View source for Earth:Pennine Coal Measures Group

{{Short description|Coal-bearing rock strata in the United Kingdom}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = Pennine Coal Measures Group
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| type           = [[Earth:Group (stratigraphy)|Group]]
| age            = {{Fossilrange|Westphalian|Westphalian|}} Langsettian (Westphalian A) – <br>Bolsovian (Westphalian C)
| period         = Pennsylvanian
| prilithology   = mudstone, [[Earth:Sandstone|sandstone]]
| otherlithology = [[Earth:Siltstone|siltstone]], [[Earth:Coal|coal]], [[Earth:Seatearth|seatearth]]
| namedfor       = Pennine Hills
| namedby        = 
| region         = northern {{wipe|England}}, English Midlands, north Wales
| country        = 
| coordinates    = 
| unitof         = Coal Measures Supergroup
| subunits       = 
| underlies      = [[Earth:Warwickshire Group|Warwickshire Group]] etc
| overlies       = Millstone Grit Group
| thickness      = up to 1600m
| extent         = across northern England, English Midlands, north Wales
| area           = 
| map            = 
| map_caption    = 
}}
The '''Pennine Coal Measures Group''' is a [[Earth:Lithostratigraphy|lithostratigraphical]] [[Earth:Group (stratigraphy)|term]] referring to the [[Earth:Coal|coal]]-bearing succession of rock [[Earth:Stratum|strata]] which occur in the {{wipe|United Kingdom}} within the Westphalian [[Physics:Stage (stratigraphy)|Stage]] of the [[Earth:Carboniferous|Carboniferous]] Period. In formal use, the term replaces the [[Earth:Coal Measures Group|Coal Measures Group]]<ref>http://www.bgs.ac.uk/Lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=CM BGS Lexicon of named rock units</ref> as applied to the succession of coal-bearing strata within the [[Earth:Pennine Basin|Pennine Basin]] which includes all of the coalfields of northern England and the English Midlands. It includes the largely concealed Canonbie Coalfield of southern Scotland and the coalfields of northeast Wales and the minor Anglesey coalfield.

The sequence mainly consists of mudstones and [[Earth:Siltstone|siltstone]]s together with numerous [[Earth:Sandstone|sandstone]]s, the more significant ones of which are individually named. Some are laterally extensive, others are more restricted in their range. There are numerous [[Earth:Coal seam|coal seam]]s, again with some being more laterally continuous than others. Those which were economically valuable were named though any individual seam may have attracted different names in different pits and different districts. [[Earth:Marine band (geology)|Marine bands]] preserving distinctive and dateable marine fossils such as [[Biology:Goniatite|goniatite]] [[Biology:Cephalopod|cephalopods]] and [[Biology:Brachiopod|brachiopod]]s are widespread within the sequence and enable correlation to be made between sequences in one part of the basin and another and with other basins.

== Stratigraphy ==
The term '''Productive Coal Measures''' was formerly used for this succession. The Group comprises the:
:* Pennine Upper Coal Measures Formation
:* Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation
:* Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation<ref>http://www.bgs.ac.uk/Lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=PLCM BGS Lexicon of named rock units: Lower Pennine Coal Measures Gp</ref>

The Pennine Coal Measures Group is preceded (underlain) by the Millstone Grit Group which is of Namurian age. It is succeeded (overlain) by the [[Earth:Warwickshire Group|Warwickshire Group]] which comprises a largely non-productive sequence of red beds.<ref>Powell, J.H. et al. 2000. ''Stratigraphical framework for Westphalian to [[Earth:Cisuralian|early Permian]] red-bed successions of the Pennine Basin'', British Geological Survey Research Report, RR/00/01</ref><ref>British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale geological map ''Bedrock geology: UK South'' (5th edn) BGS, Keyworth, Notts</ref>

Descriptions of the coal seams are found within (or linked from) articles on the individual coalfields. Many of the sandstones give rise to distinct features in the landscape as they are more resistant to weathering and erosion than the intervening shales. Some have been quarried for building material, including [[Engineering:Flagstone|flagstone]]s for paving. East of the Pennines, the following main sandstone beds are recorded (note that not all will be present in any one district; multiple entries on one line are of broadly the same age):<ref>Aitkenhead, N. et al 2002 ''British Regional Geology: the Pennines and adjacent areas'' (Fourth edition) British Geological Survey, Nottingham p64-65, 71</ref>

* Badsworth Rock
* Houghton Common Rock / Ravenfield Rock
* Brierley Rock / Wickersley Rock
* Newstead (Pontefract) Rock
* 'Extra' Rock
* Ackworth Rock
* Mexborough Rock
* Glass Houghton Rock
* Ackton Rock
* Oaks Rock
* Woolley Edge Rock
* Horbury Rock
* Thornhill Rock
* Birstall Rock
* Deep Hard Rock
* Parkgate Rock
* Silkstone Rock
* Penistone Flags
* Grenoside Sandstone
* Wingfield Flags
* Greenmoor Rock
* Elland Flags
* 80 Yard Rock / Wharncliffe Rock
* Stanningley Rock / Loxley Edge Rock  
* Crawshaw Sandstone / Soft Bed Flags

To the west of the Pennines, the following are recorded:

* Worsley Delf Rock
* Newton Heath Sandstone / Prestwich Rock
* Nob End Rock
* Peel Hall Rock / Bardsley Rock
* Pemberton Rock / Huncliffe Rock
* Ravenhead Rock
* Chamber Rock
* Blenfire Rock
* Trencherbone Rock
* Cannel Rock
* Tim Bobbin Rock
* China Mine Rock
* Dandy Rock
* Old Lawrence Rock
* Dyneley Knoll Flags
* Crutchman Sandstone / Milnrow Sandstone / 80 Yard Rock
* Darwen Flags
* Helpet Edge Rock
* Inch Rock
* Great Arc Sandstone (Bullion Rock)
* Harrock Hill Grit
* Woodhead Hill Rock / Soft Bed Flags

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Geologic formations of England]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pennine Coal Measures Group}}