View source for Earth:Perm

{{short description|City in Perm Krai, Russia}}
{{citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name                 = Perm
| ru_name                 = Пермь
| loc_name1               = 
| loc_lang1               = 
| loc_name2               = 
| loc_lang2               = 
| loc_name3               = 
| loc_lang3               = 
| loc_name4               = 
| loc_lang4               = 
| other_name              = Перем
| other_lang              = Komi-Permyak
| image_skyline           = Perm Russia.jpg
| image_caption           = View of Perm
| image_map               = 
| map_caption             = 
| coordinates             = {{coord|58|00|N|56|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Perm.svg
| flag_caption            = Flag
| image_coa               = Coat of Arms of Perm.svg
| coa_caption             = Coat of arms
| anthem                  = 
| anthem_ref              = 
| holiday                 = June&nbsp;12
| holiday_ref             = 
<!-- administrative status -->
| federal_subject         = Perm Krai
| federal_subject_ref     = <ref name="Ref127" />
| adm_district_jur        = 
| adm_district_jur_ref    = 
| adm_inhabloc_jur        = city of krai significance of Perm
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref    = <ref name="Ref127" />
| adm_citydistrict_jur    = 
| adm_citydistrict_type   = 
| adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur       = 
| adm_selsoviet_type      = 
| adm_selsoviet_jur_ref   = 
| capital_of              = 
| capital_of_ref          = 
| adm_ctr_of1             = Perm Krai
| adm_ctr_of1_ref         = <ref name="Ref127" />
| adm_ctr_of2             = Permsky District
| adm_ctr_of2_ref         = <ref name="Ref127" />
| adm_ctr_of3             = city of krai significance of Perm
| adm_ctr_of3_ref         = <ref name="Ref127" />
| inhabloc_cat            = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref        = <ref name="Ref127" />
| inhabloc_type           = 
| inhabloc_type_ref       = 
<!-- municipal status -->
| mun_district_jur        = 
| mun_district_jur_ref    = 
| urban_okrug_jur         = Perm Urban Okrug
| urban_okrug_jur_ref     = <ref name="Ref843" />
| urban_settlement_jur    = 
| urban_settlement_jur_ref = 
| rural_settlement_jur    = 
| rural_settlement_jur_ref = 
| inter_settlement_territory = 
| inter_settlement_territory_ref = 
| mun_admctr_of1          = Perm Urban Okrug
| mun_admctr_of1_ref      = <ref name="Ref843" />
| mun_admctr_of2          = Permsky Municipal District
| mun_admctr_of2_ref      = <ref name="Ref1262">Law #1868-402</ref>
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_title_ref        = <ref name="Ref4"/>
| leader_name             = Dmitry Samoilov 
| leader_name_ref         = <ref name="Ref4">[http://glava.perm.ru/ Official website of the Head of Perm] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| representative_body     = City Duma
| representative_body_ref = <ref>{{in lang|ru}}[http://duma.perm.ru/ Пермская Городская Дума]</ref>
<!-- statistics -->
| elevation_m             = 
| area_km2                = 799.68
| area_km2_ref            = <ref name="БД ПМО">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst57/DBInet.cgi|title=Áàçà äàííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ îáðàçîâàíèé|work=gks.ru}}</ref>
| pop_2010census          = 991162
| pop_2010census_rank     = 13th
| pop_2010census_ref      = <ref name="2010Census" />
| pop_latest              = 
| pop_latest_date         = 
| pop_latest_ref          = 
| population_demonym      = 
| time_zone_ref           = 
<!-- history -->
| established_date        = May&nbsp;15, 1723
| established_title       = 
| established_date_ref    = 
| current_cat_date        = October&nbsp;29, 1781
| current_cat_date_ref    = 
| abolished_date          = 
| abolished_date_ref      = 
<!-- misc -->
| postal_codes            = 614xxx
| postal_codes_ref        = 
| dialing_codes           = 342
| dialing_codes_ref       = <ref>[http://www.thephonebook.bt.com/publisha.content/en/search/international/record.publisha?id=L185 Russian Federation - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142656/http://www.thephonebook.bt.com/publisha.content/en/search/international/record.publisha?id=L185 |date=April 13, 2014 }}, Retrieved 2014-04-12</ref>
| website                 = http://www.gorodperm.ru/
|date=January 2019}}
'''Perm''' ({{lang-rus|Пермь|p=pʲɛrmʲ}};<ref name="Gramota">Gramota.ru. [http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/buro/search_answer/?page=103&s=%F1%EE%E3%EB%E0%F1%ED%EE #18475]</ref>) is a city and the [[Place:Administrative centre|administrative centre]] of Perm Krai. It is located on the banks of the Kama River in Western Russia, near the Ural Mountains.

