View source for Earth:Niobrara Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in the United States}}
{{Infobox Rockunit
| name           = Niobrara Formation
| image          = Chalk badlands (Niobrara Formation, Upper Cretaceous; chalk bluffs south of Castle Rock, Gove County, Kansas, USA) 7 (38417957134).jpg
| caption        = The Smoky Hill Chalk badlands are in the Niobrara Formation, in Kansas.
| type           = Formation
| age            = {{Geological range|Coniacian|Campanian}}
| period         = Campanian
| prilithology   = [[Earth:Chalk|Chalk]]
| otherlithology = [[Chemistry:Shale|Shale]]
| namedfor       = Niobrara River, Knox Co., Nebraska<ref name= GeolexUnit>{{cite web | title = Geologic Unit: Niobrara | series = Geolex — Significant Publications | work = National Geologic Database | publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/NiobraraRefs_9529.html | access-date = June 5, 2020  }}</ref>
| namedby        = Meek, F.B., and Hayden, F.V.
| year_ts        = 1862
| region         = North America
| country        = <br />{{USA}}
| coordinates    = {{coord|42.747|N|98.040|W|display:inline}}
| unitof         =
| subunits       = Smoky Hill Chalk Member<br />Fort Hays Limestone Member
| underlies      = [[Earth:Pierre Shale|Pierre Shale]]
| overlies       = [[Earth:Carlile Formation|Carlile Formation]]<br />Or Benton Shale where the Carlile or [[Earth:Greenhorn Limestone|Greenhorn]] Formations are not developed
| thickness      =
| extent         =
| area           =
| map            ={{Location map+ | United States#Nebraska
| relief = 1
| width   = 
| float   = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | United States#Nebraska
  | lat_deg = 42.747
  | lon_deg = -98.040
  | mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
  | marksize = 12
  }}
}}
| map_caption    =
}}
[[File:Monument Rocks, Gove, Kansas.jpg|thumb|Monument Rocks, Smoky Hill Chalk{{clarify|reason=Two names of something, of unspecified meaning|date=September 2023}}]]
[[File:Fort Hays Limestone, Cremnoceramus deformis 20180915.jpg|thumb|[[Biology:Cremnoceramus|Cremnoceramus deformis]] is an index fossil of the Fort Hays Limestone Member.]]
[[File:Niobrara, opalized, Ellis County 20180915 110441.jpg|thumb|Niobrara Chalk was weathered and opalized in the Valentine phase of the Ogallala Formation.]]<!-- We are not saying that this is Ogallala, only that the opalizing event also opalized limited depths of the Niobrara in direct contact. -->
The '''Niobrara Formation''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|aɪ|.|ə|ˈ|b|r|ær|ə}}, also called the '''Niobrara Chalk''', is a geologic formation in North America that was deposited between 87 and 82 million years ago during the [[Earth:Coniacian|Coniacian]], [[Earth:Santonian|Santonian]], and [[Earth:Campanian|Campanian]] stages of the [[Earth:Late Cretaceous|Late Cretaceous]].  It is composed of two structural units, the Smoky Hill Chalk Member overlying the Fort Hays Limestone Member.  The chalk formed from the accumulation of coccoliths from microorganisms living in what was once the [[Earth:Western Interior Seaway|Western Interior Seaway]], an inland sea that divided the continent of North America during much of the [[Earth:Cretaceous|Cretaceous]]. It underlies much of the Great Plains of the US and Canada.  Evidence of vertebrate life is common throughout the formation and includes specimens of [[Biology:Plesiosaur|plesiosaur]]s, [[Biology:Mosasaur|mosasaur]]s, pterosaurs, and several primitive aquatic [[Biology:Bird|bird]]s.  The [[Earth:Type locality (geology)|type locality]] for the Niobrara Chalk is the Niobrara River in Knox County in northeastern Nebraska. The formation gives its name to the '''Niobrara cycle''' of the Western Interior Seaway.

==History of exploration==
The Niobrara Chalk was recorded in 1857 and named in 1862 by Meek, F.B., and Hayden, F.V.<ref name= GeolexUnit/> It was first studied during an expedition led by [[Biography:Othniel Charles Marsh|Othniel Charles Marsh]] of [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]] in 1870. This and following expeditions to the area in 1871 and 1872 yielded the first of many fossil vertebrate remains commonly attributed with the formation. Excavations continued through the following years up to 1879 under the direction of professional fossil collectors such as B. F. Mudge and S. W. Williston appointed by Marsh.

The Niobrara Chalk has been continuously explored ever since, with specimens being found by H. T. Martin of the [[Organization:University of Kansas|University of Kansas]] and George F. Sternberg, the son of the famous fossil collector Charles H. Sternberg. Much of the best material from the formation is on display at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, {{wipe|Kansas}}.

==Stratigraphy==
The Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Chalk contains the majority of the fossils found in the formation, and is subdivided into 23 marker beds. Most vertebrates are present from the upper half of the member. Most of the vertebrate remains were collected and described before the [[Earth:Stratigraphy|stratigraphy]] of the Niobrara Chalk was fully understood. Specimens were described as being from layers referred to as being either of gray-blue [[Chemistry:Shale|shale]] or yellow [[Earth:Chalk|chalk]]. This dichotomy is not indicative of different stratigraphic units as was previously thought, but rather is seen as a weathering phenomenon that can be found at varying points in the same outcrop.<ref>Williston, S. W., 1897, The Kansas Niobrara Cretaceous: The University Geological Survey of Kansas, v. 2, p. 237–246.</ref>

The Fort Hays Limestone Member consists of somewhat harder, massive limestone beds.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Howard E. Simpson |title= Geology of the Yankton Area South Dakota and Nebraska |journal= Geological Survey Professional Paper |publisher= U.S. Department of the Interior |url= https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0328/report.pdf}}</ref>

The Niobrara Formation is overlain by the marine [[Earth:Pierre Shale|Pierre Shale]] and is underlain by the [[Earth:Carlile Formation|Carlile Shale]] or Benton Shale.

