View source for Earth:New Caledonia

{{Short description|French special collectivity in the southwest Pacific Ocean}}
{{use Australian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name                          = New Caledonia
| native_name                   = {{native name|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}}
| settlement_type               = ''Sui generis'' collectivity of {{wipe|France}}
| image_flag                    = Flags of New Caledonia.svg
| flag_size                     = 175px
| flag_link                     = Flags of New Caledonia
| image_blank_emblem            = File:Emblem of New Caledonia.svg
| blank_emblem_size             = 60px
| blank_emblem_type             = Symbol
| blank_emblem_link             = Emblem of New Caledonia
| motto                         = {{native name|fr|"Terre de parole, terre de partage"|italics=off}}<br />({{lang-en|"Land of speech, land of sharing"}})
| anthem                        = {{lang|fr|La Marseillaise}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}<br />"{{lang|fr|Soyons unis, devenons frères}}"{{refn|1="Soyons unis, devenons frères" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.|group=n}}<br />{{parabr}}{{center|}}
| image_map                     = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
| map_alt                       = Location of New Caledonia
| map_caption                   = Location of New Caledonia
| mapsize                       = 290px
| subdivision_type              = [[Earth:Sovereign state|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name              = {{flag|France}}
| established_title             = Annexed by France
| established_date              = 24 September 1853
| established_title2            = Overseas territory
| established_date2             = 1946
| established_title3            = Nouméa Accord
| established_date3             = 5 May 1998
| official_languages            = [[Social:French language|French]]
| regional_languages            = {{hlist|Nengone|Paicî|Ajië|Drehu|35 other native languages}}
| capital                       = [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]]
| coordinates                   = {{coord|22|16|S|166|28|E}}
| largest_city                  = capital
| demonym                       = New Caledonian
| government_type               = [[Social:Devolution|Devolved]] parliamentary dependency
| leader_title1                 = President
| leader_name1                  = Emmanuel Macron
| leader_title2                 = High Commissioner
| leader_name2                  = Louis Le Franc
| leader_title3                 = President of the Government
| leader_name3                  = Louis Mapou
| leader_title4                 = President of the Congress
| leader_name4                  = Roch Wamytan
| leader_title5                 = President of the Customary Senate
| leader_name5                  = Yvon Kona
| legislature                   = Congress of New Caledonia
| national_representation       = French Parliament
| national_representation_type1 = Senate
| national_representation1      = 2 senators (of 348)
| national_representation_type2 = {{nowrap|National Assembly}}
| national_representation2      = 2 seats (of 577)
| area_km2                      = 18,575<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/|title=New Caledonia|date=6 December 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>
| area_land_km2                 = 18,275
| area_rank                     = 
| percent_water                 = 1.6
| elevation_max_m               = 1,628
| elevation_max_point           = Mont Panie
| population_census             = 271,407<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |title=Structure de la population et évolutions |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year        = 2019
| population_census_rank        = 184th
| population_estimate           = 
| population_estimate_rank      = 
| population_estimate_year      = 
| population_density_km2        = 14.5
| population_density_sq_mi      = 
| population_density_rank       = 200th
| GDP_PPP                       = 
| GDP_PPP_rank                  = 
| GDP_PPP_year                  = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita            = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank       = 
| GDP_nominal                   = US$9.44 billion<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=566:pib |title=Evolution du PIB et du PIB par habitant |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113755/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/82-donnees?download=566:pib |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year              = 2019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita        = US$34,780<ref name="GDP"/>
| currency                      = [[Finance:CFP franc|CFP franc]] (₣)
| currency_code                 = XPF
| timezone                      = 
| utc_offset                    = +11:00
| drives_on                     = right
| calling_code                  = +687
| iso_code                      = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:NC|NC]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-NC]]}}
| cctld                         = .nc
}}

'''New Caledonia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|d|oʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|KAL|ih|DOH|nee|ə}}; {{lang-fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}} {{IPA-fr|nuvɛl kaledɔni||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Nouvelle-Calédonie.wav}}){{refn|group=nb|Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" ({{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances}}), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" ({{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie}}), the official French name is now only {{lang|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}} (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614081856/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/imagesJOALL/1999/041/JO199904197ALL.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-14 |title=LOI no 1999-209 du 19 mars 1999 organique relative a la Novelle Calédonie |work=Journal officiel de la République française |date=21 March 1999 |page=4223 |url-status=dead}}</ref>). The French courts often continue to use the appellation {{lang|fr|Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie}}.}} is a ''sui generis'' collectivity of overseas France in the southwest [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean]], south of Vanuatu, about {{convert|1210|km|abbr=on}} east of {{wipe|Australia}},<ref name="enc-pres">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation |title=Présentation |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174803/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Presentation |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> and {{cvt|17,000|km}} from [[Place:Metropolitan France|Metropolitan France]]. The archipelago, part of the [[Place:Melanesia|Melanesia]] subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets.<ref name="pres-om"/> The Chesterfield Islands are in the [[Earth:Coral Sea|Coral Sea]]. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre "{{lang|fr|Le Caillou}}" ("the pebble").<ref name="Stanley1989">{{cite book|author=David Stanley|title=South Pacific Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549|year=1989|publisher=David Stanley|isbn=978-0-918373-29-8|page=549|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093620/https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the European Union’s Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs),<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Union Overseas Territories and Countries |url=https://www.overseas-association.eu/octs/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=OCTA |language=en-US}}</ref> but is not part of the [[Social:European Union|European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overseas Countries and Territories - European Commission |url=https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/countries/overseas-countries-and-territories_en |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

New Caledonia has a land area of {{convert|18575|km2|abbr=on}} divided into three provinces. The North and South Provinces are on the New Caledonian mainland, while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of three islands off the east coast of mainland. New Caledonia's population of 271,407 (October 2019 census)<ref name=censuspop>{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |title=268 767 habitants en 2014 |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2014-11-16 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions |url-status=live }}</ref> is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and Loyalty Islands Provinces, the indigenous Kanak people predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European (Caldoches and [[Place:Metropolitan France|Metropolitan French]]), Kanak, and Polynesian (mostly Wallisian) origin, as well as smaller groups of [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]n, Pied-Noir, and North African heritage. The capital of New Caledonia is [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]].<ref name="enc-pres"/>

== History ==
New Caledonia was part of the continent [[Earth:Zealandia|Zealandia]], which broke off from the supercontinent Gondwana between 79 million and 83 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/lost-continent-zealandia-mapped.html |title=Hidden boundaries of lost continent 'Zealandia' revealed in incredible detail |website=LiveScience |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the period when the Lapita culture was influential in large parts of the Pacific, {{Circa|1600}}–500 BC or 1300–200 BC.<ref name="pres-hist">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Histoire/Histoire |title=Histoire / La Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |date=2012-11-20 |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030183849/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Histoire/Histoire |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists.<ref name="LoganCole2001">{{cite book|first1= Leanne|last1= vLogan|first2= Geert|last2= Cole|title= New Caledonia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13|year= 2001|publisher= Lonely Planet|isbn= 978-1-86450-202-2|page= 13|via= Google Books|access-date= 18 October 2015|archive-date= 13 April 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093509/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA13|url-status= live}}</ref> The first settlements were concentrated around the coast and date back to the period between c. 1100 BC and AD 200.<ref name="pres-hist" />

[[File:Two Kanak (Canaque) warriors posing with penis gourds and spears, New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Two Kanak warriors posing with [[Social:Koteka|penis gourd]]s and spears, around 1880]]
British explorer James Cook was the first European to sight New Caledonia, on 4 September 1774, during his second voyage.<ref name="ped">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2010 |publisher=IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075134/https://www.ieom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_nouvelle-caledonie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He named it "New Caledonia", as the northeast of the island reminded him of Scotland.<ref name="ped"/> The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by the Comte de Lapérouse in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited between 1793 and 1796 when Mare, Lifou, Tiga, and Ouvea were mapped by English whaler William Raven.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15|title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands|last1=Quanchi|first1=Max|last2=Robson|first2=John|date=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865280|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531052523/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwDzM94jGUC&pg=RA1-PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Raven encountered the island, then named Britania, and today known as Maré (Loyalty Is.), in November 1793.<ref name="maritimeheritage.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/newCaledonia.html|title=New Caledonia and International Seaport History. The Maritime Heritage Project.|website=Maritimeheritage.org|access-date=2017-11-12|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112912/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/newCaledonia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1796 until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded. About 50 American whalers left record of being in the region (Grande Terre, Loyalty Is., Walpole and Hunter) between 1793 and 1887.<ref name="maritimeheritage.org"/><ref>{{cite book| last= Langdon| first= Robert | year= 1983| title= Where the Whalers Went: An index of the Pacific Ports and Islands visited by American Whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th Century| place= Canberra| publisher= Pacific Manuscripts Bureau| page= 183 |isbn= 086784471X}}</ref> Contacts with visiting ships became more frequent after 1840, because of their interest in [[Biology:Sandalwood|sandalwood]].<ref name="pres-hist"/>

As trade in sandalwood declined, it was replaced by a new business enterprise, "[[Social:Blackbirding|blackbirding]]", a euphemism for taking Melanesian or Western Pacific Islanders from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands into [[Social:Slavery|slavery]], indentured or [[Social:Forced labour|forced labour]] in the [[Biology:Sugarcane|sugarcane]] plantations in Fiji and Queensland by various methods of trickery and deception.<ref name="kanaka">{{cite web |url= http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/14373/HERMES_2002_32-33_191.pdf?sequence=1 |title= De Kanaka à Kanak: l'appropriation d'un terme générique au profit de la revendication identitaire |first= Frédéric |last= Angleviel |language= fr |trans-title= From Kanaka to Kanak: the appropriation of a generic term for the benefit of identity claim |publisher= Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date= 2013-01-30 |archive-date= 9 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131832/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/14373/HERMES_2002_32-33_191.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Blackbirding was practised by both French and Australian traders, but in New Caledonia's case, the trade in the early decades of the twentieth century involved kidnapping children from the Loyalty Islands to the Grand Terre for forced labour in plantation agriculture. New Caledonia's primary experience with blackbirding revolved around a trade from the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) to the Grand Terre for labour in plantation agriculture, mines, as well as guards over convicts and in some public works. In the early years of the trade, coercion was used to lure Melanesian islanders onto ships. In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. This represented a departure from contemporary developments in Australia, since increased regulations were developed to mitigate the abuses of blackbirding and 'recruitment' strategies on the coastlines.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

The first missionaries from the London Missionary Society and the Marist Brothers arrived in the 1840s.<ref name="abcau">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/new_caledonia.htm |title=Charting the Pacific – Places |website=Abc.net.au |date=1998-10-13 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231802/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/new_caledonia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1849, the crew of the American ship ''Cutter'' was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan.<ref name="logan">{{cite book |first1= Leanne |last1= Logan |first2= Geert |last2= Cole |title= New Caledonia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA15 |year= 2001 |publisher= Lonely Planet |isbn= 978-1-86450-202-2 |page= 15 |via= Google Books |access-date= 18 October 2015 |archive-date= 12 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181115/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA15 |url-status= live }}</ref> Human cannibalism was widespread throughout New Caledonia.<ref name="Knauft1999">{{cite book | first= Bruce M. | last= Knauft | title= From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103 | year= 1999 | publisher= [[Organization:University of Michigan Press|University of Michigan Press]] | isbn= 978-0-472-06687-2 | page= 103 | via= Google Books | access-date= 18 October 2015 | archive-date= 1 January 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095349/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103 | url-status= live }}</ref>