According to the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,162,<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census.<ref name="1989Census">{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}</ref> As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.<ref name="2010Census" />

It was previously known as ''Yagoshikha (Yegoshikha)''&#32;(until 1781),&#32;''Perm''&#32;(until 1940). From 1940 to 1957 it was named '''Molotov''' ({{lang-ru|Мо́лотов}} {{IPA-ru|ˈmoɫətəf|}}) in honor of Vyacheslav Molotov.<ref name="Name2">Official website of Perm. [http://www.gorodperm.ru/en/perm/history/ History].</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Perm'' is of [[Social:Uralic languages|Uralic]] etymology, likely of Finno-Ugric origin ([[Social:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]: Перем, ''Perem''; {{lang-kv|Перым}}, ''Perym''). Komi is a member of the [[Social:Permic languages|Permic]] group of Finno-Ugric languages, which is also named for Perm. In [[Social:Finnish language|Finnish]] and Vepsian ''perämaa'' means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian ''perem'' means "edge" or "verge".  The geologic period of the [[Earth:Permian|Permian]] takes its name from the toponym.

==Geography==
[[File:Perm asv2019-05 img23 Kama River.jpg|left|thumb|The Kama River in Perm]]
[[File:Yegoshikha (1898).jpg|left|thumb|Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898]]

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main [[Earth:Tributary|tributary]] of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]], Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for {{convert|70|km|sp=us}} along the Kama and {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Perm has a [[Earth:Continental climate|continental climate]] with warm summers and long, cold winters.

==History==

Perm is located in the old Perman area, which was originally inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples. Perm was first mentioned as the village of '''Yagoshikha''' ({{lang|ru|Ягошиха}}) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the [[Place:Ural (region)|Ural region]] by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several [[Chemistry:Metallurgy|metallurgy]], [[Chemistry:Paper|paper]], and [[Engineering:Steamboat|steamboat]] producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first [[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphoric]] factory in Russia was built. In 1916, [[Organization:Perm State University|Perm State University]]—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

[[File:Perm-c1910.jpg|thumb|Pokrovskaya Street in central Perm around 1910]]
[[File:Urban two-storey wooden house.png|thumb|This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm in the early 20th century. Location home: 14a, Klimenko str.]]

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. On December&nbsp;25, 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July&nbsp;1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Some early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910" widths="175">
File:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - City of Perm. General view (1910).jpg|General view of City of Perm
File:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskie Gorki (1910).jpg|General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki
File:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - Razguliai, outskirts of the city of Perm (1910).jpg|Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm
File:Perm. Mary Magdalene Church.png| Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm
File:Prokudin-Gorsky - Perm. Summertime location of the exchange.jpg|Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm
File:Prokudin-Gorskii - Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm.jpg|Prokudin-Gorsky — Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg|Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.
File:Prokudin-Gorsky - Perm. Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration.jpg|Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm
</gallery>

===Soviet period===
In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, [[Engineering:Shipbuilding|shipbuilding]], and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War ([[Social:World War II|World War&nbsp;II]]), Perm was a vital center of [[Engineering:Artillery|artillery]] production in the Soviet Union. During the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]], Perm became a closed city.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/perm-russias-emerging-cultural-hotspot.html?pagewanted=all | title=A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge? | newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} | date=July 22, 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2015 | author=Jones, Finn-Olaf}}</ref>

