View source for Earth:Popocatépetl

{{Short description|Stratovolcano in Puebla, Mexico}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Popocatépetl
| etymology = {{lang|nah|popōcatepētl}}, ''Smoking Mountain''
| nickname = {{lang|es|[[Social:Don (honorific)|Don]] Goyo}}
| photo = Mexico-Popocatepetl.jpg
| photo_caption = Popocatépetl, viewed from the north from Paso de Cortés.
| elevation_m = 5393
| elevation_ref = {{efn|Sources vary widely, on the elevation of Popocatépetl, with most giving a value at or slightly above {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|5393|m|ft|abbr=on}} figure given here is from the Smithsonian Institution-Global Volcanism Program.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program" />}}
| prominence_m = 3020
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web |url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/mexico.html |title=Mexico Ultras |website=Peaklist.org |access-date=2012-01-29}} The prominence value given here of {{convert|3020|m|ft|abbr=on}} is based on a summit elevation of {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Popocatépetl.</ref><ref name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger |pid=8034 |title=Volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico |access-date=2012-01-29}} The prominence value given here of {{convert|3,020|m|ft|abbr=on}} is interpolated from a summit elevation of {{convert|5,400|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Popocatépetl.</ref>
| listing = {{unbulleted list
|World most prominent peaks 89th
|North America highest peaks 5th
|North America prominent peaks 17th
|Mexico highest major peaks 2nd
}}
| location = Mexico-Puebla-Morelos, Mexico
| map = Mexico Puebla#Mexico State of Mexico#Mexico
| map_caption = Location in Mexico
| label_position = 
| coordinates = {{coord|19|01|20|N|98|37|40|W|type:mountain_region:MX_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = 
| topo = 
| type = [[Earth:Stratovolcano|Stratovolcano]]
| last_eruption = 2004 to 2023 (ongoing)<ref name="Popocatépetl volcano on Volcano Discovery">{{Cite news|title=Popocatépetl volcano|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/popocatepetl.html|date=19 Feb 2018}}</ref>
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = rock/snow climb
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

'''Popocatépetl''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|p|ɒ|p|ə|ˈ|k|æ|t|ə|p|ɛ|t|əl|,_|ˌ|p|ɒ|p|ə|k|æ|t|ə|ˈ|p|ɛ|t|əl}} {{respell|POP|ə|KAT|ə|pet|əl|,_-|kat|ə|PET|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|p|oʊ|p|-}} {{respell|POHP|-}}, {{IPA-es|popokaˈtepetl|lang|Popocatepetl1.ogg}}; {{lang-nah|Popōcatepētl}} {{IPA-nah|popoːkaˈtepeːt͡ɬ||Popokatepetl.ogg}}) is an active [[Earth:Stratovolcano|stratovolcano]] located in the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico in central Mexico. It lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. At {{convert|5393|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Global Volcanism Program">{{cite gvp |vnum=341090 |name=Popocatépetl |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> it is the second highest [[Earth:Mountain|peak]] in Mexico, after Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) at {{convert|5636|m|abbr=on}}.