=== French colonisation ===
{{see| Communards#Life in New Caledonia|Pacific Islands home front during World War II#Employment}}
{{Anchor|French colonisation}}On 24 September 1853, under orders from Emperor Napoleon III, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia. Captain Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel founded Port-de-France (Nouméa) on 25 June 1854.<ref name="ped"/> A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years.<ref name="ped"/> New Caledonia became a penal colony in 1864, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, France sent about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners to New Caledonia. The {{lang|fr|Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons}} for 1888 indicates that 10,428 convicts, including 2,329 freed ones, were on the island as of 1 May 1888, by far the largest number of convicts detained in French overseas penitentiaries.{{refn|group=nb|As compared to 4,053 convicts, including 1,176 freed ones, in French Guiana at the same date.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin de la Société générale des prisons |place=Paris |year=1888 |page=980 }}</ref>}} The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel.<ref name="gb-1">{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Aldrich |first2=John |last2=Connell |title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |year=2006 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}} |isbn=978-0-521-03036-6 |page=46 |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165048/https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" to New Caledonia.<ref name="ped"/> Only 40 of them settled in the colony; the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880.<ref name="ped"/>

[[File:King Jacques and his Queen.jpg|thumb|Chief&nbsp;King Jacques and his Queen]]
In 1864, [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]] was discovered<ref name="gb-1"/> on the banks of the Diahot River; with the establishment of the {{lang|fr|Société Le Nickel|italic=np}} in 1876, mining began in earnest.<ref name="gb-2"/> To work the mines the French imported labourers from neighbouring islands and from the New Hebrides, and later from {{wipe|Japan}}, the Dutch East Indies, and French Indochina.<ref name="gb-1"/> The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success.<ref name="gb-1"/>

The indigenous Kanak people were excluded from the French economy and from mining work, and ultimately confined to reservations.<ref name="gb-1"/> This sparked a violent reaction in 1878, when High Chief Ataï of La Foa managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war that killed 200 Frenchmen and 1,000 Kanaks.<ref name="gb-2"/> A {{Interlanguage link|1917 Kanak revolt| lt=second uprising|fr|Révolte kanak de 1917|WD=}} occurred in 1917, with Protestant missionaries like Maurice Leenhardt functioning as witnesses to the events of this war. Leenhardt would pen a number of ethnographic works on the Kanak of New Caledonia. Noël of Tiamou led the 1917 rebellion, which resulted in a number of orphaned children, one of whom was taken into the care of Protestant missionary Alphonse Rouel. This child, Wenceslas Thi, would become the father of Jean-Marie Tjibaou<ref>Adrian Muckle</ref> (1936–1989).

Europeans brought new diseases such as [[Medicine:Smallpox|smallpox]] and [[Medicine:Measles|measles]], which caused the deaths of many natives.<ref name="logan"/> The Kanak population declined from around 60,000 in 1878 to 27,100 in 1921, and their numbers did not increase again until the 1930s.<ref name="gb-2"/>

In June 1940, after the fall of France, the {{lang|fr|Conseil Général}} of New Caledonia voted unanimously to support the Free French government, and in September the pro-[[Religion:Vichy France|Vichy]] governor was forced to leave for Indochina.<ref name="gb-2"/>

In 1941, some 300 men from the territory volunteered for service overseas. They were joined, in April, by 300 men from French Polynesia ('the Tahitians'), plus a handful from the French districts of the New Hebrides: together they formed the {{lang|fr|Bataillon du Pacifique}}. The Caledonians formed two of the companies, and the Polynesians the other two. In May 1941, they sailed to Australia and boarded the {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} for the onward voyage to Africa. They joined the other Free French (FF) battalions in Qastina in August, before moving to the Western Desert with the 1st FF Brigade ({{lang|fr|1<sup>re</sup> BFL}}). There they were one of the four battalions who took part in the breakout after the Battle of Bir Hakeim in 1942. Their losses could not easily be replaced from the Pacific and they were therefore amalgamated with the Frenchmen of another battalion wearing the anchor of {{lang|fr|la Coloniale}}, the BIM, to form the {{lang|fr|Bataillon de l'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique}}. The combined battalion formed part of the {{lang|fr|Gaulliste 1<sup>re</sup> Division Motorisée d'Infanterie}}/{{lang|fr|Division de Marche d'Infanterie}}, alongside three divisions from the French North African forces, in the French Expeditionary Corps during the Italian Campaign. They landed in Provence in 1944, when they were posted out and replaced by local French volunteers and résistants.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

Meanwhile, in March 1942, with the assistance of Australia,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasluck |first=Paul Meernaa Caedwalla |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1070583/document/5519866.PDF |chapter=Chapter 6 – Clearing a Way to Total War, October 1940 – January 1941 |title=The Government and the People, 1939–1941 |volume=I |year=1952 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |place=Canberra |edition=1965 |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530234827/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/RCDIG1070583/document/5519866.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> New Caledonia became an important Allied base,<ref name="gb-2"/> and the main South Pacific Fleet base of the United States Navy in the South Pacific moved to Nouméa in 1942–1943.<ref name="Rottman2002">{{cite book |first=Gordon L. |last=Rottman |title=World War 2 Pacific Island Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |page=71 |quote=In October, the decision was made to relocate the main South Pacific Fleet base from Auckland to Nouméa (FPO SF 131). Unloading facilities were improved by February 1943 and construction immediately began on the naval operating base. |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319130955/http://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fleet that turned back the Japanese Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was based at Nouméa.<ref name="gb-2">{{cite book |first=David |last=Stanley |title=South Pacific Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549 |year=1989 |publisher=David Stanley |isbn=978-0-918373-29-8 |pages=549– |via=Google Books |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413093620/https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&pg=PA549 |url-status=live }}</ref> American troops stationed on New Caledonia numbered as many as 50,000, matching the entire local population at the time.<ref name="ped"/>

=== French overseas territory ===
In 1946, New Caledonia became an overseas territory.<ref name="ped"/> By 1953, French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity.<ref name="ncbrit"/>

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, New Caledonia strengthened its economic links with Australia, particularly as turmoil within France and its empire weakened New Caledonia's traditional economic links to metropolitan France; New Caledonia supplied nickel to Australia in exchange for coal vital for smelting nickel. New Caledonian exports of iron ore and timber to Australia also increased during this time period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henningham |first1=Stephen |date=December 2014 |title=Australia's Economic Ambitions in French New Caledonia, 1945–1955 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24644648 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=421–439 |doi=10.1080/00223344.2014.976915 |jstor=24644648 |s2cid=154479730 |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429074055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24644648 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The European and Polynesian populations gradually increased in the years leading to the nickel boom of 1969–1972, and the indigenous Kanak Melanesians became a minority, though they were still the largest ethnic group.<ref name="ncbrit">{{Britannica|411221|New Caledonia}}</ref>

Between 1976 and 1988, conflicts between French government actions and the Kanak independence movement saw periods of serious violence and disorder.<ref name="ped" /> In 1983, a statute of "enlarged autonomy" for the territory proposed a five-year transition period and a referendum in 1989. In March 1984, the Front Indépendantiste, a Kanak resistance group, seized farms and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) formed a provisional government. In January 1985, the French Socialist government offered sovereignty to the Kanaks and legal protection for European settlers. The plan faltered as violence escalated. The government declared a state of emergency; however, regional elections went ahead, and the FLNKS won control of three out of four provinces. The centre-right government elected in France in March 1986 began eroding the arrangements established under the Socialists, redistributing lands mostly without consideration of native land claims, resulting in over two-thirds going to Europeans and less than a third to the Kanaks. By the end of 1987, roadblocks, gun battles and the destruction of property culminated in the Ouvéa cave hostage taking, a dramatic hostage crisis on the eve of the presidential elections in France. Pro-independence militants on Ouvéa killed four gendarmes and took 27 hostage. The military assaulted the cave to rescue the hostages. Nineteen Kanak hostage takers were killed and another three died in custody, while two soldiers were killed during the assault.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/land-and-independence-new-caledonia| title= Land and Independence in New Caledonia| work= Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine| last= Winslow| first= Donna| date= June 1991| via= culturalsurvival.org| access-date= 2021-02-11| language= en| archive-date= 13 November 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112859/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/land-and-independence-new-caledonia| url-status= live}}</ref>

[[File:Two official flags of New Caledonia on same flagpole.png|thumb|left|Flags side by side on the same pole, Nouméa, March 2011]]
The Matignon Agreements, signed on 26 June 1988, ensured a decade of stability. The Nouméa Accord, signed 5 May 1998, set the groundwork for a 20-year transition that gradually transfers competences to the local government.<ref name="ped" />

In 2008, six lagoons of the [[Earth:New Caledonian barrier reef|New Caledonian barrier reef]], the world's longest continuous barrier reef system, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Following the timeline set by the Nouméa Accord that stated a vote must take place by the end of 2018, the groundwork was laid for a referendum on full independence from France at a meeting chaired by the French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe on 2 November 2017, to be held by November 2018. Voter list eligibility was the subject of a long dispute, but the details were resolved in an electoral list that granted automatic eligibility to voters of Kanak origin but excluded those of other origins who had not been longtime residents of the territory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum-d-autodetermination-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-accord-politique-trouve_5209433_823448.html|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : ce que contient l'" accord politique " sur le référendum d'autodétermination|newspaper=LeMonde.fr|date=3 November 2017|last1=Roger|first1=Patrick|language=fr|trans-title=New Caledonia: what is contained in the 'political agreement' on the self-determination referendum|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622081810/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/03/referendum-d-autodetermination-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-accord-politique-trouve_5209433_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The referendum was held on 4 November 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|title=New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum|newspaper={{wipe|The Guardian}}|date=20 March 2018|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513011939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|url-status=live}}</ref> with independence being rejected.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5444523/new-caledonia-france-referendum/ |title= New Caledonia Votes to Remain Part of France |magazine= {{wipe|Time (magazine)}} | agency= Associated Press| date= 5 November 2018| place= Nouméa, New Caledonia| language=en|access-date=2018-11-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181109010235/http://time.com/5444523/new-caledonia-france-referendum/|archive-date=9 November 2018| url-status= dead}}</ref>