==Flora and fauna==
During the time of the deposition of the Niobrara Chalk, much life inhabited the seas of the Western Interior Seaway. By this time in the Late Cretaceous many new lifeforms appeared such as mosasaurs, which were to be some of the last of the aquatic lifeforms to evolve before the end of the [[Earth:Mesozoic|Mesozoic]]. Life of the Niobrara Chalk is comparable to that of the Dakota Formation, although the Dakota Formation, which was deposited during the [[Earth:Cenomanian|Cenomanian]], predates the chalk by about 10 million years.

==Mineral resources==
{{anchor|Smoky Hill Jasper}}
{{anchor|Niobrara Jasper}}
{{anchor|Niobrarite}}
{{anchor|Smoky Hill silicified chalk}}
Various exposures of Niobrara Chalk were covered and partially silicified as the Ogallala sediments covered the [[Earth:Neogene|Neogene]] plains. Re-exposed during the [[Earth:Quaternary|Quaternary]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Alvin R. Leonard |author2=Delmar W. Berry |title= Geology and Ground-water Resources of Southern Ellis County and Parts of Trego and Rush Counties, Kansas, Bulletin 149  |publisher= University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas  |date= 1961 |url= http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/149/05_morph.html |page= Geomorphology / Stream Development |quote= At the close of Pliocene time, the area from the Rocky Mountains to the Flint Hills was a nearly featureless aggradational plain crossed by streams flowing toward the east. During the formation of this [Ogallala] plain in central Kansas the Cretaceous [Niobrara] rocks were buried under a mantle of debris, ... }}</ref> these cherty materials, known as '''Smoky Hill Jasper''' and '''Smoky Hill silicified chalk''', or more recently as '''Niobrara Jasper''' or '''Niobrarite''', became source material for stone tools from the earliest human habitation of the High Plains.<ref>{{cite web |title= Smoky Hill Jasper |website= Kansas Memory |publisher= Kansas Historical Society |url= https://www.kshs.org/km/facets/view/facets:4351,4301,4348/sidebar }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Complex Aspects of the "Smoky Hill Jasper", Now Known as Niobrarite |url= https://core.tdar.org/document/79683/complex-aspects-of-the-smoky-hill-jasper-now-known-as-niobrarite |author= Carl M. Wright |journal= Missing Journal Name Rmks0301: Cnpo |year= 1985 |volume= 5 |issue= 3 |pages= 87–90 }}</ref>

In some regions, the Niobrara is a commercial hydrocarbon reservoir. [[Chemistry:Natural gas|Natural gas]] is produced from the Niobrara in the eastern Denver Basin. Oil is produced from the Niobrara in the North Park Basin, and new fracturing methods are allowing much larger areas to be tapped for oil.<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j19p_VRpnsy7NiY3OyVDiaNeQQFw?docId=6de288f3cefa4d77bdabdc9f66560410 Google article]</ref>

The Fort Hays member was historically quarried on the High Plains for the manufacture of Portland cement at Superior, Nebraska, and Yocemento, Kansas, as well as along the Dakota Hogback in Colorado from Lyons to Boulder,  and around Pueblo and Florence.<ref>[http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/82_1/05_util.html Kansas Geological Survey: ''Fort Hays Chalk''], accessed January 20, 2009.</ref> Along the Dakota Hogback north of Laporte, Colorado, the Fort Hays Limestone formed a secondary hogback, which was extensively quarried for manufacture of up to 450,000 tons of cement a year.<ref>[https://www.aggregateresearch.com/news/cement-plant-closure-opens-door-to-uncertain-future/ AggregateResearch.com: ''Cement plant closure opens door to uncertain future''], accessed July 4, 2016.</ref>  The full depth of the Niobrara was quarried by the [[commons::File:Western Portland Cement plant (Yankton SD) stack 1.JPG|Western Portland Cement Company]] at Yankton, South Dakota, which supplied cement to the Panama Canal project.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kathy K. Grow |author2=Lois H. Varvel |title= Yankton, South Dakota in Vintage Postcards |year= 2004 |page= 24 |publisher=Arcadia |isbn= 978-0-7385-3233-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWFsKNS1mgC&pg=PA24 |access-date = August 3, 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://archives.datapages.com/data/rocky_sepm/data/009/009001/67_rocky_mount90067.htm AAPG Datapages: "Stratigraphy of the Upper Carlile Shale and Lower Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Fremont and Pueblo Counties, Colorado"]
* Bennett, S. C.  2000. Inferring Stratigraphic Position of Fossil Vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of Western Kansas. College of Chiropractic, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06601-2449.
* [http://www.discovery-group.com/niobrara_greenhorn.htm Discovery-group.com; "Niobrara and Greenhorn Formations, Geological and Petrophysical Database for DJ and Raton Basins"]


[[Category:Coniacian Stage]]
[[Category:Santonian Stage]]
[[Category:Campanian Stage]]
[[Category:Shale formations of the United States]]
[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
[[Category:Reservoir rock formations]]

{{Sourceattribution|Niobrara Formation}}