:Socialism of the 21st century|Socialism of the 21st century]]
|-
|Communist Party of Argentina
| rowspan="3" |[[Social:Communism|Communism]]
|-
|Communist Party (Extraordinary Congress)
|-
|Revolutionary Communist Party
|-
|Intransigent Party
|[[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|Patria Grande Front
|[[Social:Socialism of the 21st century|Socialism of the 21st century]]
|-
|Evita Movement
|[[Social:Kirchnerism|Kirchnerism]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Bangladesh}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|[[Social:Awami League|Awami League]]
|rowspan="3"|Grand Alliance || rowspan="3"|2018 || rowspan="3"|{{composition bar|293|350|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="3"| — || [[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|Workers Party of Bangladesh
|[[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]]
|-
|Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal
|[[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|Barbados Labour Party
|— || 2018 || {{composition bar|30|30|hex=#DC241f}} || {{composition bar|11|21|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|Movement for Socialism
|— || 2020 || {{composition bar|75|130|hex=#DC241f}} || {{composition bar|21|36|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Social:Socialism of the 21st century|Socialism of the 21st century]]
|-
|{{flag|Congo}}{{refn|name="Marxist–Leninist"|group="nb"}}
|Congolese Party of Labour
|— || 2017 || {{composition bar|90|151|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Djibouti}}{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|Formerly a socialist state.|group="nb"}}
|People's Rally for Progress
|Union for the Presidential Majority || 2018 || {{composition bar|57|65|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Movement for Democratic Alternation
|— || 2019 || {{composition bar|27|102|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Guyana}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|People's Progressive Party
|PPP/C
|2020
|{{composition bar|33|65|hex=#DC241f}}
|—
|[[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|Militant Socialist Movement
|rowspan="3"|Mauritian Alliance || rowspan="3"|2014 || rowspan="3"|{{composition bar|42|69|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="3"| — || rowspan="3" | [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|Muvman Liberater
|-
|Rodrigues People's Organisation
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flag|Mexico}}
|MORENA
|rowspan="2"|Juntos Hacemos Historia || rowspan="2"|2021 || rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|235|500|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="2"|{{composition bar|70|128|hex=#DC241f}} || Cardenism<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaración de principios de MORENA|url=http://morena.si/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/declaracion-de-principios-de-morena1.pdf|website=Morena.sí|language=es}}</ref>
|-
|Labor Party
|[[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}{{refn|name="FormerUSSR"|Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state as part of the Soviet Union.|group="nb"}}
|Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova || — || 2019 || {{composition bar|35|101|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}{{refn|name="Marxist–Leninist"|group="nb"}}
|Mozambique Liberation Front
|— || 2014 || {{composition bar|144|250|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|South West African People's Organisation
|— || 2019 || {{composition bar|63|96|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Nepal Communist Party || — || 2017 || {{composition bar|174|275|hex=#DC241f}} || {{composition bar|42|59|hex=#DC241f}} || [[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]]
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Sandinista National Liberation Front
| — || 2016 || {{composition bar|71|92|hex=#DC241f}} || — || Sandinismo<ref>{{cite web|title=Central America and Caribbean: Nicaragua – Government|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook|access-date=13 January 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|Free Peru
|— || 2021 || {{composition bar|37|130|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Socialist Party
| — || 2019 || {{composition bar|108|230|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|Unity Labour Party
|— || 2020 || {{composition bar|9|15|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|African National Congress