Another referendum was held in October 2020, with voters once again choosing to remain a part of France.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/new-caledonia-voters-choose-to-stay-part-of-france| title= New Caledonia voters choose to stay part of France| work= Los Angeles Times| agency= Associated Press| first= Charlotte| last= Antoine-Perron| date= 4 October 2020| place= Nouméa, New Caledonia| language= en| access-date= 11 February 2021| archive-date= 8 October 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008024613/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/new-caledonia-voters-choose-to-stay-part-of-france| url-status= live}}</ref> In the 2018 referendum, 56.7% of voters chose to remain in France. In the 2020 referendum, this percentage dropped with 53.4% of voters choosing to remain part of France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-04 |title=New Caledonia referendum: South Pacific territory rejects independence from France |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54410059 |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210340/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54410059 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The third referendum was held on 12 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210602-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-to-hold-third-independence-referendum |title=French territory of New Caledonia held its third and last independence referendum where 96.49 voted against independence |work=France24 |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213224234/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210602-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-to-hold-third-independence-referendum |url-status=live }}</ref> The referendum was boycotted by pro-independence forces, who argued for a delayed vote due to the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; when the French government declined to do so, they called for a boycott. This led to 96% of voters choosing to stay with France.<ref>{{cite news |last=Antoine-Perron |first=Charlotte |title=New Caledonia votes to stay in France; separatists boycott |url=https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-boycotts-paris-storms-bcdf16be51e3bd94e0f332c405c2da8e |work=Associated Press |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401010044/https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-boycotts-paris-storms-bcdf16be51e3bd94e0f332c405c2da8e |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==

For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence The Rally–UMP.<ref name="undcol"/> This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, Avenir Ensemble, also opposed to independence, but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement,<ref name="undcol"/> which is part of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, a coalition of several pro-independence groups.<ref name="undcol"/>

=== Customary authority ===
Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000–5,000 family-based clans to the eight customary areas ({{lang|fr|aires coutumières}}) that make up the territory.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. The tribes are further grouped into 57 customary chiefdoms ({{lang|fr|chefferies}}), each headed by a head chief, and forming the administrative subdivisions of the customary areas.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}}
[[File:US Navy 090925-N-8721D-037 Capt. Thom Burke, commanding officer of the amphibious command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) receives a wreath to lay at the U.S. war memorial during a ceremony.jpg|thumb|Jean Lèques during a ceremony honouring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War II ]]
The Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, and has jurisdiction over the law proposals concerning the Kanak identity.<ref name="cs-fra"/> The Customary Senate is composed of 16 members appointed by each traditional council, with two representatives per customary area.<ref name="cs-fra"/> In its advisory role, the Customary Senate must be consulted on law proposals "concerning the Kanak identity" as defined in the Nouméa Accord.<ref name="cs-fra"/> It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary statute, and the land system.<ref name="cs-fra"/> A new president is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas.<ref name="cs-fra">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Les-Elus/Senat-coutumier |title=Sénat coutumier |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174915/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Les-Elus/Senat-coutumier |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

Kanak people have recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}} However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some matters relating to the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=8}}

=== Military and Gendarmerie ===
The Armed Forces of New Caledonia ({{lang-fr|Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie}}, or '''{{lang|fr|FANC|italic=no}}''') include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in Koumac, Nandaï, Tontouta, Plum, and [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]].<ref name="fanc">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/forces-prepositionnees/nouvelle-caledonie/dossier/les-forces-armees-de-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Les Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |website=Defense.gouv.fr |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131917/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/forces-prepositionnees/nouvelle-caledonie/dossier/les-forces-armees-de-nouvelle-caledonie |url-status=live }}</ref> The land forces consist of a regiment of the {{lang|fr|Troupes de marine}}, the {{lang|fr|Régiment d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique}}. About 80 percent of the 700-member regiment is composed of soldiers on short-term (four month) deployments from metropolitan France. As of 2018, only about 30 personnel in the regiment were locally recruited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opex360.com/2018/09/19/regiment-dinfanterie-de-marine-pacifique-nouvelle-caledonie-se-distingue-lors-dun-exercice-australie/ |title=Le Régiment d'Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique-Nouvelle Calédonie se distingue lors d'un exercice en Australie; Zone Militaire |last=Lagneau |first=Laurent |date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

The naval forces incorporate several vessels of the French Navy including: one {{sclass|Floréal|frigate|1}}, {{ship|French frigate|Vendémiaire||2}}, the patrol and support vessel {{lang|fr|D'Entrecasteaux}} and {{lang|fr|Auguste Benebig}}, the lead ship of the [[Engineering:Patrouilleur Outre-mer|{{lang|fr|Félix Éboué|nocat=y}} class]] of patrol vessels. The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in New Caledonia by deploying a second vessel of the {{lang|fr|Félix Éboué}} class ({{lang|fr|Jean Tranape}}) to the territory by 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/new-french-overseas-patrol-vessels-set-for-2023-service-entry/ |title=New French overseas patrol vessels set for 2023 service entry |work=Shepherd |last=Tanguy |first=Jean-Marc |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="brestboulogne">{{cite web | url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/defense/pom-le-premier-patrouilleur-reprend-ses-essais-a-brest-le-second-en-achevement-a-boulogne | title=POM : Le premier patrouilleur reprend ses essais à Brest, le second en achèvement à Boulogne |work=Mer et Marine |language=fr |last=Groizeleau |first=Vincent |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> One {{lang|fr|Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards}} (EDA-S) landing craft is also to be delivered to naval forces based in New Caledonia by 2025. The landing craft is to better support coastal and riverine operations in the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/ |title=First Two EDA-S Next Gen Amphibious Landing Craft Delivered to French DGA |date=25 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153129/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/first-two-eda-s-next-gen-amphibious-landing-crafts-delivered-to-french-dga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

As of the latter 2010s, French naval aviation and air force elements in New Caledonia included two Navy [[Engineering:Dassault Falcon 20|Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft]] (drawn from Flotilla 25F), which are to be replaced by the more modern [[Engineering:Dassault Falcon 2000|Falcon 2000 Albatros]] starting in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Navy to receive new eyes in the sky from Dassault |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/26468-french-navy-to-receive-new-eyes-in-the-sky-from-dassault |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=19 November 2020}}</ref> and two Casa CN235 transport aircraft and three Puma helicopters from the Air Force's 52 "Tontouta" Squadron.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/monde/asie-pacifique/forces-armees-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Forces armées en Nouvelle-Calédonie; Ministère des Armées}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/actualites/fanc-bilan-du-deploiement-du-bsaom-dentrecasteaux-pacifique-sud |title=FANC – Bilan du déploiement du BSAOM D'Entrecasteaux dans le Pacifique Sud; Ministère des Armées |date=10 February 2023}}</ref> Prior to 2022, the frigate {{lang|fr|Vendémiaire}} operated the Alouette III helicopter. However, with the retirement of the type in 2022, it is being replaced by the Eurocopter Dauphin N3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Navy will receive first three Airbus Dauphin N3 at December 1 |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/french-navy-will-receive-first-three-airbus-dauphin-n3-at-december-1-3005 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Air & Cosmos |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Nationale Dossier d'Information, p. 23 |url=https://www.colsbleus.fr/sites/default/files/2023-02/DIM%202023_PLANCHE_0.pdf |date=January 2023 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Cols Bleus |language=fr}}</ref> In 2022, the {{wipe|French Air Force}} demonstrated a capacity to reinforce the territory by deploying three [[Engineering:Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] fighters, supported by [[Engineering:Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]] transport aircraft and [[Engineering:Airbus A330 MRTT|A330 MRTT Phénix]] tankers, from France to New Caledonia for a three-week exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-27 |title=French Air and Space Force Rafales Train Alongside Royal Australian Air Force Growlers |url=https://militaryleak.com/2022/08/27/french-air-and-space-force-rafales-train-alongside-royal-australian-air-force-growlers/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=MilitaryLeak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=France successfully conducts long-range strategic deployment to Asian-Pacific region |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2022/FRA_deploy_PB22-2 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=ac.nato.int }}</ref>

In addition, some 855 personnel from the National Gendarmerie are stationed on the archipelago divided into 4 companies, 27 brigades and several specialized and mobile Gendarmerie units. During periods such the 2021 referendum on independence, these forces have been significantly reinforced with personnel deployed from metropolitan France.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Julien |last=Sartre |date=2021-12-07 |title=Covid, mourning and the spectre of violence: New Caledonia prepares for blighted independence vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/08/covid-mourning-and-the-fear-of-violence-new-caledonia-prepares-for-blighted-independence-vote |access-date=2022-11-18 |work={{wipe|The Guardian}} }}</ref> The air component includes two {{lang|fr|Écureuil|italic=no}} helicopters<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMGEND – Commandant de la gendarmerie pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie et les îles Wallis et Futuna / Sécurité / Services de l'État / Accueil – Les services de l'État en Nouvelle-Calédonie |url=https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Services-de-l-Etat/Securite/COMGEND-Commandant-de-la-gendarmerie-pour-la-Nouvelle-Caledonie-et-les-iles-Wallis-et-Futuna |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr}}</ref> while the {{lang|fr|Maritime Gendarmerie|italic=no}} deploys the patrol boat ''Dumbea'' in the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.homelandsecurity-technology.com/projects/vedette-cotiere-de-surveillance-maritime-boats/ |title=Vedette Côtière de Surveillance Maritime (VCSM) Boats |publisher=Homelandsecurity Technology |date= |accessdate=2022-08-28 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207152543/https://www.homelandsecurity-technology.com/projects/vedette-cotiere-de-surveillance-maritime-boats/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fanc"/>

=== Status ===
New Caledonia has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 with Nouméa the home of the organization's regional headquarters. Since 1986, the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml#1 |title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999) |publisher={{wipe|United Nations}} |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006064439/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> An independence referendum was held the following year, but independence was rejected by a large majority.[[File:Administrative divisions of New Caledonia.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Pyramid graph illustrating the administration of New Caledonia]]

Under the Nouméa Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in a referendum, New Caledonia was granted special status. Twenty years after inception, the Nouméa Accord required an referendum on independence which was held on 4 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|title=New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum|website=The Guardian|access-date=20 March 2018|date=19 March 2018|last=Willsher|first=Kim|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142615/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/new-caledonia-sets-date-independence-referendum-france|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201787812/paris-meeting-to-prepare-new-caledonia-independence-vote|title=Paris meeting to prepare New Caledonia independence vote|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=2016-03-08|date=2016-02-02|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001209/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201787812/paris-meeting-to-prepare-new-caledonia-independence-vote|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was that 56.9% of voters chose to remain with France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/04/new-caledonia-votes-non-to-independence-from-france|title=New Caledonia votes 'non' to independence from France|agency=Reuters|date=2018-11-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206051007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/04/new-caledonia-votes-non-to-independence-from-france|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nouméa Accord required another independence referendum, which was held on 4 October 2020. The result was that 53.26% of voters chose to remain with France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/04/new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-for-second-time|title=New Caledonia rejects independence from France for second time|date=2020-10-05|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-10-05|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420065852/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/04/new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-for-second-time|url-status=live}}</ref> The third and last referendum permitted by the Nouméa Accord was held on 12 December 2021, confirming New Caledonia as part of the French Republic with 96% voting "no" to independence after the vote was boycotted by the bulk of the Kanak population.

