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The '''Padrón Real''' ({{IPA-es|paˈðɾon reˈal}}, ''Royal Register''), known after 2 August 1527 as the '''Padrón General''' ({{IPA-es|paˈðɾon xeneˈɾal|lang}}, ''General Register''), was the official and secret Spanish master map used as a template for the maps present on all Spanish ships during the 16th century.<ref name=LAB/><ref name=DOT/> It was kept in Seville, Spain by the [[Casa de Contratación]]. Ship pilots were required to use a copy of the official government chart, or risk the penalty of a 50 doblas fine.<ref name=LAB/> The map probably included a large-scale chart that hung on the wall of the old Alcázar of Seville.<ref name=LAB/> Well-known official cartographers and pilots who contributed to and used the map included Amerigo Vespucci, Diogo Ribeiro, Sebastian Cabot, Alonzo de Santa Cruz, and Juan Lopez de Velasco.

== Origins ==
[[File:Map Diego Ribero 1529.jpg|thumb|Facsimile of Diogo Ribeiro's ''Carta Universal'' (1529). The original is in the Vatican Library.]]
The Padrón Real was constantly improved from its first version in 1507/08.<ref name=REE/> It was produced by the Seville-based Spanish organization, the ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'', established in 1503. All returning ships had to report any details of new lands or discoveries they had made to the ''Casa de Contratación'', together with latitudes and longitudes. The ship's officers were put under oath before they testified. The pilots at the ''Casa de Contratación'' then plotted this information on their maps. When a new ship was setting out, they would then be given charts which were copied from the master map, the Padrón Real, which was later called the Padrón General.

Diego Ribeiro, who entered Spanish service in 1518,<ref name=REE/> prepared several versions of the chart, during 1525 to 1532, after Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe or after Spanish explorations in North America. Other revisions to the royal chart were directed by royal chartmakers Alonso de Chaves during 1536 and by Alonzo de Santa Cruz in 1542.

Almost none of these maps have survived, but there were occasionally copies made for foreign princes and dignitaries, and some of them still exist. For example, in the Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana in [[Place:Florence|Florence]], there is a map believed to be copied from the Padrón Real called the "Salviati Planisphere". This [[Astronomy:Planisphere|planisphere]] map was probably given by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, the papal [[Religion:Nuncio|nuncio]], in 1526. In the archive of the Marchesi Castiglione in Mantua, there is another similar world map, produced about the same time and given by the Emperor to Count Baldassare Castiglione.

There are a few other examples of these world maps copied from the Padrón Real that were given to various German princes. The most
impressive copy of the Padrón Real is in the Vatican Library, and was given to the Pope by Charles V of Spain in 1529. The large Vatican map (83.8 cm x 203.2 cm.) is on vellum, and thought to be one of the presentation copies made in the 1520s when Spain and Portugal were in a boundary dispute.  The chart has a number of [[Rhumb line|rhumb]] lines and compass roses found in medieval portolan navigation charts of the Mediterranean. The coastlines have many toponyms identifying particular places as well as claiming them for Spain. Ribeiro's map also has rudimentary latitude lines, a line marking the equator, the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, as well as the Arctic and Antarctic circles all of which are relatively new innovations of the era. It contains no imagined information where none was available.<ref>Ricardo Padrón, "Charting Shores" in ''Mapping Latin America: A Cartographic Reader''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2011, pp.33-34. There is a reproduction of the map, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Borgiana 111,0 as well as two detail images of the map in Padrón's article.</ref> 

The Padrón Real was similar in principle to the Portuguese secret master map, the Padrão Real, developed by the Portuguese organization Casa da Índia, or House of Índia, which had been established in [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]] in 1500 (or 1501 according to some sources), and lasted until 1755.

== Mapmakers ==
This enterprise was a huge undertaking, and it was taken very seriously. Without good navigational aids, the ability of Spain to exploit and profit from its discoveries would have been limited. The ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' had a large number of cartographers and navigators (pilots), archivists, record keepers, administrators and others involved in producing and managing the Padrón Real.

The famous Amerigo Vespucci, who made at least two voyages to the New World, was a pilot working at the ''Casa de Contratación'' until his death in 1512. A special position was created for Vespucci, the "pilot major" (chief of navigation) in 1508. He had the responsibility of training new pilots for ocean voyages. His nephew Juan Vespucci inherited his famous uncle's maps, charts, and nautical instruments, and was appointed to Amerigo's former position as official Spanish government pilot at Seville. In 1524, Juan Vespucci was appointed Examiner of Pilots, replacing Sebastian Cabot who was then leading an expedition in Brazil.