|Tripartite Alliance || 2019 || {{composition bar|230|440|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna
|rowspan="4"|Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance || rowspan="4"|2020 || rowspan="4"|{{composition bar|145|225|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="4"|— || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|Eelam People's Democratic Party
|[[Social:Left-wing nationalism|Left-wing nationalism]]
|-
|Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal
|[[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|Sri Lanka Freedom Party
|[[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{flag|Syria}}{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|Formerly a socialist state.|group="nb"}}
|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
|rowspan="4"|National Progressive Front || rowspan="4"|2020 || rowspan="4"|{{composition bar|177|250|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="4"|— || [[Social:Arab socialism|Arab socialism]]
|-
|Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)
|[[Social:Marxism–Leninism|Marxism–Leninism]]
|-
|Arab Socialist Union Party
| rowspan="2" |[[Social:Nasserism|Nasserism]]
|-
|Socialist Unionist Party
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}{{refn|name="Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Party of the Revolution
|— || 2015 || {{composition bar|276|384|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|[[Social:United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]
|rowspan="6"|Great Patriotic Pole || rowspan="6"|2020 || rowspan="6"|{{composition bar|253|277|hex=#DC241f}} || rowspan="6"|— || [[Social:Socialism of the 21st century|Socialism of the 21st century]]
|-
|Fatherland for All
|[[Social:Libertarian Marxism|Libertarian Marxism]]
|-
|Tupamaro
|[[Social:Communism|Communism]]
|-
|Movement We Are Venezuela
|[[Social:Chavismo|Chavismo]]
|-
|People's Electoral Movement
|[[Social:Socialism|Socialism]]
|-
|Venezuelan Popular Unity
|[[Social:Chavismo|Chavismo]]
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}}
|Patriotic Front
|— || 2016 || {{composition bar|89|156|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
|— || 2018 || {{composition bar|179|270|hex=#DC241f}} || — || [[Social:Democratic socialism|Democratic socialism]]
|}

Examples of previous direct communist or socialist party rule in non-socialist multi-party democracies and constitutionally socialist states include:
{|{{Table|class=floatright}}
|{{Graph:Map|scale=80|AF=#FF7F50|AL=#FF7F50|AM=#FF7F50|AO=#FF7F50|AR=#FF6347|AT=#FFA500|AZ=#FF7F50|BD=#FF6347|BG=#FFD700|BJ=#FF7F50|BR=#FFD700|BY=#FF7F50|CG=#FF7F50|CL=#FFD700|CN=#FF4500|CU=#FF4500|CY=#FFA500|CZ=#FF6347|DD=#FF7F50|EE=#FF7F50|ES=#FF6347|ET=#FF7F50|FI=#FFD700|FR=#FFD700|GD=#FF7F50|GE=#FF7F50|GR=#FF7F50|GY=#FFA500|HR=#FF7F50|HU=#FF7F50|IN=#FFD700|IT=#FFD700|KG=#FF7F50|KH=#FF7F50|KP=#FF4500|KZ=#FF7F50|LA=#FF4500|LK=#FFD700|LT=#FF7F50|LV=#FF7F50|MD=#FF7F50|ML=#FFD700|MN=#FF7F50|MZ=#FF7F50|NP=#FFA500|PA=#FF6347|PE=#FFD700|PL=#FF7F50|PT=#FF6347|RO=#FF7F50|RS=#FF6347|RU=#FF7F50|SM=#FFD700|SO=#FF7F50|SU=#FF7F50|SY=#FF6347|TJ=#FF7F50|TM=#FF7F50|UA=#FF7F50|UY=#FF6347|UZ=#FF7F50|VN=#FF4500|VZ=#FF6347|YD=#FF7F50|YU=#FF7F50|ZA=#FF6347}}
|-
|{{Legend0|OrangeRed|Officially ruling parties in communist states}}<br>{{Legend0|Tomato|Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states}}<br>{{Legend0|Coral|Formerly ruling in a one-party system}}<br>{{Legend0|Orange|Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government}}<br>{{Legend0|Gold|Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter}}
|}
* {{flagicon|San Marino}} Republic of San Marino (Sammarinese Communist Party, 1945–1957)
* {{flagicon|Myanmar|1948}} Union of Burma (Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, 1948–1962)
* {{flagicon|India}} Republic of India{{refn|name="Constitution2"|group="nb"}} ([[Social:Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]], 1951–1977; 1980–1989; 1991–1996; 2004–2014)
* {{flagicon|Uganda}} Republic of Uganda (Uganda People's Congress, 1960–1971; 1980–1985)
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan Peoples Party, 1970–1977; 1988–1990; 1993–1996; 2008–2013)
* {{flagicon|East Timor}} Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, 1975; 2002–2006; 2007; 2015–2018)
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} Republic of Senegal{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (Socialist Party of Senegal, 1975–2000)