The official name of the territory, {{lang|fr|Nouvelle-Calédonie}}, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which states that "a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gouv.nc/static/pages/outils/telechargement/accordsNoumea.pdf| title=Les accords de Nouméa|author=Government of New Caledonia| access-date=11 August 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080405032022/http://www.gouv.nc/static/pages/outils/telechargement/accordsNoumea.pdf |archive-date = 5 April 2008 |language=fr |author-link=Government of New Caledonia}}</ref> To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory, although ''Kanak Republic'' is popular among 40% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/article424.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627221108/http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/article424.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=27 June 2008| title=Société : La Nouvelle-Calédonie choisit un hymne et une devise| author=RFO| access-date=11 August 2008| author-link=Réseau France Outre-mer}}</ref> New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes.<ref name="monde1" /> In July 2010, the Congress of New Caledonia voted in favour of a wish to fly the Kanak flag of the independence movement FLNKS alongside the French tricolour, as dual flags of the territory. The wish, legally non-binding, proved controversial.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/pacifique/ncal-voeu-drapeau2010.htm|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie: Voeu sur le drapeau Kanaky de 2010|website=axl.cefan.ulaval.ca|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193014/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/pacifique/ncal-voeu-drapeau2010.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="voeux">{{cite web| url = http://www.juridoc.gouv.nc/JuriDoc/jdJ201.nsf/JoncP/2010-06341/$File/2010-6341.pdf?OpenElement&root=2010&page=6341| title = Voeux n° 1 du treize juillet 2010| access-date = 26 November 2021| archive-date = 17 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417013852/https://juridoc.gouv.nc/JuriDoc/jdJ201.nsf/JoncP/2010-06341/$File/2010-6341.pdf?OpenElement&root=2010&page=6341| url-status = live}}</ref> A majority of New Caledonian communes, but not all, now fly both flags, the rest flying only the French Tricolour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/2014/05/09/roch-wamytan-descendre-le-drapeau-kanak-est-un-geste-ignoble-il-ne-faut-plus-parler-de-destin-commun-150319.html|title=Roch Wamytan: "descendre le drapeau kanak est un geste ignoble, il ne faut plus parler de destin commun!"|website=Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère|date=9 May 2014 |access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126140755/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/2014/05/09/roch-wamytan-descendre-le-drapeau-kanak-est-un-geste-ignoble-il-ne-faut-plus-parler-de-destin-commun-150319.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The non-official adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two flags. The decision to wish for the use of two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011.<ref name="fr24">{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110826-france-sarkozy-urges-dialogue-over-violence-new-caledonia-airfare-protests |title=Sarkozy calls for dialogue over New Caledonia violence |publisher=France 24 |date=2011-08-26 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907145342/http://www.france24.com/en/20110826-france-sarkozy-urges-dialogue-over-violence-new-caledonia-airfare-protests |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
The institutional organization is the result of the organic law and ordinary law passed by the Parliament on 16 February 1999.<ref name="jc"/>

The archipelago is divided into three provinces:
* South Province (''province Sud''). Provincial capital: [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]]. Area: 9,407&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 212, 082 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Populations légales des provinces de Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2019 − Populations légales de Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2019 {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4464927?sommaire=2122859 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref>
* North Province (''province Nord''). Provincial capital: Koné. Area: 7,348&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 49, 910 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1" />
* Loyalty Islands Province (''province des îles Loyauté''). Provincial capital: Lifou. Area: 1,981&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Population: 18,353 inhabitants (2019).<ref name=":1" />

New Caledonia is further divided into 33 communes (municipalities).<ref name="jc">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html&artpage=3-3 |title=Présentation – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521094530/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html&artpage=3-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> One commune, Poya, is divided between two provinces. The northern half of Poya, with the main settlement and most of the population, is part of the North Province, while the southern half of the commune, with only 210 inhabitants in 2019, is part of the South Province.

== Geography ==
[[File:NewCaledonia2022OSM.png|thumb|left|Detailed map of New Caledonia]]
[[File:New Caledonia - S199828000484.jpg|thumb|New Caledonia from space]]
[[File:Reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020.jpg|thumb|Coral reefs of New Caledonia from ISS, September 9, 2020]]

New Caledonia is part of [[Earth:Zealandia|Zealandia]], a fragment of the ancient [[Earth:Gondwana|Gondwana]] super-continent, which is part of [[Earth:Oceania|Oceania]]. It is speculated that New Caledonia separated from Australia roughly 66 million years ago, subsequently drifting in a north-easterly direction, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago.<ref>Boyer & Giribet 2007: 355</ref>

The mainland is divided in length by a central mountain range whose highest peaks are Mont Panié ({{cvt|1,629|m|disp=or}}) in the north and Mont Humboldt ({{cvt|1,618|m|disp=or}}) in the southeast.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The east coast is covered by a lush vegetation.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast.<ref name="geo-jc"/>

The Diahot River is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some {{convert|100|km}}.<ref name="EB">{{Britannica|161133|Diahot River}}</ref> It has a catchment area of {{cvt|620|km2}} and opens north-westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié.<ref name="EB"/><ref name="UNU">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=9C07FFA7400A6C3C823F1ACAF98A3D9D?a=d&d=HASH01e0de34b153f45530bc1736.5.pp&c=ccgi&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |title=The impacts of opencast mining in New Caledonia |publisher=The United Nations University |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215730/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=9C07FFA7400A6C3C823F1ACAF98A3D9D?a=d&d=HASH01e0de34b153f45530bc1736.5.pp&c=ccgi&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> Most of the island is covered by wet evergreen forests, while savannahs dominate the lower elevations.<ref name="gbrs"/> The New Caledonian lagoon, with a total area of {{convert|24000|km2}} is one of the largest lagoons in the world. The lagoon and the surrounding New Caledonia Barrier Reef was named a [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] World Heritage Site in 2008 for its exceptional beauty and marine biodiversity.<ref name="geo-jc">{{cite web |url=http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Donnees-Geographiques |title=Données Géographiques |language=fr |website=Nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030174815/http://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/site/La-Nouvelle-Caledonie/Donnees-Geographiques |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1115 |title = Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 20 November 2021 |archive-date = 20 November 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211120223140/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1115/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2023 there was an earthquake and tsunami in New Caledonia. This triggered a tsunami warning here as well as in other nearby countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/loyalty-islands-south-pacific-earthquake-today-tsunami-b2341846.html |title=Earthquake triggers 3ft wave tsunami warnings across South Pacific |work=The Independent |first=Shweta |last=Sharma |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The climate is [[Earth:Tropical climate|tropical]], with a hot and humid season from November to March with temperatures between {{convert|27|and|30|C}},<ref name="geo-jc"/> and a cooler, dry season from June to August with temperatures between {{cvt|20|and|23|C}},<ref name="geo-jc"/> linked by two short interstices.<ref name="ped"/> The tropical climate is strongly moderated by the oceanic influence and the [[Earth:Trade winds|trade winds]] that attenuate humidity, which can be close to 80%.<ref name="geo-jc"/> The average annual temperature is 23&nbsp;°C, with historical extremes of {{cvt|2.3|and|39.1|C}}.<ref name="ped"/>

The rainfall records show that precipitation differs greatly within the island. The {{convert|3000|mm}} of rainfall recorded in Galarino are three times the average of the west coast. There are also dry periods, because of the effects of [[Earth:El Niño|El Niño]].<ref name="ped"/> Between December and April, tropical depressions and cyclones can cause winds to exceed a speed of {{convert|100|kph}}, with gusts of {{convert|250|kph}} and very abundant rainfall.<ref name="ped"/> The last cyclone affecting New Caledonia was Cyclone Niran, in March 2021.

== Environment ==
[[File:Landscape, south of New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Landscape in the south of New Caledonia]]
New Caledonia has many unique taxa, especially birds and plants.<ref name="hjnc"/> It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre.<ref name="hjnc"/> The biodiversity is caused by Grande Terre's central mountain range, which has created a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where [[Biology:Endemism|endemic]] species thrive.<ref name="hjnc">{{cite book|author1=Leanne Logan|author2=Geert Cole|title=New Caledonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA26|year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-202-2|page=26|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226010023/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref>

Largely due to its nickel industry, New Caledonia emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person compared to other countries. In 2019 it emitted 55.25 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per person, compared to 4.81 for France.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDGAR – The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research|url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|access-date=2021-04-24|website=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531025125/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|url-status=live}}</ref> The combination of the exceptional biodiversity of New Caledonia and its threatened status has made it one of the most critical biodiversity hotspots on Earth.<ref name = "myers">{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |last2=Mittermeier |first2=Russell A. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Cristina G. |last4=da Fonseca |first4=Gustavo A. B. |last5=Kent |first5=Jennifer |title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities |journal=Nature |date=February 2000 |volume=403 |issue=6772 |pages=853–858 |doi=10.1038/35002501|pmid=10706275 |bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M |s2cid=4414279 }}</ref>

Bruno Van Peteghem was in 2001 awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for his efforts on behalf of the Caledonian ecological protection movement in the face of "serious challenges" from Jacques Lafleur's RPCR party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bruno Van Peteghem |url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/169 |website=Goldman Environmental Prize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201050426/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/169 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of INCO's mining licence in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses).<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous Kanaks Take On Inco in New Caledonia |url=http://www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?%2FNew_Caledonia%2FGoro_Licence_Revoked |website=MiningWatch Canada |date=19 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113126/http://www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?%2FNew_Caledonia%2FGoro_Licence_Revoked |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Flora ===
[[File:Amborella trichopoda (3065968016) fragment.jpg|thumb|''[[Biology:Amborella|Amborella]]'', the world's oldest living lineage of flowering plant]]
[[File:0 Araucaria columnaris New Caledonia.jpg|thumb|''[[Biology:Araucaria columnaris|Araucaria columnaris]]'' on the Isle of Pines]]
New Caledonia's fauna and flora derive from ancestral species isolated in the region when it broke away from [[Earth:Gondwana|Gondwana]] many tens of millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alan S. |last1=Collins |first2=Sergei A. |last2= Pisarevsky |title= Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens |journal= Earth-Science Reviews |date= August 2005 |volume=71 |issue=3–4 |pages=229–270 |doi= 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004 |bibcode=2005ESRv...71..229C |issn= 0012-8252}}</ref> Not only endemic species have evolved here, but entire genera, families, and even orders are unique to the islands.

More tropical [[Biology:Gymnosperm|gymnosperm]] species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. Of the 44 indigenous species of gymnosperms, 43 are endemic, including the only known parasitic gymnosperm (''Parasitaxus usta'').<ref name="futura1"/> Also, of the 35 known species of ''[[Biology:Araucaria|Araucaria]]'', 13 are endemic to New Caledonia.<ref name="hjnc"/> New Caledonia also has the world's most divergent lineage of [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]], ''Amborella trichopoda'', which is at, or near, the base of the clade of all flowering plants.