===Modern city===
[[File:Perm asv2019-05 img53 Komsomolsky48.jpg|thumb|TGC-9]]

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural centre. The leading industries include machinery, [[Engineering:Arms industry|defence]], [[Chemistry:Petroleum|oil]] production (about 3% of Russian output), oil [[Engineering:Refining|refining]], chemical and petrochemical, timber and [[Biology:Wood|wood]] processing and the food industry.

Since 2004, the first Muslim Cossack unit in post-Soviet Russia has been based in the city of Perm.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Perm is the [[Place:Administrative centre|administrative centre]] of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="Ref127">Law #416-67</ref> As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the '''city of krai significance of Perm'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref127" /> As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as '''Perm Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref843">Law #2038-446</ref>

===City divisions===
[[File:Administrative divisions of Perm (en).svg|thumb|Administrative divisions]]
[[File:Perm asv2019-05 img12 City admin.jpg|thumb|Building of the Perm Administration]]
[[File:Mulyanka Pedestrian Bridge.jpg|thumb|A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street]]

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:
{| class=wikitable
|-
!City District||Population (2010 Census)<ref name="2010Census" />
|-
| Dzerzhinsky || 155,632
|-
| Industrialny || 157,575
|-
| Kirovsky || 127,793
|-
| Leninsky || 48,520
|-
| Motovilikhinsky || 179,961
|-
| Ordzhonikidzevsky || 111,204
|-
| Sverdlovsky || 210,477
|}

==Economy==
Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.<ref name="city_econ">[http://www.gorodperm.ru/en/economy/industry/ Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721065019/http://www.gorodperm.ru/en/economy/industry/ |date=July 21, 2011 }} Perm City Administration</ref> The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.<ref name="city_industrydept">[http://www.dip.perm.ru/EnglishVersion English version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522032737/http://dip.perm.ru/EnglishVersion/ |date=May 22, 2011 }} City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship</ref>

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: AviraKids, a holding company, that produces 37.5% of Russian gaming equipment; Perm Motors and [[Company:Aviadvigatel|Aviadvigatel]], major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company [[Company:Proton-PM|Proton-PM]], which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.<ref name="city_econ"/>

===Transportation===

Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the [[Place:Ural (region)|Urals]], and the far east of {{wipe|Russia}}. Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm-I and the modern Perm-II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.<ref name="Transport in Perm">[http://perm.ru/index.php?id=110750 Transport infrastructure] — Perm regional server.</ref>

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} southwest.

Perm's public transit network includes [[Engineering:Tram|tram]], bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important [[Engineering:Trolleybus|trolleybus]] service has been discontinued in July 2019.

<gallery mode="packed">
Perm asv2019-05 img17 bus at Razgulay stop.jpg|LiAZ-5292 ([[Chemistry:Compressed natural gas|CNG]] motor version) city bus
Perm asv2019-05 img19 trolley at Razgulay stop.jpg|Trolza-5265 low-floor trolleybus
Perm asv2019-05 img70 tram in Motovilikha.jpg|AKSM-60102 tram
Perm asv2019-05 img56 Perm-II station.jpg|Perm-II railway station
</gallery>

====Proposed metro system====<!-- Anchor from redirected article, [Perm Metro.  Exercise caution with any changes. -->
The ''Perm Metro'' is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered.  The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990 but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction.  The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold.  [[Engineering:Light rail|Light rail]] has also been considered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/prm/perm.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507043330/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/prm/perm.htm |archivedate=May 7, 2011 }} ''Perm' Metro Project''; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Perm Opera and Ballet Theatre, 2007.jpg|thumb|Perm Opera and Ballet House]]
[[File:Perm Museum of Contemporary Art.jpg|thumb|upright|Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the former Perm River Station Hall]]

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.<ref name="Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене">{{cite web|url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2008/01/25/140324 |title=Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008 |publisher=Vedomosti.ru |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref>{{According to whom|date=October 2019}} There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the Theatre "Near the Bridge".

