View source for Earth:Shiprock

{{Short description|Monadnock in San Juan County, New Mexico}}

{{Infobox mountain
 | name = Shiprock
 | other_name = {{spell-nv|Tsé Bitʼaʼí|italic=yes}}
 | photo = Shiprock.snodgrass3.jpg
 | photo_caption = Shiprock
 | elevation_ft = 7177
 | elevation_ref = 
 | prominence_ft = 1583
 | prominence_ref = 
 | location = San Juan County, New Mexico, US
 | map = New Mexico
 | map_caption = New Mexico
 | range_coordinates = 
 | map_size = 225
 | coordinates = {{coord|36|41|15|N|108|50|11|W|type:mountain_region:US-NM_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 | coordinates_ref =<ref>{{cite gnis |id=915902 |name=Ship Rock |accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref>
 | topo = USGS Ship Rock Quadrangle
 | type = Volcanic breccia and minette
 | age = 27 million years
 | first_ascent = (First documented) 1939 by David Brower, Raffi Bedayn, Bestor Robinson and John Dyer<ref name="salkeld">Audrey Salkeld, editor, ''World Mountaineering'', Bulfinch, 1998.</ref><ref name="ungnade">Herbert E. Ungnade, ''Guide to the New Mexico Mountains'', Sage Books, 1965, pp. 170–172.</ref>
 | embedded = {{designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NNL |designation1_date=1975}}
}}

'''Shiprock''' ({{lang-nv|'''{{spell-nv|Tsé Bitʼaʼí|italic=yes}}'''}}, "rock with wings" or "winged rock"<ref>{{cite book |title=Navajo-English Dictionary |last=Wall |first=Leon |author2=William Morgan |publisher=Hippocrene |location=New York |orig-year=1958 |year=1994 |isbn=0-7818-0247-4}}</ref>) is a monadnock rising nearly {{Convert|1583|ft|m|1}} above the high-desert plain of the Navajo Nation in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. Its peak elevation is {{Convert|7177|ft|m|1}} above [[Sea level|sea level]]. It is about {{convert|10.75|mi}} southwest of the town of Shiprock, which is named for the peak.

Governed by the Navajo Nation, the formation is in the [[Earth:Four Corners|Four Corners]] region and plays a significant role in Navajo [[Religion:Religion|religion]], [[Social:Myth|myth]], and tradition. Shiprock is a point of interest for rock climbers and photographers and has been featured in several film productions and novels. It is the most prominent landmark in northwestern New Mexico. In 1975, Shiprock was designated a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nnlandmarks/site.htm?Site=SHRO-NM
|title=National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)
|website=www.nps.gov|language=en
|quote="Year designated: 1975"
|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>

==Name==
The Navajo name for the peak, {{lang|nv|{{spell-nv|Tsé Bitʼaʼí|italic=yes}}}}, "rock with wings" or "winged rock", refers to the legend of the great bird that brought the Navajo from the north to their present lands.<ref name="butterfield_greene"/><ref name="linford"/> The name "Shiprock" or '''Shiprock Peak''' or '''Ship Rock''' derives from the peak's resemblance to an enormous 19th-century [[Engineering:Clipper|clipper]] ship. Americans first called the peak "The Needle", a name given to the topmost pinnacle by Captain J. F. McComb in 1860.<ref name="linford">Laurance D. Linford, ''Navajo Places: History, Legend, Landscape'', University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2000, {{ISBN|0-87480-623-2}}, p. 264–265.</ref> United States Geological Survey maps indicate that the name "Ship Rock" dates from the 1870s.<ref name="butterfield_greene">Butterfield, Mike, and Greene, Peter, ''Mike Butterfield's Guide to the Mountains of New Mexico'', New Mexico Magazine Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-937206-88-1}}</ref><ref name="linford"/>