It is linked to the twin volcano of Iztaccihuatl to the north by the high [[Earth:Saddle (landform)|saddle]] known as the "Paso de Cortés".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beaman |first=John H. |title=The Timberlines of Iztaccihuatl and Popocatépetl, Mexico |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=3 |date=July 1962 |pages=377–385 |doi=10.2307/1933367 |jstor=1933367}}</ref> Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park, wherein the two volcanoes are located, is named after them.<ref name="Parcque 2016">{{cite web |title=Parque Nacional Izta-Popo Zoquiapan |url=https://simec.conanp.gob.mx/ficha.php?anp=87&=11 |website=SIMEC: Sistema de Información, Monitoreo, y Evaluación para la Conservación |publisher=Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |date=5 August 2016 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Conanp2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.conanp.gob.mx/sig/ |title=Sistema de Información Geográfica |work=Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |access-date=22 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027200233/http://www.conanp.gob.mx/sig/ |archive-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Popocatépetl is {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]], from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain [[Earth:Glacier|glacier]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author=Huggel, C.|author2=Delgado, H.|year=2000|chapter=Glacier monitoring at Popocatépetl Volcano, México: glacier shrinkage and possible causes|editor=Hegg, C.|editor2=Vonder Muehll, D.|title=Beiträge zur Geomorphologie.- Proceedings Fachtagung der Schweizerischen Geomorphologischen Gesellschaft, 8–10 July 1999|publisher=Bramois, WSL Birmensdorf|pages=97–106|chapter-url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/03Huggel_Glacier%20monitoring.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/03Huggel_Glacier%20monitoring.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> the others being Iztaccihuatl and Pico de Orizaba. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as Glaciar Norte (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Granados |first=HD|title=The glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): Changes and causes|journal=Quaternary International|volume=43–44|year=1997|pages=53–60|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/glaciers-popocatpetl-volcano-mexico-changes-causes/|access-date=2012-04-17|bibcode=1997QuInt..43...53G |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00020-7}}</ref> By early 2001, Popocatépetl's glaciers were gone; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as crevasses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronicle of a death foretold: Extinction of the small-size tropical glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=56|issue=1–2|year=2007|pages=13–22|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.010|vauthors=Delgado Granados H, Miranda PJ, Huggel C, Ortega del Valle S, Alatorre Ibargüengoitia MA |bibcode=2007GPC....56...13D}}</ref><ref name=Huggel>{{cite journal|url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/biblioteca/bitstream/123456789/519/1/12huggel_et+al.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029130701/http://www.unesco.org.uy/phi/biblioteca/bitstream/123456789/519/1/12huggel_et+al.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-29|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=99–110|title=Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico|vauthors=Huggel C, Schneider D, Julio Miranda P, Granados HD, Kääb A|access-date=2012-04-17|bibcode=2008JVGR..170...99H|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005|s2cid=51845260}}</ref><ref name=JulioMiranda2>{{cite journal|vauthors=Julio-Miranda P, Delgado-Granados H, Huggel C, Kääb A|title=Impact of the eruptive activity on glacier evolution at Popocatépetl Volcano (México) during 1994–2004|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=170|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=86–98|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.011|bibcode=2008JVGR..170...86J|url=http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/11Julio%20et%20al.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.536.4620|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915163413/http://www.geofisica.unam.mx/popoc/colaboracion/GTNH/files/public_mexico/11Julio%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Earth:Lava|Lava]] erupting from Popocatépetl has historically been predominantly [[Earth:Basaltic andesite|andesitic]], but it has also erupted large volumes of [[Earth:Dacite|dacite]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sosa, G.|author2=Gardner, J.&nbsp;E. |author3=Lassiter, J.&nbsp;C. |year=2009 |chapter=Magma evolution during the last 23 ky at Popocatepetl Volcano: insights from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in plagioclase, pyroxene and pumice matrix |publisher=American Geophysical Union |title=Fall Meeting 2009, abstract #V51A-1658 |journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts |volume=2009 |pages=V51A–1658 |bibcode=2009AGUFM.V51A1658S}}</ref> [[Biology:Magma|Magma]] produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two with the andesites being rich in magnesium.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin, A. L. |author2=Cifuentes, G. |author3=Straub, S. |author4=Mendiola, F. |year=2007 |chapter=Magma Stagnation and Ascent at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico during the last 10 years |publisher=American Geophysical Union |title=Spring Meeting 2007, abstract #V42A-05 |journal=AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts |volume=2007 |pages=V42A–05|bibcode=2007AGUSM.V42A..05M}}</ref>

== Name ==
[[File:Popocatépetl .jpg|thumb|Popocatepetl seen from UNAM (instituto de Ecologia with Sigma 500 mm), Mexico City]]