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianmuseums.info/M1575 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-06-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626132517/http://russianmuseums.info/M1575 |archivedate=June 26, 2009 }}</ref>  Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Moscow Times | url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/600/42/378150.htm | title=Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao' | access-date=June 12, 2009 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804235909/http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/600/42/378150.htm | archive-date=August 4, 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/world/europe/28perm.html?ref=global-home| work=The New York Times| title=Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City| first=Sophia| last=Kishkovsky| date=2009-05-28| accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref>

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic [[Physics:Overtone|overtone]]s that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and [[Physics:Reverberation|reverberation]].<ref>{{Citation|last=RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum|title=Creation of RAV Drum|date=2016-11-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33v7EzIDvoQ|accessdate=2018-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ravvast.com/|title=RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum|website=ravvast.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture, depicts a walking bear (the symbol depicted on the coat of arms of city). It is situated in the central part of city, at the Lenin Street, in front of Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, a member of Artists' Union of Russia and [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] International Association of Arts.<ref name="NR2-20060911">{{in lang|ru}} [http://nr2.ru/perm/photo_reporting/82316.html В центре Перми появился бурый медведь] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205114005/http://nr2.ru/perm/photo_reporting/82316.html |date=December 5, 2007 }} — РИА «Новый Регион».</ref><ref name="News-59">{{in lang|ru}}  [http://59.ru/newsline/18175.html На пермских улицах появился медведь.] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070706221612/http://59.ru/newsline/18175.html |date=2007-07-06 }}</ref>

Perm is also home to the At the Bridge Theatre, the first mystical theatre in the world. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Education==
Perm is a scientific centre; some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major [[Organization:University|universities]] including [[Organization:Perm State University|Perm State University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008 |title=Perm State University |publisher=Psu.ru |accessdate=2013-04-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125064451/http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008 |archivedate=November 25, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Perm State Technical University,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pstu.ru/ |title=Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет |publisher=Pstu.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hse.perm.ru/ |title=Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики |publisher=Hse.perm.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref> Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,<ref>[http://www.psma.ru/psmabeta2/english/ Perm State Academy Of Medicine<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026042257/http://www.psma.ru/psmabeta2/english/ |date=October 26, 2008 }}</ref> Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,<ref>http://www.psfa.ru/english/{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Perm State Agricultural Academy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pgsha.ru/web/en/today/ |title=Perm State Agricultural Academy |publisher=Pgsha.ru |accessdate=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606135300/http://pgsha.ru/web/en/today/ |archive-date=June 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,<ref>{{cite web|author=Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU |url=http://balletschool.perm.ru/eng/ |title=Perm State Ballet college |publisher=Balletschool.perm.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-04-23}}</ref>  and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

==Climate==
Perm has a [[Earth:Humid continental climate|warm summer continental climate]] ([[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=52282&cityname=Perm,+Perm,+Russia&units=|title=Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. 
{{Weather box
|location=Perm
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C =  4.3
|Feb record high C =  6.0
|Mar record high C = 15.0
|Apr record high C = 27.3
|May record high C = 34.6
|Jun record high C = 35.4
|Jul record high C = 36.6
|Aug record high C = 37.2
|Sep record high C = 30.7
|Oct record high C = 22.5
|Nov record high C = 11.9
|Dec record high C =  4.5
|year record high C= 37.2
|Jan high C = −9.3
|Feb high C = −7.6
|Mar high C = 0.1
|Apr high C = 8.7
|May high C = 16.9
|Jun high C = 22.5
|Jul high C = 24.2
|Aug high C = 20.5
|Sep high C = 13.9
|Oct high C = 5.9
|Nov high C = −3.1
|Dec high C = −8.0