The world's largest extant species of [[Biology:Fern|fern]], ''Cyathea intermedia'', also is endemic to New Caledonia. It is very common on acid ground, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast, usually on fallow ground or in forest clearings. There also are other species of ''[[Biology:Cyathea|Cyathea]]'', notably ''Cyathea novae-caledoniae''.<ref name="ncd2">{{cite web |url= http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p3/ |title= La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie – Deuxième partie |website= Futura-sciences.com |date= 2004-08-18 |access-date= 2013-01-30 |archive-date= 11 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130311213816/http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p3/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of southern beeches (''[[Biology:Nothofagus|Nothofagus]]'') are indigenous; five species are known to occur here.<ref name="futura1"/>

New Caledonia has its own version of [[Biology:Maquis shrubland|maquis]] (''maquis minier'') occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south.<ref name="gbrs">{{cite journal |title=New Caledonia: a very old Darwinian island? |pmc=2607381 |year=2008 |last1=Grandcolas |first1=P |last2=Murienne |first2=J |last3=Robillard |first3=T |last4=Desutter-Grandcolas |first4=L |last5=Jourdan |first5=H |last6=Guilbert |first6=E |last7=Deharveng |first7=L |volume=363 |issue=1508 |pages=3309–3317 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0122 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |pmid=18765357}}</ref> The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants.<ref name="futura1">{{cite web |url=http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p2/ |title=La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie – Première partie |website=Futura-sciences.com |date=2004-08-18 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311213828/http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/zoologie-1/r/nouvelle-caledonie/d/la-faune-et-la-flore-de-nouvelle-caledonie_468/c3/221/p2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two terrestrial ecoregions lie within New Caledonia's territory: New Caledonia rain forests and New Caledonia dry forests.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Fauna ===

In addition to its outstanding plant diversity and endemism, New Caledonia also provides habitat for a wide diversity of animals. Over 100 bird species live in New Caledonia, of which 24 are endemic.<ref name = "Palmas">{{cite journal |last1=Palmas |first1=Pauline |last2=Jourdan |first2=Hervé |last3=Rigault |first3=Fredéric |last4=Debar |first4=Léo |last5=De Meringo |first5=Hélène |last6=Bourguet |first6=Edouard |last7=Mathivet |first7=Mathieu |last8=Lee |first8=Matthias |last9=Adjouhgniope |first9=Rachelle |last10=Papillon |first10=Yves |last11=Bonnaud |first11=Elsa |last12=Vidal |first12=Eric |title=Feral cats threaten the outstanding endemic fauna of the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1 October 2017 |volume=214 |pages=250–259 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.003 |s2cid=43153107 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02090631/file/HAL%20_%20Palmas%20Jourdan%20et%20al%2017%20-%20Cat%20diet%20in%20NC.pdf |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320011424/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02090631/file/HAL%20_%20Palmas%20Jourdan%20et%20al%2017%20-%20Cat%20diet%20in%20NC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One of these endemic bird species is the [[Biology:New Caledonian crow|New Caledonian crow]], a bird noted for its tool-making abilities, which rival those of primates.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Weir, A.A.S. |author2=Chappell, J. |author3=Kacelnik, A. |year=2002|title=Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5583|page=981|doi=10.1126/science.1073433|pmid=12169726|s2cid=29196266 }}</ref> These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans.<ref name="nccbbc">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Matt |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9125000/9125227.stm |title=Clever New Caledonian crows go to parents' tool school |work=BBC News |date=2010-10-26 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014003859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9125000/9125227.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Cagou.jpg|thumb|left|The kagu, an endemic flightless bird]]
The endemic [[Biology:Kagu|kagu]],<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998 ''The Life of Birds'' BBC  {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> agile and able to run quickly, is a flightless bird, but it is able to use its wings to climb branches or glide. Its sound is similar to the bark of a dog. It is the surviving member of monotypic family [[Biology:Rhynochetidae|Rhynochetidae]], order [[Biology:Eurypygiformes|Eurypygiformes]].<ref name="kagu">{{cite web |url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-kagu.html |title=Kagu |website=Oiseaux-birds.com |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=24 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124171207/http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-kagu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are 11 endemic fish species and 14 endemic species of [[Biology:Decapoda|decapod]] crustaceans in the rivers and lakes of New Caledonia. Some, such as ''Neogalaxias'', exist only in small areas.<ref name="ncnau"/> The nautilus—considered a living fossil and related to the [[Biology:Ammonite|ammonite]]s, which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era—occurs in Pacific waters around New Caledonia.<ref name="ncnau">{{cite web |url=http://www.endemia.nc/biodiversite.php |title=La Biodiversité |website=Endemia.nc |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106120416/http://www.endemia.nc/biodiversite.php |archive-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> There is a large diversity of marine fish in the surrounding waters, which are within the extents of the [[Earth:Coral Sea|Coral Sea]].

Despite its large number of bird, reptile, and fish species, New Caledonia has remarkably few mammal species: nine, of which six are endemic.<ref name = "Palmas" />

Several species of New Caledonia are remarkable for their size: ''Ducula goliath'' is the largest extant species of arboreal pigeon; ''[[Biology:Rhacodactylus leachianus|Rhacodactylus leachianus]]'', the largest gecko in the world; ''Phoboscincus bocourti'', a large skink thought to be extinct until [[Biology:Lazarus taxon|rediscovered]] in 2003.<ref name="ncnau"/>

Much of New Caledonia's fauna present before human settlement is now extinct, including ''[[Biology:Sylviornis|Sylviornis]]'', a bird over a metre tall not closely related to any living species, and ''[[Biology:Meiolania|Meiolania]]'', a giant horned turtle that diverged from living turtles during the Jurassic period.

In January 2024 a court in the Capital Noumea issued a ruling banning the culling of sharks citing it as disproportionate. The culls began after an Australian tourist was killed by a shark in the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=reporter |first=Guardian |date=2024-01-08 |title=New Caledonia court bans shark culls amid environmental backlash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/09/new-caledonia-court-bans-shark-culls-amid-environmental-backlash |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| title       = Historical populations
| footnote    = ISEE<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/195-donnees?download=764:la-population-aux-differents-recensements|title=The Population at Different Censuses |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411094321/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/195-donnees?download=764:la-population-aux-differents-recensements|archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| percentages = pagr
| 1956.931693989 |68480
| 1963.334246575 |86519
| 1969.191780822 |100579
| 1976.31147541 |133233
| 1983.287671233 |145368
| 1989.257534247 |164173
| 1996.292349727 |196836
| 2009.569863014 |245580
| 2014.652055 |268767
| 2019.693151 |271407
}}
At the last census in 2019, New Caledonia had a population of 271,407.<ref name=censuspop/> Of these, 18,353 lived in the Loyalty Islands Province, 49,910 in the North Province, and 203,144 in the South Province. Population growth has slowed down recently with a yearly increase of 0.2% between 2014 and 2019.<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse" />

Population growth is higher in the North Province (0.3% per year between 2014 and 2019) than in the Loyalty Islands (0.1%) and South Provinces (−0.2%).<ref name="The Population at Different Censuse" />

30% of the population was under the age of 20,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/230-toutes-les-publications?download=1982:rp-2019-la-croissance-demographique-flechit-nettement-en-nc-entre-2014-et-2019 |title=La croissance démographique fléchit nettement en Nouvelle-Calédonie entre 2014 et 2019 |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107165152/https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/230-toutes-les-publications?download=1982:rp-2019-la-croissance-demographique-flechit-nettement-en-nc-entre-2014-et-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the ratio of older people in the total population increasing.<ref name="insee-1"/> Two residents of New Caledonia out of three live in [[Place:Nouméa|Greater Nouméa]].<ref name="insee-1"/> 78% were born in New Caledonia.<ref name="insee-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1338 |title=Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009 – 50 000 habitants de plus en 13 ans |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE.fr) |language=fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131233952/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1338 |url-status=live }}</ref> The total fertility rate decreased from 2.2 children per woman in 2014 to 1.9 in 2019.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic Groups in New Caledonia (2019 Census)<ref name="Population Structure of Communities">{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |title=Population Structure of Communities |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144638/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes |archive-date=13 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic Groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Kanak|darkgreen|41.2}}
{{bar percent|European|purple|24.1}}
{{bar percent|"Caledonian" or not stated|pink|7.5}}
{{bar percent|Mixed|red|11.3}}
{{bar percent|Wallisian/Futunian|black|8.3}}
{{bar percent|Tahitian|darkblue|2.0}}
{{bar percent|Javanese|Violet|1.4}}
{{bar percent|Ni-Vanuatu|maroon|0.9}}
{{bar percent|Vietnamese|darkgray|0.8}}
{{bar percent|Other Asian|gray|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Other|tan|2.1}}
}}
At the 2019 census,<ref name="Population Structure of Communities" /> 41.2% of the population reported belonging to the Kanak community (up from 39.1% at the 2014 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xt.isee.nc/xtc/tele.php?tableau=xt127001.xls&base=rp09indcomap |title=Communauté d'appartenance – INSEE – ISEE / Recensement de la population de 2009 en Nouvelle-Calédonie |format=XLS |access-date=2015-08-24 |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) and 24.1% to the [[Earth:Europe|Europe]]an (Caldoche and Zoreille) community (down from 27.2% at the 2014 census). A further 7.5% of the population either self-identified as "Caledonian" or refused to declare an ethnic group (down from 9.9% at the 2014 census). Most of the people who self-identify as "Caledonian" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European.<ref name="LoganCole2001b">{{cite book|author1=Leanne Logan|author2=Geert Cole|title=New Caledonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-86450-202-2|page=39|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094632/https://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref>

The other self-reported communities were Wallisians and Futunians (8.3% of the total population, up from 8.2% at the 2014 census), Indonesians who are from the Javanese ethnic group (1.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014),<ref>{{cite web |title=New Caledonian Javanese, in New Caledonia |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |website=joshuaproject.net |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205095432/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13321/NC |url-status=live }}</ref> Tahitians (2.0% of the total population, down from 2.1% at the 2014 census), Ni-Vanuatu (0.9%, down from 1.0% at the 2014 census), Vietnamese (0.8%, down from 0.9% at the 2014 census), and other Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese; 0.4% of the total population, the same as in 2014).

11.3% of the population reported belonging to multiple communities ([[Social:Multiracial people|mixed race]]) (up from 8.6% at the 2014 census). The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices (mixed race) and the possibility to clarify the choice "other" (which led many Europeans to self-identify as "Caledonian" in the category "other", or to select several ethnic communities, such as both European and Kanak, thus appearing as mixed race, which is particularly the case for the Caldoches living in the bush, who often have mixed ancestry).<ref name="eth09">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |title=Recensement de la population 2009 |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113151907/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharpdf/4%20page-rpnc09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Finally, 2.1% of the population reported belonging to other communities to the exclusion of "Caledonian" (up from 1.3% at the 2014 census).