The name ''Popocatépetl'' comes from the [[Social:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]] words {{lang|nah|popōca}} ({{IPA-nah|poˈpoːka}}) "it smokes" and {{lang|nah|tepētl}} {{IPA-nah|ˈtepeːt͡ɬ|}} "mountain", meaning ''Smoking Mountain''. The volcano is also referred to by Mexicans as ''El Popo'' affectionately, or to shorten the full name. The alternate nickname ''Don Goyo'' comes from the mountain's association in the lore of the region with San Gregorio, "Goyo" being a nickname-like short form of Gregorio. The name was extended by those who lived in Santiago Xalitzina, a small community {{cvt|12|km}} from the volcano. Legend says that many years ago, a villager met an old man on the slopes of the mountain, who introduced himself as Gregorio Chino Popocatépetl. Gregorio was a personification of the spirit of the volcano, and communicates with the locals to warn them if an eruption is about to happen. Thus, every March 12, the day of San Gregorio, the locals bring flowers and food to the volcano to celebrate the saint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yosoypuebla.com/2016/06/popocatepetl-don-goyo/ |work=Yo Soy Puebla |title=¿Sabes porqué al Popocatépetl se le dice Don Goyo? |language=es |trans-title=Do you know why Popocatépetl is called Don Goyo? |date=1 June 2016 |author=Meri_T |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=VolcanoDiscovery>{{cite web |url=http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/popocatepetl-eruptions.html |title=Popocatépetl volcano eruptions |publisher=VolcanoDiscovery |access-date=2012-04-20}}</ref>

== Geology ==
The [[Earth:Stratovolcano|stratovolcano]] contains a steep-walled, {{convert|400|x|600|m|abbr=on}} wide [[Earth:Volcanic crater|crater]]. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]], producing massive debris avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]] El Fraile cone.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program"/> Three major [[Earth:Plinian eruption|Plinian eruption]]s, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous [[Earth:Lahar|lahar]]s that swept basins below the volcano.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program"/>

According to [[Earth:Paleomagnetism|paleomagnetic]] studies, the volcano is about 730,000 years old. It is cone shaped with a diameter of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} at its base, with a peak elevation of {{convert|5450|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The crater is elliptical with an orientation northeast-southwest. The walls of the crater vary from {{convert|600|to|840|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. Popocatépetl is currently active after being dormant for about half of last century. Its activity increased in 1991 and smoke has been seen constantly emanating from the crater since 1993. The volcano is monitored by the [[Earth:Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project|Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== History ==
The geological history of Popocatépetl began with the formation of the ancestral volcano Nexpayantla. About 200,000 years ago, Nexpayantla collapsed in an eruption, leaving a [[Earth:Caldera|caldera]], in which the next volcano, known as El Fraile, began to form. Another eruption about 50,000 years ago caused that to collapse, and Popocatépetl rose from that. Around 23,000 years ago, a lateral eruption (believed to be larger than the [[Earth:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]]) destroyed the volcano's ancient cone and created an avalanche that reached up to {{convert|70|km}} from the summit. The debris field from that is one of four around the volcano, and it is also the youngest.<ref name="Macías">{{cite book |pages=199–204 |year=2007 |chapter=Geology and eruptive history of some active volcanoes of México |first=José Luis |last=Macías |s2cid=33648400 |editor1-last=Alaniz-Álvarez |editor1-first=S.A. |editor2-last=Nieto-Samaniego |editor2-first=Á.F. |title=Geology of México: Celebrating the Centenary of the Geological Society of México |volume=422 |doi=10.1130/2007.2422(06) |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-0-8137-2422-5 }}</ref>

Three Plinian eruptions are known to have taken place: 3,000 years ago (3195–2830 BC), 2,150 years ago (800–215 BC), and 1,100 years ago (likely 823 AD).<ref name="Macías"/> The latter two buried the nearby village of Tetimpa, preserving evidence of preclassical culture.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3537029 |jstor=3537029 |title=Preclassic Household Patterns Preserved Under Volcanic Ash at Tetimpa, Puebla, Mexico |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=287–309 |last1=Plunket |first1=Patricia |last2=Uruñuela |first2=Gabriela |year=1998|s2cid=131051324 }}</ref>

The first recorded European ascent of the volcano was made by an expedition led by Diego de Ordaz in 1519.<ref name=Diaz>Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140441239}}</ref>{{rp|182}} The early-16th-century monasteries on the slopes of the mountain are a World Heritage Site.

=== Eruptions ===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=
 |image1=Popocatepetl-nasa.jpg |caption1=[[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] view of Popocatépetl sending [[Earth:Eruption column|plume]] of [[Earth:Volcanic ash|volcanic ash]] south January 23, 2001, Iztaccíhuatl at right
 |image2=Popocatepelt.jpg |caption2=Popocatépetl viewed from Puebla, Puebla, January 2004 eruption
}}
Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and the most famous,<ref>{{cite journal |title=The effects of volcanoes on health: preparedness in Mexico |journal=World Health Statistics Quarterly |year=1996 |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=204–208 |last1=Zeballos |first1=J.L. |last2=Meli |first2=R. |last3=Vilchis |first3=A. |last4=Barrios |first4=L. |pmid = 9170236}}</ref> having had more than 15 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519.