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} Arab Republic of Egypt{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (National Democratic Party, 1978–2011){{refn|name="Constitution2"|group="nb"}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Vanuatu_(official).svg}} Republic of Vanuatu (Vanua'aku Pati, 1980–1994; 2009–2014)
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} Republic of Nicaragua{{refn|name="Constitution2"|group="nb"}} (Sandinista National Liberation Front, 1984–1990)<ref name="NICCR"/>
* {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} People's Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso (Organization for Popular Democracy – Labour Movement and Congress for Democracy and Progress, 1987–1996; 1996–2014)
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Republic of Tunisia{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (Democratic Constitutional Rally, 1988–2011, Nidaa Tounes 2014–2019)
* {{flagicon|USSR}} {{wipe|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}}{{refn|name="CPD"|Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state, turned into a multi-party system.|group="nb"}} (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1990–1991)
* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia{{refn|name="Marxist–Leninist"|group="nb"}} (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, 1991–2019)
* {{flagicon|Seychelles}} Republic of Seychelles{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (Seychelles People's Progressive Front, People's Party and United Seychelles, 1991–2009; 2009–2018; 2018–2020)
* {{flagicon|Mali}} Republic of Mali{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (Alliance for Democracy in Mali and Rally for Mali, 1992–2002; 2012–2013; 2013–2020)
* {{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}{{refn|name="Marxist–Leninist"|group="nb"}} (Socialist Party of Serbia, 1992–2000)
* {{flagicon|Guyana}} Co-operative Republic of Guyana{{refn|name="Constitution2"|group="nb"}} (People's Progressive Party, 1992–2015)
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} Republic of Nepal (Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and Nepal Communist Party, 1994–1998; 2008–2013; 2015–2017){{refn|name="Socialist2014"|A socialist state since 2015.|group="nb"}}
* {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka{{refn|name="Constitution2"|Constitutionally a socialist state during this period.|group="nb"}} (Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 1994–2001; 2004–2015)
* {{flagicon|Madagascar}} Republic of Madagascar{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar, 1997–2002)
* {{flagicon|Russia}} Russian Federation{{refn|name="FormerUSSR"|Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state as part of the Soviet Union.|group="nb"}} (Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 1998–1999){{refn|name="RF"|The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was involved in government from 1998–1999, though non-communist Boris Yeltsin held the presidency.|group="nb"}}
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} Republic of Moldova{{refn|name="FormerUSSR"|Formerly a Marxist–Leninist state as part of the Soviet Union.|group="nb"}} (Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, 2001–2009)
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} Federative Republic of Brazil (Workers' Party, 2002–2016)
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Socialist Party of Uruguay, 2005–2010; 2015–2020 and Movement of Popular Participation 2010–2015)
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} Republic of Sierra Leone{{refn|name="Formerly Constitution"|group="nb"}} (All People's Congress, 2007–2018)
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Republic of Cyprus (Progressive Party of Working People, 2008–2013)
* {{flagicon|El Salvador}} Republic of El Salvador ([[Social:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front|Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front]], 2009–2019)
* {{flagicon|Suriname}} Republic of Suriname (National Democratic Party, 2010–2020)

== See also ==
* List of anarchist communities
* [[Social:Communist state|Communist state]]
* People's republic
* [[Social:Socialism in one country|Socialism in one country]]
* [[Philosophy:State socialism|State socialism]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Socialism|States]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of socialist states|1}}