In the 1530s and 1540s, the principal mapmakers (known as "cosmographers") in the ''Casa de Contratación'' working on the Padrón General included Alonso de Santa Cruz, Sebastian Cabot, and Pedro de Medina.

Mapmaker Diego Gutiérrez was named cosmographer in the Casa de la Contratación by royal appointment on October 22, 1554, after the death of his father Diego in January 1554, and worked on the Padrón General. In 1562 Diego Gutierrez, published a remarkable map entitled "Americae ... Descriptio" in Antwerp. The reason it was published in Antwerp instead of Spain was that the Spanish engravers did not have the necessary skill to print such a complicated document. Other cosmographers included Alonso de Chaves, Francisco Falero, Jerónimo de Chaves, Sancho Gutiérrez (Diego's brother).

In the late 16th century, Juan Lopez de Velasco was cosmographer major in Seville. He produced a master map and twelve subsidiary maps portraying the worldwide Spanish Empire in cartographic form. This feat surpassed anything done by other European powers at that time. However, this marked the end of Spain's supremacy in mapmaking. After the work of Velasco, others such as the English, Dutch and French were better able to organize and present geographic information.

==See also==
*[[Earth:Cartography|Cartography]]
*[[Earth:Cartography of Latin America|Cartography of Latin America]]

== Notes ==
{{Refbegin}}<!--use smaller font-->
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<br />&nbsp; <small>[r]</small> - An exhibit of Padron Real was March 2002, as "Florida, the Making of a State".<ref name="REE2">"Introduction" (for exhibit "Florida, the Making of a State"),
  Broward County Libraries, Florida, March 2002, webpage:
  [http://www.co.broward.fl.us/library/bienes/lii14002.htm BL2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151047/http://www.co.broward.fl.us/library/bienes/lii14002.htm |date=2011-07-18 }}.</ref>
<!-- ------------------------------ Source footnotes-->
<br />&nbsp; <small>[s]</small> - The main sources include:
<ref name="LAB">
  "The story of maps", Lloyd Arnold Brown, 1979,
  page 143, Google Books webpage:
  [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh7nDfGm7BkC&pg=PA143<!--
  -->&lpg=PA143  BG-7BkC]: notes 1527 Padron General, old Alcazar.
</ref><ref name="DOT">
  "Cabot Explorations in North America", D.O. True,
  1956, Jstor, webpage: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/<!--
  -->1150236 Jstor-236]: notes General "after August 2, 1527".
</ref><ref name="REE">"Marvellous countries and lands" (Notable Maps of Florida,
  1507-1846), Ralph E. Ehrenberg, 2002, webpage:
  [http://www.co.broward.fl.us/library/bienes/lii14003.htm BLib3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220451/http://www.co.broward.fl.us/library/bienes/lii14003.htm |date=2017-12-23 }}:
  notes some head mapmakers.<sup>[r]</sup></ref><ref name="AD">
  "The Egerton MS. 2803 Map and the Padrón Real of Spain
  in 1510", Arthur Davies, 1954, Imago Mundi, Ltd., webpage:
  [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1150174 Jstor-174]: also mentions
  the Portolan Atlas and 1516 Carta Marina.
</ref>
<references/>
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== References ==
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* ''[https://books.google.com.co/books?id=2zZCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=Note+on+the+Castiglioni+Planisphere&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQoual3pLcAhVOu1MKHYqRD5IQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%20the%20Castiglioni%20Planisphere&f=false Note on the Castiglioni Planisphere]'', Armando Cortesao, ''[[Earth:Imago Mundi|Imago Mundi]]'', Vol. 11, (1954), pp.&nbsp;53–55.
* "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042274/House-of-India House of India]", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.
* "The Dating of the Oldest Portuguese Charts", Alfredo Pinheiro Marques, ''Imago Mundi'', Vol. 41, 1989 (1989), pp.&nbsp;87–97.
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060908065700/http://www.stub.unibe.ch/dach/ch/ch/summaries/e06b.html Brazil depicted in early maps]", Arthur Dürst, Cartographica Helvetica 6 (1992) 8–16.
* ''Spain Maps Her "New World"'', David Buisseret, "Encounters", February 1992, No. 8, pp.&nbsp;14–19.
* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBioPrintable.asp?BioId=34224 Sebastian Cabot's biography], including information about his work on the Padrón Real and politics associated with the map.
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