====Timeline====
* Mid-to late first century: A violent VEI-6 eruption may have caused the large migrations that settled [[Astronomy:Teotihuacan|Teotihuacan]], according to DNA analysis of teeth and bones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2016/may/23/secrets-dead-teotihuacans-lost-kings/|title=Secrets of the Dead: Teotihuacán's Lost Kings |first=Jennifer |last=Robinson |publisher=KPBS |date=23 May 2016 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* Eruptions were observed in 1363, 1509, 1512, 1519–1528, 1530, 1539, 1540, 1548, 1562–1570, 1571, 1592, 1642, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1697, 1720, 1802, 1919, 1923, 1925, and 1933.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program"/>
* January and February 1947: There were brief explosions, expelling steam and ash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/gallery/ShowImage.cfm?photo=GVP-03796 |title=Image GVP-03796: Gas emissions from the summit crater of Popocatépetl volcano on 18 January 1947 are dispersed towards Tonantzintla 40 km away |publisher=Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
* 21 December 1994: The volcano spewed gas and ash, which was carried as far as {{cvt|25|km}} away by prevailing winds. The activity prompted the evacuation of nearby towns and scientists to begin monitoring for an eruption.<ref name=VolcanoDiscovery/>
* December 2000: Tens of thousands of people were evacuated by the government, based on the warnings of scientists. Then the volcano made its largest display in 1,200 years.<ref name=Huggel/><ref name=JulioMiranda2/><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2000/00_12_21.html |title=Residents on slopes of Popocatepetl Volcano heed evacuation notice |publisher=US Geological Survey |year=2000 |access-date=2012-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022230101/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2000/00_12_21.html }}</ref><ref name=JulioMiranda1>{{cite journal|author=Julio Miranda, P. |author2=Delgado Granados, H. |year=2003 |title=Fast hazard evaluation, employing digital photogrammetry on Popocatépetl glaciers, Mexico |journal=[[Earth:Geofísica Internacional|Geofísica Internacional]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=275–283 |doi=10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2003.42.2.271 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* 25 December 2005: The volcano's crater produced an explosion which ejected a large column of smoke and ash about {{cvt|3|km|ft}} into the atmosphere and expulsion of lava.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
* January and February 2012: Scientists observed increased volcanic activity at Popocatépetl. On January 25, 2012, an ash explosion occurred on the mountain, causing much dust and ash to contaminate the atmosphere around it.<ref name=VolcanoDiscovery/>
* 15 April 2012: There were reports of superheated rock fragments being hurled into the air by the volcano. Ash and water vapor plumes were reported 15 times over 24 hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/04/19/mexico.html |title=Mexican volcano hurls hot rock into sky|publisher=CBC News |access-date=2012-04-20 |date=2012-04-19}}</ref>
* Wednesday 8 May 2013, at 7:28&nbsp;p.m. local time: Popocatépetl erupted again with a high amplitude tremor that lasted and was recorded for 3.5 hours. It began with plumes of ash that rose {{cvt|3|km|ft}} into the air and began drifting west at first, but later began to drift east-southeast, covering areas of the villages of San Juan Tianguismanalco, San Pedro Benito Juárez and the City of Puebla in smoke and ash. Explosions from the volcano subsequently ejected fragments of fiery volcanic rock to distances of {{cvt|700|m|ft}} from the crater.<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwood|first=Faine|title=Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano has erupted|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/science/130508/mexicos-popocatepetl-volcano-has-erupted|work=Global Post|access-date=9 May 2013|date=May 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626194702/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/science/130508/mexicos-popocatepetl-volcano-has-erupted|archive-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): strong ash emissions and increase of activity|url=http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/popocatepetl/news/33419/Popocatepetl-volcano-Mexico-strong-ash-emissions-and-increase-of-activity.html|work=Volcano Discovery|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609090645/http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/popocatepetl/news/33419/Popocatepetl-volcano-Mexico-strong-ash-emissions-and-increase-of-activity.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* July 4, 2013: Due to several eruptions of steam and ash for at least 24 hours, at least six U.S. airlines canceled more than 40 flights into and out of Mexico City International Airport and Toluca International Airport.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Airlines Cancel Mexico Flights Due To Volcano|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/us-airlines-cancel-mexico-flights-due-volcano|agency=Associated Press|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707100741/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/us-airlines-cancel-mexico-flights-due-volcano|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 27 August–September 2014: CENAPRED reported explosions, accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions with minor ash and ash plumes that rose {{cvt|800–3,000|m}} above Popocatépetl's crater and drifted west, southwest, and west-southwest. On most nights incandescence was observed, increasing during times with larger emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Report on Popocatepetl (Mexico) — 27 August-2 September 2014|url=https://volcano.si.edu/ShowReport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20140827-341090|access-date=2022-01-27|website=volcano.si.edu|doi = 10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20140827-341090|doi-broken-date = 1 August 2023}}</ref>