|Jan mean C = −12.8
|Feb mean C = −11.6
|Mar mean C =  −4.2
|Apr mean C =   3.5
|May mean C =  10.8
|Jun mean C =  16.5
|Jul mean C =  18.6
|Aug mean C =  15.3
|Sep mean C =   9.6
|Oct mean C =   3.0
|Nov mean C =  −5.8
|Dec mean C = −11.1
|year mean C = 2.7
|Jan low C = −16.2
|Feb low C = −15.1
|Mar low C =  −8.1
|Apr low C =  −0.9
|May low C =   5.4
|Jun low C =  11.1
|Jul low C =  13.3
|Aug low C =  11.0
|Sep low C =   6.2
|Oct low C =   0.5
|Nov low C =  −8.4
|Dec low C = −14.2
|year high C=  7.1 |year low C=  −1.3
|year high F =44.7 |year low F = 29.7
|Jan record low C = −44.9
|Feb record low C = −40.8
|Mar record low C = −34.8
|Apr record low C = −23.5
|May record low C = −13.0
|Jun record low C =  −3.4
|Jul record low C =   1.7
|Aug record low C =  −1.9
|Sep record low C =  −7.8
|Oct record low C = −25.2
|Nov record low C = −38.5
|Dec record low C = −47.1
|year record low C= −47.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 44
|Feb precipitation mm = 30
|Mar precipitation mm = 28
|Apr precipitation mm = 36
|May precipitation mm = 59
|Jun precipitation mm = 81
|Jul precipitation mm = 70
|Aug precipitation mm = 76
|Sep precipitation mm = 72
|Oct precipitation mm = 61
|Nov precipitation mm = 55
|Dec precipitation mm = 45
|year precipitation mm = 657
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 79
|Mar humidity = 72
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 62
|Jun humidity = 68
|Jul humidity = 71
|Aug humidity = 77
|Sep humidity = 80
|Oct humidity = 82
|Nov humidity = 85
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 76
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 4
|Apr rain days = 11
|May rain days = 18
|Jun rain days = 18
|Jul rain days = 17
|Aug rain days = 20
|Sep rain days = 21
|Oct rain days = 17
|Nov rain days = 7
|Dec rain days = 3
|year rain days = 139
|Jan snow days = 28
|Feb snow days = 24
|Mar snow days = 19
|Apr snow days = 9
|May snow days = 4
|Jun snow days = 0.4
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 2
|Oct snow days = 13
|Nov snow days = 24
|Dec snow days = 27
|year snow days = 150
|Jan sun = 38
|Feb sun = 79
|Mar sun = 152
|Apr sun = 198
|May sun = 275
|Jun sun = 290
|Jul sun = 284
|Aug sun = 226
|Sep sun = 132
|Oct sun = 65
|Nov sun = 37
|Dec sun = 23
|year sun = 1799
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/28224.htm
| title = Pogoda.ru.net
| accessdate = December 8, 2015
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = Russian}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = HKO >
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28225.TXT
| title = Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = December 8, 2015}}</ref>
|date=January 2012
}}

==Sports==
The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! Founded !! Current League !! League<br />Rank !! Stadium
|-
|Zvezda 2005 Perm
|Football
|1994
|Women's Supreme League
|1st
|Zvezda Stadium
|-
|Oktan Perm
|Football
|1958
|Russian Second Division
|3rd
|Neftyanik Stadium
|-
|Molot-Prikamye Perm
|Ice Hockey
|1948
|Higher Hockey League
|2nd
|Universal Sports Palace Molot
|-
|Prikamye Perm
|Volleyball
|1983
|Volleyball Super League
|1st
|Sukharev Sports Complex
|-
|Permskie Medvedi
|Handball
|1999
|Handball Super League
|1st
|Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
|-
|Parma Basket
|Basketball
|2012
|VTB United League
|1st
|Universal Sports Palace Molot
|}

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.<ref>https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fclub%2F445%2F&sandbox=1</ref>