The Kanak people, part of the ethnic Melanesian group, are indigenous to New Caledonia.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Their social organization is traditionally based on clans, which identify as either "land" or "sea" clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2019 census, the Kanak constitute 95% of the population in the Loyalty Islands Province, 72% in the North Province and 29% in the South Province.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}}<ref name="isee.nc">{{cite magazine |magazine=Synthèse |issue=35 |url=http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse?download=1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |format=PDF |title=Recensement de la population 2014 |lang=fr |trans-title=2014 population census |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213813/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/197-analyse%3Fdownload%3D1484:une-demographie-toujours-dynamique |url-status=live }}</ref>

Europeans first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle.{{sfn|Anaya|2011|p=5}} According to the 2014 census, of the 73,199 Europeans in New Caledonia, 30,484 were native-born, 36,975 were born in Metropolitan France, 488 were born in French Polynesia, 86 were born in Wallis and Futuna, and 5,166 were born abroad.<ref name="ridet">{{cite web |title=DONNEES DE CADRAGE |url=http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |format=XLS |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030182817/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |archive-date=30 October 2012 |place=Nouméa}}</ref> The Europeans are divided into several groups. The Caldoches are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/> They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.<ref name="LoganCole2001b"/>

Distinct from the Caldoches are those who were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> The [[Place:Metropolitan France|Metropolitan French]]-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called ''Métros'' or ''Zoreilles'', indicating their origins in metropolitan France.<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> There is also a community of about 2,000<ref name="LoganCole2001"/> pieds noirs, descended from European settlers in France's former North African colonies;<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|title=New Caledonia|journal=The Contemporary Pacific|author=David A. Chappell|year=2005|volume=17|issue=2|pages=435–448|doi=10.1353/cp.2005.0043|s2cid=258106946 |access-date=28 March 2008|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113325/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary_pacific%2Fv017%2F17.2chappell02.html|url-status=live}}</ref> some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including Pierre Maresca, a leader of the RPCR.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Noumea Journal; On an Island in the Pacific, but Far From at Peace|work=The New York Times|author=Henry Kamm|date=26 July 1988|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=23 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052218/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 documentary by [[Engineering:Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera English]] asserted that up to 10%{{dubious|date=September 2015}} of New Caledonia's population is descended from around 2,000 Arab-Berber people deported from French Algeria in the late 19th century to prisons on the island in reprisal for the Mokrani Revolt in 1871. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. As the overwhelming majority of the Algerians imprisoned on New Caledonia were men, the community was continued through intermarriage with women of other ethnic groups, mainly French women from nearby women's prisons. Despite facing both assimilation into the Euro-French population and discrimination for their ethnic background, descendants of the deportees have succeeded in preserving a common identity as Algerians, including maintaining certain cultural practices (such as Arabic names) and in some cases [[Religion:Islam|Islam]]ic religion. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. The largest population of Algerian-Caledonians lives in the commune of Bourail (particularly in the Nessadiou district, where there is an Islamic cultural centre and cemetery), with smaller communities in [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]], Koné, Pouembout, and Yaté.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|title=Exile in New Caledonia|last1=Mame|first1=Abdelkader|first2=Abdelaziz|last2=Abid|date=14 September 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919090331/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/09/exile-caledonia-150914145540415.html|url-status=dead}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920034630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsr-FjZhEM |date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Femmes kanak2.jpg|Kanak women
Rodéo cheval.JPG|Rodeos (here at the annual fair of Bourail) are part of Caldoche culture.
</gallery>

=== Languages ===

The [[Social:French language|French language]] began to spread with the establishment of French settlements, and French is now spoken even in the most secluded villages. For a long time the level of fluency varied significantly across the population as a whole, primarily due to the absence of universal access to public education before 1953, and also due to immigration and ethnic diversity,<ref name="rl-lang">{{cite web |url=http://www.ac-noumea.nc/sitevr/spip.php?rubrique48 |title=Situation linguistique en Nouvelle-Calédonie |publisher=Vice-Rectorat de Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118021148/http://www.ac-noumea.nc/sitevr/spip.php?rubrique48 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but the French language has now become universal among the younger generations as shown by the censuses of population. At the 2009 census, 97.3% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French, whereas only 1.1% reported that they had no knowledge of French.<ref name="cen-lang">{{cite web |title=Principales caractéristiques des individus de 15 ans et plus, par province de résidence et sexe |format=XLS |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/193-recensement?download=1876:rp-09-population-menages-logement-par-commune |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030182817/http://www.isee.nc/population/telecharxls/don.cadrage-rp-09.xls |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-02-28|archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> No questions regarding the knowledge of French were asked in the 2014 and 2019 censuses, on account of the population's nearly universal understanding of it.

The 28 Kanak languages spoken in New Caledonia are part of the Oceanic group of the [[Social:Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family.<ref name="macc">{{cite web |website=Académie des Langues Kanak |title=Langues |url=http://www.alk.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/alk/langues |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131824/http://www.alk.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/alk/langues |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Eight of these can be chosen by parents as optional subjects for their children from kindergarten to high school (four languages are taught up to the bachelor's degree) and an academy is responsible for their promotion.<ref name="maskan">{{cite web |url=http://www.maisonnouvellecaledonieparis.nc/site/population.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426023621/http://www.maisonnouvellecaledonieparis.nc/site/population.php |archive-date=2009-04-26 |title=La Population De Nouvelle-Caledonie |publisher=La maison de la Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr |access-date=2013-01-30}}</ref> The three most widely spoken indigenous languages are Drehu (spoken in Lifou), Nengone (spoken on Maré) and Paicî (northern part of Grande Terre).<ref name="maskan"/> Others include Iaai (spoken on Ouvéa). At the 2019 census, 44.0% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Kanak language (up from 41.3% at the 2009 census), whereas 56.0% reported that they had no knowledge of any of the Kanak languages (down from 58.7% at the 2009 census).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/193-recensement?download=1980:rp2019-population-menages-logement-province |title=Population, ménages et logement par province, en 2019 – P20 Population de 15 ans et plus, selon le genre, la connaissance d'une langue kanak et la province de résidence par groupe d'âge décennal |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |language=fr |access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref><ref name="cen-lang"/>

Other significant language communities among immigrant populations include speakers of Wallisian, Futunian, [[Social:Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Social:Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Social:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese]], and Bislama.

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in New Caledonia according to the ''Global Religious Landscape'' survey by the Pew Forum, 2012<ref name="Survey">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]]
|value1 = 85.2
|color1 = Red
|label2 = No religion
|value2 = 10.4
|color2 = #FFFFFF
|label3 = [[Religion:Islam|Islam]]
|value3 = 2.8
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.6
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = Folk religion
|value5 = 0.2
|color5 = Chartreuse
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.8
|color6 = Orange
}}
The predominant religion is [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]]; half of the population is Roman Catholic, including most of the Europeans, West Uveans, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Polynesian minorities.<ref name="ncbrit"/> Roman Catholicism was introduced by French colonists. The island also has numerous Protestant churches, of which the Free Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands have the largest number of adherents; their memberships are almost entirely Melanesian.<ref name="ncbrit"/> Protestantism gained ground in the late 20th century and continues to expand. There are also numerous other Christian groups and more than 6,000 Muslims.<ref name="ncbrit"/><ref>{{cite book|author=R. G. Crocombe|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA375|access-date=24 August 2012|year=2007|publisher=editorips@usp.ac.fj|isbn=978-982-02-0388-4|pages=375–|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604054847/http://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA375|url-status=live}}</ref> (See Islam in New Caledonia and Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}) Nouméa is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa.

== Education ==
Education in New Caledonia is based on the French curriculum and delivered by both French teachers and French-trained teachers. Under the terms of the 1998 Nouméa Accord, primary education is the responsibility of the three provinces. As of 2010, secondary education was in the process of being transferred to the provinces.<ref name="CSC Australia 2010">{{cite web |title=Emerging Pacific Leaders Dialogue 2010 New Caledonia Report|url=http://www.cscaustralia.com/ep10/reports/Study%20Tour%20Report,%20New%20Caledonia%20April%20'10.pdf|publisher=Commonwealth Study Conferences Australia|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918190058/http://www.cscaustralia.com/ep10/reports/Study%20Tour%20Report%2C%20New%20Caledonia%20April%20%2710.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of schools are located in [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]] but some are found in the islands and the north of New Caledonia. When students reach high school age, most are sent to Nouméa to continue their secondary education. Education is compulsory from the age of six years.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is education like in New Caledonia?|url=https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/what-is-education-like-in-new-caledonia/|website=New Caledonia Today|access-date=1 March 2018|date=2013-02-28|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164416/https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/what-is-education-like-in-new-caledonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{reliable source|date=March 2018}}

New Caledonia's main tertiary education institution is the University of New Caledonia (''Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie''), which was founded in 1993 and comes under the supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. It is based in Nouméa and offers a range of vocational, Bachelor, MA, and PhD programmes and courses. The University of New Caledonia consists of three academic departments, one institute of technology, one PhD school, and one teachers' college. As of 2013, the university has approximately 3,000 students, 107 academics, and 95 administrative and library staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presentation UNC en Anglais 2012|url=http://unc.nc/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/presentation-UNC-english-1.pdf|publisher=University of New Caledonia|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025024601/https://unc.nc/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/presentation-UNC-english-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CSC Australia 2010" /> Many New Caledonian students also pursue scholarships to study in metropolitan France. As part of the Nouméa Accord process, a ''Cadre Avenir'' provides scholarships for Kanak professionals to study in France.<ref name="CSC Australia 2010" />

== Economy ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="float:right; margin:15px"
|-
! Region
! Total GDP, nominal, <br />2019 (billion US$)
! GDP per capita, <br />nominal, 2019 (US$)
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,386.64  	 
| style="text-align:center;" | 54,255
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 211.04  	
| style="text-align:center;" | 42,329
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Hawaii}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 91.78
| style="text-align:center;" | 62,818
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 24.75
| style="text-align:center;" | 2,878 
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|New Caledonia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 9.44
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,780
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Guam}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.36   	
| style="text-align:center;" | 41,259
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|French Polynesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.01
| style="text-align:center;" | 21,615
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Fiji}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.50
| style="text-align:center;" | 6,143
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Solomon Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.57 
| style="text-align:center;" | 2,344
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.18   	
| style="text-align:center;" | 24,731
|-
| style="t.ext-align:left;"  | {{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.93 
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,187
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Samoa}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.85 
| style="text-align:center;" | 4,323
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|American Samoa}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.65
| style="text-align:center;" | 12,928
 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Tonga}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.51
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,101 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Micronesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.42
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,979
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Cook Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.36
| style="text-align:center;" | 17,676 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Palau}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.27
| style="text-align:center;" | 15,675
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Marshall Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.24 
| style="text-align:center;" | 4,293
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Kiribati}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.18
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,514
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Nauru}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.12 
| style="text-align:center;" | 9,365 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"   | {{flagcountry|Tuvalu}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.05 
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,052
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=3   | Sources:<ref name="GDP"/><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=193,819,826,867,868,836,196,565,853,862,813,866,869,846,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,&sy=2019&ey=2019&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database – April 2022 |publisher=IMF |access-date=2022-05-13 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513161532/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=193,819,826,867,868,836,196,565,853,862,813,866,869,846,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,&sy=2019&ey=2019&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ispf.pf/themes/EconomieFinances/Comptesconomiques.aspx |title=Les grands indicateurs des comptes économiques |publisher=Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française (ISPF) |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113755/https://www.ispf.pf/themes/EconomieFinances/Comptesconomiques.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GDP by State |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |publisher=[[Organization:Bureau of Economic Analysis|Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817010902/https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/guamgdp-120121.xlsx |title=Guam – Table 1.1. Gross Domestic Product |publisher=[[Organization:Bureau of Economic Analysis|Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124205708/https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/guamgdp-120121.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/asgdp-113021.xlsx |title=American Samoa – Table 1.1. Gross Domestic Product |publisher=[[Organization:Bureau of Economic Analysis|Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127105923/https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/asgdp-113021.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-04/cnmigdp-040621.xlsx |title=Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands – Table 1.1. Gross Domestic Product |publisher=[[Organization:Bureau of Economic Analysis|Bureau of Economic Analysis]] (BEA) |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113742/https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-04/cnmigdp-040621.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/documents/Statistics_Docs/1.Economic/1.National-Accounts/2021/GDP_Statistics_Tables_2102.xlsx |title=Table 1: Cook Islands Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices by Industry |publisher=Government of the Cook Islands – Ministry of Finance and Economic Management |access-date=2022-02-01 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012900/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/documents/Statistics_Docs/1.Economic/1.National-Accounts/2021/GDP_Statistics_Tables_2102.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