* 1 September 2014: There was partial visibility due to cloud cover.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2 September 2014|title=Smithsonian / US Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20140827-341090|journal=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
* 29 and 31 August 2014: The Washington [[Earth:Volcanic Ash Advisory Center|Volcanic Ash Advisory Center]] (VAAC) reported discrete ash emissions.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program"/>
* 7 January 2015: CENAPRED reported that ash from recent explosions coated the snow on the volcano's upper slopes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Report on Popocatepetl (Mexico) — 7–13 January 2015|url=https://volcano.si.edu/ShowReport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20150107-341090|access-date=2022-01-27|website=volcano.si.edu|doi = 10.5479/si.GVP.WVAR20150107-341090|doi-broken-date = 1 August 2023}}</ref>
* 28 March 2016: An ash column {{cvt|2000|m|ft}} high was released, prompting the establishment of a {{convert|12|km|mi|adj=on}} "security ring" around the summit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2016/mar/29/mexicos-popocatepetl-volcano-spews-ash-and-gas-into-sky-video|title=Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano spews ash and gas into sky – video|date=29 March 2016|publisher=Reuters via The Guardian|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* 3 April 2016: Popocatépetl erupted, spewing lava, ash and rock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2016/04/04/Mexicos-Popocatpetl-volcano-violently-erupts-launching-burning-rocks/5361459789912/|title=Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano violently erupts, launching burning rocks|website=upi.com|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* August 2016: Eruptions continued, with four discrete blasts on August 17.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/anatomy-volcanic-blast-guatemalas-santiaguito/ |first=Erik |last=Klemetti |title=Science: Here's What's Happening in This Volcanic Explosion at Guatemala's Santiaguito/Popocatépetl |magazine=Wired |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>
* 10 November 2017 at 7:25 local time, eruption continued.<ref name="Global Volcanism Program"/>
* 15 December 2018 at 18:57 local time, the volcano was spewing lava, ash and rock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2018|title=Reporte del monitoreo de CENAPRED al volcán Popocatépetl hoy 15 de diciembre|url=https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/reporte-del-monitoreo-de-cenapred-al-volcan-popocatepetl-hoy-15-de-diciembre-185225?idiom=es}}</ref>
* 22 January 2019 21:06 local time, the volcano was spewing ash up {{cvt|3|km|ft}} high and incandescent fragments {{cvt|2|km}} away.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 22, 2019|title=Actualización de Reporte del monitoreo de CENAPRED al volcán Popocatépetl hoy 22 de enero|url=https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/actualizacion-de-reporte-del-monitoreo-de-cenapred-al-volcan-popocatepetl-hoy-22-de-enero?idiom=es}}</ref>
* 19 March 2019 21:38 local time, fragments of the dome shot within {{convert|1|-|1+1/2|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} radius.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/world/mexican-volcano-lights-up-the-night-sky-and-social-media.html|title=Mexican Volcano Lights Up the Night Sky, and Social Media|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2019-03-19|last1=Malkin|first1=Elisabeth}}</ref> Due to continuing activity, on March 28 2019, based on the analysis of the available information, the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Popocatépetl volcano recommended changing the phase of the Yellow Volcanic Warning Light Phase 2 to Yellow Phase 3, which is a preventive measure against the observed changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cenapred.gob.mx/cgi-bin/popo/reportes/ultrepi2.cgi|publisher=Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres|date=March 28, 2019|access-date=March 29, 2019|title=March 28, 11:00 h (March 28, 17:00 GMT)|archive-date=March 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329230029/http://www.cenapred.gob.mx/cgi-bin/popo/reportes/ultrepi2.cgi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* June 3, 2019 Popocatépetl continued its explosive uptick by firing an ash column to approximately {{cvt|37000|ft|km|order=flip}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 3, 2019|title=Reporte del monitoreo de CENAPRED al volcán Popocatépetl hoy 03 de junio|url=https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/reporte-del-monitoreo-de-cenapred-al-volcan-popocatepetl-hoy-03-de-junio-202520?idiom=es}}</ref>