==Notable people==
The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.
*Dmitry Rybolovlev, businessman
*Zaki Ansari, Writer, Poet. born in Rajasthan India 
*Michael Beilin (born 1976), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
*Tatiana Borodina, opera soprano
*Sergei Diaghilev, ballet impresario
*Alexandra Kosteniuk, 2008 Women's World Chess Champion
*Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, writer
*Tanya Mityushina, model
*Nikolay Moiseyev, astronomer
*Andronic Nikolsky (Andronik), first Bishop of Kyoto, Japan
*Fyodor Petrov, Soviet artillery designer
*Vladimir Chagin, Russian rally raid driver. the most successful single pilot in history of  Dakar Rally
*Natasha Poly, supermodel
*Mikhail Osorgin philosopher
*[[Biography:Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], physicist; widely regarded in Russia as the inventor of radio
*Mikhail Shuisky, opera singer
*Arkadiy Shvetsov, aircraft engine designer
*Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of an early method of arc [[Chemistry:Welding|welding]]
*Peter Berngardovich Struve, political economist, philosopher, and editor
*Maxim Trankov, pairs figure skater
*Yuri Trutnev, Presidential Envoy to the Far Eastern Federal District
*Andrey Voronikhin, architect and painter
*Konstantin Zyryanov, association football player
*Katerina Shpitsa, actress of theater and cinema
*Alexei Ivanov, writer
*Tatiana Totmianina, pair skater, 2006 Olympic Champion
The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel ''Doctor Zhivago'' under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.<ref>http://www.oxfordperm-assoc.org/members-only/news-Jun06.pdf</ref>

== Marketing ==
Perm is an example of  [[Earth:City marketing|city marketing]] in {{wipe|Russia}}, with the city also having a logo.<ref name="lev">[http://www.pro-marketing.by/Artemiy-Lebedev-pridumal-logotip-goroda-Permi.html Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city] (rus)</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==

Perm is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Города – побратимы Перми|url=http://v-perm.ru/goroda-pobratimy-permi/|website=v-perm.ru|publisher=Perm|language=ru|accessdate=2020-02-01}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ITA}} Agrigento, Italy (2005)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} Chernihiv, Ukraine
*{{flagicon|GER}} Duisburg, Germany (2007)
*{{flagicon|USA}} Louisville, United States (1994)
*{{flagicon|UK}} Oxford, United Kingdom (1995)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} Shenzhen, China (2003)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* Immaculate Conception Church, Perm
* Stephen of Perm

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://perm.online/|title=Perm Online|last=|first=|date=|website=Perm City Forum|access-date=}}</ref>

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|per|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|per|mun|list|perm}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|per|mun|list|permsky}}

==External links==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://www.gorodperm.ru/ Official website of Perm] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://www.duma.perm.ru/ Official website of the Perm City Duma] {{in lang|ru}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100223210544/http://map.properm.ru/ Street View of Perm]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035918/http://invest.permtpp.ru/en/main/ Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry]
*[http://www.photoperm.ru/?s=0&c=0&lang=eng The Western Ural Photographic Album]
*[https://archive.today/20040201072629/http://www.permonline.ru/~museum/romanov/ Virtual museum of Romanov in Perm]
*[https://archive.today/20000930060908/http://www.permonline.ru/english/perm/history.htm History of Perm]
*[http://www.permian.ru/ The city of Perm - The poem of the town]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100823063014/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1083/is_n10_v70/ai_18733466/ Article about Perm Ballet]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/world/europe/28perm.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&emc=eta1 S. Kishkovsky "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City"]
*[http://www.operm.ru Unofficial website of Perm]
{{div col end}}

===Education===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121125064451/http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008 Perm State University]
*[http://www.pstu.ru/ Perm State Technical University]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912135630/http://www.psfa.ru/english/ Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140606135300/http://pgsha.ru/web/en/today/ Perm State Agricultural Academy]
*[http://balletschool.perm.ru/eng/ Perm State Choreographic School]


[[Category:Permian| ]]

{{Sourceattribution|Perm|1}}