New Caledonia has one of the largest economies in the South Pacific, with a GDP of US$9.44 billion in 2019.<ref name="GDP"/> The nominal GDP per capita was US$34,780 (at market exchange rates) in 2019.<ref name="GDP"/> It is lower than the nominal GDP per capita of Hawaii, {{wipe|Australia}}, [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]], and Guam, but higher than all other independent and non-sovereign countries and territories in [[Earth:Oceania|Oceania]], although there is significant inequality in income distribution,<ref name="nzmin">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/New-Caledonia.php |title=New Caledonia – Information Paper |publisher=NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128203127/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/New-Caledonia.php |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref> and long-standing structural imbalances between the economically dominant South Province and the less developed North Province and Loyalty Islands.<ref name="undcol">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/gacol3181.doc.htm |title=Concluding session, Special Committee on Decolonization approves two texts on New Caledonia, Tokelau; hears appeals to heed criticism of its work |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023045300/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/gacol3181.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The currency in use in New Caledonia is the [[Finance:CFP franc|CFP franc]], as of May 2020, pegged to the euro at a rate of 119.3 CFP to 1.00 euros.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=XPF|title=XE: Convert EUR/XPF. Euro Member Countries to Comptoirs Français du Pacifique (CFP) Franc|website=xe.com|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125045100/https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=EUR&To=XPF|url-status=live}}</ref> It is issued by the Institut d'Émission d'Outre-Mer.<ref name="viep">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?vie-pratique-nouvelle-caledonie.html |title=Vie pratique – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330070058/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?vie-pratique-nouvelle-caledonie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Finance:Real gross domestic product|Real GDP]] grew by an average of +3.3% per year in the first half of the 2010s, boosted by rising worldwide nickel prices and an increase in domestic demand due to rising employment, as well as strong business investments, but by only +0.2% per year in the second half of the 2010s, as the local nickel industry entered a period of crisis and the repeated independence referendums have generated economic uncertainty.<ref name="GDP"/> In 2011, exports of goods and services from New Caledonia amounted to 2.11&nbsp;billion US dollars, 75.6% of which were mineral products and alloys (mainly nickel ore and ferronickel).<ref name="GDP"/> Imports of goods and services amounted to 5.22&nbsp;billion US dollars.<ref name="GDP"/> 22.1% of the imports of goods came from [[Place:Metropolitan France|Metropolitan France]] and its overseas departments, 16.1% from other countries in the [[Social:European Union|European Union]], 14.6% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 9.6% from Australia, 4.5% from the United States, 4.2% from New Zealand, 2.0% from Japan, and 27.0% from other countries.<ref name=exp-imp>{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/tec/ecofinances/series-long-eco-finances/13-com-exterieur.xls |title=Commerce extérieur – Séries longues |format=XLS |language=fr |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-08-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104012911/http://www.isee.nc/tec/ecofinances/series-long-eco-finances/13-com-exterieur.xls |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref> The trade deficit in goods and services stood at 3.11 billion US dollars in 2011.<ref name="GDP"/>

Financial support from France is substantial, representing more than 15% of the GDP, and contributes to the health of the economy.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/ |title=New Caledonia |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407121006/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/new-caledonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourism is underdeveloped, with 100,000 visitors a year, compared to 400,000 in the Cook Islands and 200,000 in Vanuatu.<ref name="monde1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/08/26/nouvelle-caledonie-ou-en-est-le-processus-d-independance_1564084_3216.html |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie: où en est le processus d'indépendance? |language=fr |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |date=2011-08-26 |last1=Bolis |first1=Angela |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119211529/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/08/26/nouvelle-caledonie-ou-en-est-le-processus-d-independance_1564084_3216.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports.<ref name="cia"/> According to FAOSTAT, New Caledonia is a significant producer of: [[Biology:Yam (vegetable)|yams]] (33rd); [[Biology:Taro|taro]] (44th); plantains (50th); [[Biology:Coconut|coconut]]s (52nd).<ref name="FAOSTAT Production statistics 2008">{{cite web |url= http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title= FAOSTAT 2008 by Production |website= Faostat.fao.org |access-date= 6 June 2008 |archive-date= 13 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Earth:Exclusive economic zone|exclusive economic zone]] of New Caledonia covers {{convert|1.4 |e6km2|e6sqmi |abbr=off}}.<ref name="pres-om">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html |title=Présentation – L'Outre-Mer |website=Outre-mer.gouv.fr |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131754/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-nouvelle-caledonie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The construction sector accounts for roughly 12% of GDP, employing 9.9% of the salaried population in 2010.<ref name="nzmin"/> Manufacturing is largely confined to small-scale activities such as the transformation of foodstuffs, textiles and plastics.<ref name="nzmin"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+GDP (nominal) per capita in 2019 (US$)
|-
| <small>{{Color box|#e43114|border=darkgray}} $0 – 5,000 {{Color box|#f57e00|border=darkgray}} $5,000 – $10,000 {{Color box|#eea800|border=darkgray}} $10,000 – $20,000 {{Color box|#22aaff|border=darkgray}} $20,000 – $30,000 {{Color box|#2259ff|border=darkgray}} $30,000 – $45,000 {{Color box|#5222ff|border=darkgray}} $45,000 – $60,000 {{Color box|#a522ff|border=darkgray}} $60,000 – $90,000</small> 
|}
{{Image label begin|image=Oceania political map.png|width=662}}
{{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.55|scale=662|text={{wipe|Australia}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.67|scale=662|text=[[Earth:New Zealand|<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">42,329</span>]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.7|y=0.07|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#a522ff;color:white">62,818</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3|y=0.43|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">34,780</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.135|y=0.118|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#2259ff;color:white">41,259</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.18|y=0.31|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">2,878</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.8|y=0.46|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#2af; color:white;">21,615</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.36|y=0.39|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">3,187</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.3|y=0.365|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">2,344</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.47|y=0.45|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">6,143</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.566|y=0.388|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white"><small>4,323</small></span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.611|y=0.395|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">12,928</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.67|y=0.43|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">17,676</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.55|y=0.44|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">5,101</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.079|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#2af; color:white;">24,731</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.02|y=0.165|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#eea800;color:white">15,675</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.22|y=0.18|scale=662|text=[[Place:Micronesia|<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">3,979</span>]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.38|y=0.16|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">4,293</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.434|y=0.262|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#e43114;color:white">1,514</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.348|y=0.262|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">9,365</span>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.48|y=0.325|scale=662|text=<span style="background:#f57e00;color:white">5,052</span>}}
{{Image label end}}

=== Nickel sector ===

[[File:Creek South New Caledonia.JPG|thumb|A creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in [[Chemistry:Iron oxide|iron oxide]]s and nickel.]]

New Caledonian soils contain about 25% of the world's [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]] resources.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/1446693/Nickel-gleams-again-in-New-Caledonia.html |title=Nickel gleams again in New Caledonia |work=Metal Bulletin |date=3 December 2001 |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909043855/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/1446693/Nickel-gleams-again-in-New-Caledonia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The late-2000s recession has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (−31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year.<ref name="comptes">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/compteco/telechargement/4pagecerom2011.pdf |title=Les comptes économiques rapides de Nouvelle-Calédonie  |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |place=Nouméa |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144920/http://www.isee.nc/compteco/telechargement/4pagecerom2011.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fall in prices has led a number of producers to reduce or stop altogether their activity, resulting in a reduction of the global supply of nickel by 6% compared to 2008.<ref name="comptes"/>

This context, combined with bad weather, has forced the operators in the sector to revise downwards their production target.<ref name="comptes"/> Thus, the activity of mineral extraction has declined by 8% in volume year on year.{{when|date=October 2017}}<ref name="comptes" /> The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell from 8% in 2008 to 5% in 2009.<ref name="comptes" /> A trend reversal and a recovery in demand have been recorded early in the second half of 2009, allowing a 2.0% increase in the local metal production.<ref name="comptes"/> A March 2020 report stated that "New Caledonia is the world's fourth largest nickel producer, which has seen a 26% rally in prices in the past year".<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56288781 |title=Tesla partners with nickel mine amid shortage fears |work=BBC News |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131304/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56288781 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to industry sources however, the Goro mine has never met its potential capacity to produce "60,000 tpy of nickel in the form of nickel oxide, due to design flaws and operational commissioning issues" In 2019, it produced slightly over a third of its annual capacity".<ref name="mining.com">{{cite web| url = https://www.mining.com/tesla-gets-involved-in-new-caledonia-nickel-mine-to-secure-metal-supply/| title = Tesla gets involved in New Caledonia mine to secure nickel supply| date = 5 March 2021| access-date = 9 March 2021| archive-date = 8 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133905/https://www.mining.com/tesla-gets-involved-in-new-caledonia-nickel-mine-to-secure-metal-supply/| url-status = live}}</ref>

In March 2021, [[Company:Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] agreed to a partnership with the Goro Mine, a "technical and industrial partnership to help with product and sustainability standards along with taking nickel for its battery production, according to the agreement", according to a BBC News report. The majority owner, Vale, said that the deal will be of long-term benefit in terms of jobs and the economy. Tesla is a heavy user of nickel for making the lithium-ion batteries and wanted to "secure its long-term supply".<ref name="bbc.com"/>

Also in March 2021, a part of Vale's nickel business was sold "to a consortium called Prony, which includes Swiss commodity trader Trafigura". Provincial authorities and businesses in New Caledonia would have a 51% stake in the Vale operation.<ref name="mining.com"/>

== Culture ==
[[File:Foire chevaux.JPG|thumb|Caldoches, European people born in New Caledonia]]

[[Engineering:Wood carving|Wood carving]], especially of the houp (''[[Biology:Montrouziera cauliflora|Montrouziera cauliflora]]''), is a contemporary reflection of the beliefs of the traditional tribal society, and includes [[Religion:Totem|totem]]s, masks, [[Engineering:Chambranle|chambranle]]s, or flèche faîtière,<ref name="desc">{{cite web |url=http://fr.visitenouvellecaledonie.com/decouvrez/la-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724075625/http://fr.visitenouvellecaledonie.com/decouvrez/la-culture |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-24 |title=La Culture |publisher=Tourisme Nouvelle-Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 }}</ref> a kind of arrow that adorns the roofs of Kanak houses. Basketry is a craft widely practised by tribal women, creating objects of daily use.<ref name="desc"/>

The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and opened in 1998, is the icon of the Kanak culture.<ref name="desc"/>

The Kaneka is a form of local music, inspired by reggae and originating in the 1980s.<ref name="desc"/>

The Mwâ Ka is a {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=on}} totem pole commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005.<ref name="mka">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/sights/monument/mwa-ka |title=Mwâ Ka in Noumea, New Caledonia |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317231552/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/sights/monument/mwa-ka |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
''{{lang|fr|Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes}}''<ref>The name is a pun, and can be read in English as "The Caledonian News" or "Women of New Caledonia"</ref> is the only daily newspaper in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1403/S00173/pff-stands-in-solidarity-with-les-nouvelles-caledoniennes.htm |title=PFF stands in solidarity with Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes |website=Scoop |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425125050/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1403/S00173/pff-stands-in-solidarity-with-les-nouvelles-caledoniennes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vivmed">{{cite web |url=http://www.gitesnouvellecaledonie.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/vivre-en-nouvelle-caledonie |title=Vivre en Nouvelle-Calédonie |publisher=Gîtes Nouvelle Calédonie |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119144106/http://www.gitesnouvellecaledonie.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/vivre-en-nouvelle-caledonie |url-status=live }}</ref> A monthly publication, ''{{lang|fr|Le Chien bleu}}'', parodies the news from New Caledonia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lechienbleu.nc/|title=Le Chien bleu : Journal satirique de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Y en aura pour tout le monde! |website=Lechienbleu.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061552/http://www.lechienbleu.nc/|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are five radio stations: the public service broadcaster RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie, Océane FM (the collectivity's newest station), the youth-oriented station NRJ, Radio Djiido (established by Jean-Marie Tjibaou), and Radio Rythmes Bleus.<ref name="vivmed"/> The last two stations are primarily targeted to the various Kanak groups who are indigenous to New Caledonia ("Djiido" is a term from the Fwâi language, spoken in Hienghène in the North Province, denoting a metal spike used to secure straw thatching to the roof of a traditional Kanak house).