* June 18, 2019 Popocatépetl continued to erupt, spewing ash clouds to {{cvt|28000|ft|km|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 18, 2019|title=Reporte del monitoreo de CENAPRED al volcán Popocatépetl hoy 18 de junio|url=https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/reporte-del-monitoreo-de-cenapred-al-volcan-popocatepetl-hoy-18-de-junio-205268?idiom=es}}</ref>
* June 24, 2019 Popocatépetl erupted once more, sending an ash cloud some kilometres (thousands of feet) into the air.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 24, 2019|title=Reporte del monitoreo de CENAPRED al volcán Popocatépetl hoy 24 de junio|url=https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/reporte-del-monitoreo-de-cenapred-al-volcan-popocatepetl-hoy-24-de-junio-206207?idiom=es}}</ref>
* July 18, 2019 Popocatépetl erupted three times, sending ashes {{cvt|1.5|km|ft}} into the air each time.<ref>{{cite web|website=UNO TV|date=July 18, 2019 |access-date=July 19, 2019|language=es|title=Popocatépetl lanza tres emisiones de ceniza |url=https://www.unotv.com/noticias/portal/nacional/detalle/popocatepetl-lanza-tres-emisiones-de-ceniza-111638/|trans-title=Popocatépetl has three ash eruptons}}</ref>
* July 20, 2019, volcanic ash was reported in Xochimilco after the morning's eruption.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Milenio|location=Mexico City |date=July 20, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019|language=es|title=Reportan caída de ceniza en Xochimilco |url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/en-cdmx-reportan-la-caida-de-ceniza-en-xochimilco|trans-title=Ashes from Popocateptl reported in Xochimilco}}</ref>
* October 2019, the volcano erupted multiple times in one night.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elassar |first=Alaa |title=Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano erupted 14 times in one night |newspaper=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/05/americas/mexico-volcano-popocatepetl-erupts-trnd/index.html |date=2019-10-05 |access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>
* November 2019, an eruption forced a KLM flight from [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] to Mexico City to turn back.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=BBC |title=Popocatépetl: Mexico volcano forces KLM flight back to Amsterdam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50603284 |date=2019-11-29 |access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>
* January 9, 2020 Popocatépetl expelled lava and rock and sent ash clouds to {{cvt|20000|ft|km|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Video: Mexico's Most Active Volcano Erupts, Spews Ash Cloud Nearly 20,000 Feet |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/10/795327291/video-mexicos-most-active-volcano-erupts-spews-ash-cloud-nearly-20-000-feet |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=NPR |date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
* January 27. 2020 Popocatépetl erupted in a sensational nighttime display of rock and ash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mexican volcano stages dramatic nighttime show |url=https://kyma.com/news/2020/01/28/mexican-volcano-stages-dramatic-nighttime-show/ |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=KYMA |date=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kinver|first=Mark|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52400686|title=Volcanic time-bomb threatens nearby trees|date=2020-04-24|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>
* February 5, 2020 Popocatépetl had a moderate explosion producing an ash plume that went up {{cvt|1.5|km}}. Had more explosions on February 15, 18, and 22 having ash plumes rising that ranged from {{cvt|400–1,200|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=341090 |title=Global Volcanism Program &#124; Popocatépetl}}</ref>
* December 19, 2022 Popocatépetl emitted materials up to {{convert|1|km|spell=in|sp=us}} high<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2022/12/popocatepetl-volcano-emits-exhalations-with-plumes-of-more-than-one-kilometer-after-explosion/ |title=Popocatepetl volcano emits exhalations with plumes of more than one kilometer after explosion |date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
* May 19, 2023 Popocatépetl emitted some ash causing the cancellation of school sessions in 11 nearby towns<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/mexicos-popocatepetl-volcano-threatens-22-million-people-as-it-rumbles-awake |title=Mexico's Popocatepetl volcano threatens 22 million people as it rumbles awake |website=PBS |date=19 May 2023}}</ref> and two days later on May 21, the alert level in Mexico City was raised to Yellow Phase 3 as incandescent fragments were observed and the airports in Mexico City and Puebla were temporarily shut down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-21/mexico-raises-alert-level-on-popo-volcano-near-mexico-city |title=Mexico Raises Alert Level on Volcano Rumbling Near Capital |website={{wipe|Bloomberg News}} |date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