As for television, the public service broadcaster France Télévisions operates a local channel, Réseau Outre-Mer 1re, along with France 2, France 3, France 4, France 5, France 24 and Arte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/gouv/tnt|title=Télévision Numérique Terrestre (TNT)|website=Gouv.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|date=2016-01-31|archive-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052143/http://www.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/gouv/tnt|url-status=live}}</ref> Canal Plus Calédonie carries 17 digital channels in French, including Canal+ and TF1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canalplus-caledonie.com/grille-tv/toutes-les-chaines|title=Grille TV – Canal+ Calédonie|website=Canalplus-caledonie.com|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001322/https://www.canalplus-caledonie.com/grille-tv/toutes-les-chaines|url-status=dead}}</ref> Analogue television broadcasts ended in September 2011, completing the [[Engineering:Digital television transition|digital television transition]] in New Caledonia.<ref name="tnt">{{cite web |url=http://nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr/infos/actualites/loutre-mer-dit-adieu-a-lanalogique_64703.html |title=L'Outre-mer dit adieu à l'analogique – Audiovisuel – Info – Nouvelle-Calédonie – La 1ère |website=nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930124824/http://nouvellecaledonie.la1ere.fr/infos/actualites/loutre-mer-dit-adieu-a-lanalogique_64703.html |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, were considered by the French broadcasting authorities.<ref name="rnzitv">{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=63685 |title=Two new New Caledonia television channels proposed |website=Rnzi.com |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305034204/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=63685 |url-status=dead }}</ref> NCTV was launched in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lnc.nc/article/pays/nctv-c-est-parti |title=NCTV, c'est parti! |lang=fr |work=Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes |date=9 December 2013 |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427112334/http://www.lnc.nc/article/pays/nctv-c-est-parti |url-status=live }}</ref>

The media are considered to be able to operate freely, but Reporters Without Borders raised concerns in 2006 about "threats and intimidation" of RFO staff by members of a pro-independence group.<ref name="bbc-cp">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/3921323.stm |title=Regions and territories: New Caledonia |work=BBC News |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013082759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/3921323.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:Christian_Karembeu_-_2014.jpg|thumb|upright|New Caledonian footballer Christian Karembeu, 1998 FIFA World Cup winner with France<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swaminathan |first1=Swaroop |title=Karembeu, France & New Caledonia – a complex relationship |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017/2017/oct/12/karembeu-france--new-caledonia--a-complex-relationship-1672627.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062122/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-u-17-world-cup-2017/2017/oct/12/karembeu-france--new-caledonia--a-complex-relationship-1672627.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The largest sporting event to be held in New Caledonia is a round of the FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC).

The New Caledonia football team began playing in 1950, and was admitted into FIFA, the international association of football leagues, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=92706.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718153916/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=92706.html|archive-date=2007-07-18 |title=New Caledonia joins the world football community |publisher=FIFA |date=24 May 2004 |access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> Prior to joining FIFA, New Caledonia held observer status with the Oceania Football Confederation, and became an official member of the OFC with its FIFA membership. They have won the South Pacific Games five times, most recently in 2007, and have placed third on two occasions in the OFC Nations Cup. Christian Karembeu is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer. The under-17 team qualified for the FIFA under 17 World Cup in 2017.

The sport of basketball gets much public attention in New Caledonia by both press and fans. Its national team has won plenty of medals in the Oceania region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/new-caledonia-national-basketball-team-an-unknown-champion-bet365/ |title=New Caledonia National Basketball Team – An Unknown Champion |website=VisitNewCaledonia.com |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930084118/https://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/new-caledonia-national-basketball-team-an-unknown-champion-bet365/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New Caledonia's top basketball club teams are ''AS 6e Km'' and ''AS Dumbea''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beniela Adjouhgniope,le colosse de l'AS 6e Km |url=https://www.lnc.nc/article/sports/beniela-adjouhgniope-le-colosse-de-l-as-6e-km |accessdate=1 October 2021 |work=Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes |language=French |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001071450/https://www.lnc.nc/article/sports/beniela-adjouhgniope-le-colosse-de-l-as-6e-km |url-status=live }}</ref>

Horse racing is also very popular in New Caledonia, as are women's cricket matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/activities/cricket/women-s-cricket |title=Women's Cricket |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=16 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516172954/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/noumea/activities/cricket/women-s-cricket |url-status=live }}</ref>

The rugby league team participated in the Pacific Cup in 2004.  In 2020, plans were formed to create a Rugby League team in New Caledonia, Pacifique Trieze,<ref>{{cite web |last=Darbyshire |first=Drew |date=2020-05-08 |title=Pacifique Treize: The French-speaking Pacific team who want to join Queensland Cup |url=https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/pacifique-treize-the-french-speaking-pacific-team-who-want-to-join-queensland-cup/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=LoveRugbyLeague |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630210006/https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/pacifique-treize-the-french-speaking-pacific-team-who-want-to-join-queensland-cup/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to eventually join the majority Australian Queensland Cup.

New Caledonia also has a national synchronised swimming team, which tours abroad.

The "Tour Cycliste de Nouvelle-Calédonie" is a multi-day cycling stage race that is held usually in October. The race is organised by the Comite Cycliste New Caledonia. The race attracts riders from Australia, New Zealand, France, Réunion, Europe and Tahiti. Australian Brendan Washington has finished last three times in the race between 2005 and 2009, and is known in New Caledonia as "The Lanterne Rouge".

The New Caledonia Handball team won the Oceania Handball Nations Cup in 2008 held in [[Place:Wellington|Wellington]], [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]]. They beat Australia in the final.

The Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie is a tennis tournament that is held in the first week of January. Since 2004, the tournament is part of the ATP Challenger Tour, and players usually compete as a preparation for the Australian Open. the first Grand Slam of the year.

The New Caledonia women's national volleyball team won the gold medal on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shreya Kumar |title=Let's Go Local: The Sand Dunes And Café Planet For Drau |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2021/03/20/lets-go-local-the-sand-dunes-and-cafe-planet-for-drau/ |accessdate=27 September 2021 |work=Fiji Sun |date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927060217/https://fijisun.com.fj/2021/03/20/lets-go-local-the-sand-dunes-and-cafe-planet-for-drau/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Due to low levels of domestic horticulture, fresh tropical fruits feature less highly in New Caledonian cuisine than in other Pacific nations, instead relying on rice, fish and root vegetables such as taro.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/what-do-people-eat-in-new-caledonia/ |website=Newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com |title=What Do People Eat in New Caledonia? |access-date=16 February 2014 |date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214183037/http://newcaledoniatoday.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/what-do-people-eat-in-new-caledonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One way this is frequently prepared is in a buried-oven-style feast, known as ''bougna''. Wrapped in banana leaves, the fish, taro, banana and other seafood are buried with hot rocks to cook, then dug up and eaten.

== Transport ==

La Tontouta International Airport is {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} northwest of Nouméa, and connects New Caledonia with the airports of Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Auckland, Brisbane, Melbourne, Osaka, Papeete, Nadi, Wallis and Port Vila.<ref name="aport">{{cite web |url=http://www.tontouta-aeroport.nc/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=17&Itemid=107 |title=Présentation |publisher=Aéroport international de Nouméa la Tontouta |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118184638/http://www.tontouta-aeroport.nc/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=17&Itemid=107 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most internal air services are operated by the International carrier Aircalin.<ref name="tppdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/anglais/teca/productivesystem/telechargements/25-06-transport.pdf |title=Transport |publisher=Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113170544/http://www.isee.nc/anglais/teca/productivesystem/telechargements/25-06-transport.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |place=Nouméa}}</ref> Cruise ships dock at the Gare Maritime in Nouméa.<ref name="lptra"/> The passenger-and-cargo boat ''Havannah'' sails to [[Place:Port Vila|Port Vila]], Malicolo and [[Place:Luganville|Santo]] in Vanuatu once a month.<ref name="lptra">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/transport/getting-there-away |title=Transport in New Caledonia |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825112035/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-caledonia/transport/getting-there-away |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Caledonia's road network consists of:

* Route territoriale 1 (RT1), going from the exit from [[Place:Nouméa|Nouméa]] to the Néhoué River, north of Koumac;
* Route territoriale 2, on Lifou Island and from the Lifou Airport to the south of Wé;
* Route territoriale 3, from the junction with RT1 in Nandi up to the Tiwaka River;
* Route territoriale 4, from the junction with RT1 near Muéo to the power plant.<ref name="rtne">{{cite web |url=http://www.dittt.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dittt/infrastructures_routieres|title=Site de la DITTT – Infrastructures routières|website=Dittt.gouv.nc|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908082903/http://www.dittt.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dittt/infrastructures_routieres|archive-date=8 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
*{{annotated link|Earth:Lists of islands}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{notelist}}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite web |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf |first=James |last=Anaya |date=23 November 2011 |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples on the situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France |id=A/HRC/18/35/Add.6 |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109131805/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2011-newcaledonia-a-hrc-18-35-add6_en.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2017 |via=JamesAnaya.org |url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gouv.nc/ Government of New Caledonia] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130416012706/http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/new-caledonia-picture-post-card-beautiful New Caledonia : picture post card beautiful] – Official Government of France website (in English)
* [http://www.visitnewcaledonia.com/ Tourism New Caledonia]
* {{curlie|Regional/Oceania/New_Caledonia}}
* [http://www.endemia.nc/ Biodiversité Néo-Calédonienne]

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{{Coord|-21.25|165.30|display=title|dim:200km}}

[[Category:Zealandia]]

{{Sourceattribution|New Caledonia}}