== In literature and art ==
In the poem ''Romance'' ("[[Earth:Chimborazo|Chimborazo]], [[Earth:Cotopaxi|Cotopaxi]]....Popocatapetl")  by Walter J. Turner (1916), Cotopaxi is one of the romantic locations that has stolen the poet's heart.<ref>[https://www.poetry-archive.com/t/romance.html ''Romance''] at poetry.archive.com. Retrieved 16 June 2022</ref>

Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl feature prominently in Malcolm Lowry’s 1947 novel ''Under the Volcano'' as well as the 1984 ''feature film of the same name'' an adaptation of the novel directed by John Huston.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The legend of the two volcanos feature as the central story in Duncan Tonatiuh's children's book ''The Princess and the Warrior: A Tale of Two Volcanoes.''{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In visual arts, Popocatépetl is the subject of Marsden Hartley’s 1932 painting ''Popocatepetl, Spirited Morning--Mexico,'' now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


Several works by Dr. Atl feature Popocatépetl, among them his 1928 ''Self-Portrait with Popocatépetl,'' now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art and his 1942 ''The Shadow of Popo,'' now in the Museo Nacional de Arte in [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


Popocatépetl also features prominently in the Juan Manuel Martinez Caltenco mural on the upper floor Municipal Palace of Atlixco, Puebla. The murals cover much of the palace’s interior and represent an important Poblano contribution to the Mexican muralism movement.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


Jesús Helguera’s 1940 masterpiece ''La Leyenda de los Volcanes'' in {{wipe|Chicago}}’s National Museum of Mexican Art depicts the myth of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


The 1966 Warner Brothers cartoon ''Snow Excuse'' is set above the snow line on Popocatépetl.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


The band Pop-a-Cat-a-Petal (later Ultrasound) were named after a mondegreen of Popocatépetl.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="167" heights="145">
File:Popocatépetl fumarola.jpg|Fumaroles on Popocatépetl
File:ISS018-E-028898 Summit of Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico.jpg|Seen from the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] in February 2009
File:Mexico Popocatepetl.jpg|Seen from near the summit of Iztaccihuatl
File:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula, Puebla.jpg|Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios atop Great Pyramid (Tlalchihualtépetl) in Cholula, Puebla, with the volcano in the background
File:PopoAmeca2.JPG|Popocatépetl, as viewed from Amecameca (looking south-east) (2011)
File:Earth from Orbit- Popocatépetl Volcano Erupts in Mexico.png|Satellite image of Popocatépetl eruption taken by NOAA
</gallery>

== See also ==
*List of volcanoes in Mexico
*List of Ultras of Mexico
*Legend of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, pre-Hispanic legends on the origin of the two mountains 
*1949 Mexicana DC-3 crash which took place on this volcano
{{Clear}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Secor |first=R. J. |title=Mexico's Volcanoes: A Climbing Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEqrPcMJ8vYC&q=secor%20mexico's%20volcanoes&pg=PA4 |edition=3rd |publisher=Mountaineers Books |year=2008 |page=160ff |isbn=978-0-89886-798-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Yarza de la Torre |first=Esperanza |title=Volcanes de México |publisher=Aguilar |year=1971 |page=237ff |language=es}}

== External links ==
{{commons and category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010830134117/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/12/1221_volcano.html National Geographic News]
* [http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/popo/UltimaImagenVolcanI.html Live webcam of Popocatepetl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410095255/http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/popo/UltimaImagenVolcanI.html |date=2020-04-10 }}

{{NA highest}}{{NA prominent}}
{{Mexico State}}{{Morelos}}{{Puebla}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popocatepetl}}
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Popocatépetl}}