==Geology==
Shiprock, an example of a volcanic neck, is composed of fractured [[Earth:Volcano|volcanic]] breccia and black [[Earth:Dike (geology)|dike]]s of igneous rock called minette, a type of lamprophyre. It is the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano, and the volcanic breccia formed in a [[Earth:Diatreme|diatreme]]. The rock probably was originally formed 2,500–3,000 feet (750–1,000 meters) below the Earth's surface, but it was exposed after millions of years of erosion.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/343 343]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Wall-like sheets of minette, known as [[Earth:Dike (geology)|dike]]s, radiate away from the central formation. [[Physics:Radiometric dating|Radiometric age]] determinations of the minette establish that these volcanic rocks solidified about 27 million years ago. Shiprock is in the northeastern part of the Navajo volcanic field—a field that includes intrusions and flows of minette and other unusual igneous rocks that formed about 30 million years ago. Agathla (El Capitan) in [[Earth:Monument Valley|Monument Valley]] is another prominent volcanic neck in this volcanic field.<ref name="semken">Steven C. Semken, ''The Navajo Volcanic Field'', in ''Volcanology in New Mexico'', New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 18, p. 79–83, 2001. {{ISSN|1524-4156}}</ref><ref name="delaney">Paul T. Delaney, ''Ship Rock, New Mexico: The vent of a violent volcanic eruption'', Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide—Rocky Mountain Section, pp. 411–415, 1987.</ref>
[[File:Map of the Navajo Volcanic Fields.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Navajo Volcanic Field with Shiprock]]

==Climbing history and legal status==
The first ascent was in 1939, by a Sierra Club party including David Brower, Raffi Bedayn, Bestor Robinson and John Dyer.<ref name="salkeld"/><ref name="ungnade"/> This was the first climb in the United States to use [[Engineering:Bolt (climbing)|expansion bolts]] for protection.  [[Engineering:Piton|Piton]]s were used for direct aid. This first ascent route is featured in the book ''Fifty Classic Climbs of North America''.

Since then at least seven routes have been climbed on the peak, all of them of great technical difficulty. A modification of the original route is recorded as the easiest, and it is rated as Grade IV, YDS 5.9, A1.<ref name="salkeld"/>
It was considered a great unsolved problem by the climbing community in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time there was a widespread rumor of a $1000 prize for climbing the peak, which inspired "dozens of attempts by the experienced and inexperienced alike".<ref name="salkeld"/>

The idea of climbing Shiprock is repugnant to many Navajo people. Climbing has been illegal since 1970.<ref>{{Fifty Classic Climbs}} page 214</ref><ref name="Parks_Recreation">[http://www.navajonationparks.org/faq.htm Navajo Parks and Recreation Department]</ref><ref name="Shiprock_Chapter">[http://shiprock.nndes.org/ Shiprock Chapter]</ref> In spite of this, rock climbers continue to see Shiprock as an interesting place to climb.

Serious injuries to three climbers in March 1970 caused the Navajo Nation to ban rock climbing not only on Shiprock but all over the Navajo Nation on monoliths, spires and within tribal parks under the jurisdiction of Navajo Parks & Recreation. The Navajo Nation announced that the ban was "absolute, final and unconditional".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lamountaineers.org/drupal7/history6|access-date=2020-11-09|title="Shiprock and the Los Alamos Mountaineers"}}</ref>

According to reports from the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department, which administers recreational activities on Navajo land, there have been false claims that the department allows rock climbing and cooperates with rock climbing organizations. A 2006 press release addressing [[Earth:Monument Valley|Monument Valley]], another area of monoliths within the Navajo Nation, states:
{{anchor|route}}

{{Cquote|Reports of the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department allowing rock climbing are false. Yet several websites have postings on how to evade Navajo Nation regulations and proceed with dangerous and illegal rock climbs in [Monument Valley]. Even more serious than the possible physical harm illegal climbs could pose is the religious damage done to the Navajo people by these non-Navajo visitors.

The Monuments are sacred to the Navajo people and any human interaction (by Navajo or non-Navajo) is strictly off limits. Please abide by the humble religious requests of the Navajo people and do not climb the Monuments. 'Navajo law will be strictly enforced on this issue,' Parks Department Manager Ray Russell also added.<ref name="monument_valley">[http://www.navajonationparks.org/images/Monument%20Valley%20PR.pdf 2006 Press release about climbing in Monument Valley]</ref>}}

Permits are issued by the department to camp and hike in some areas, but not for sacred monuments such as Shiprock.

==Religious and cultural significance==
Shiprock and the surrounding land have religious and historical significance to the Navajo people. It is mentioned in many of their myths and legends. Foremost is the peak's role as the agent that brought the Navajo to the southwest. According to one legend, after being transported from another place, the Navajos lived on the monolith, "coming down only to plant their fields and get water."<ref name="linford"/> One day, the peak was struck by lightning, obliterating the trail and leaving only a sheer cliff, and stranding the women and children on top to starve. The presence of people on the peak is forbidden "for fear they might stir up the {{spell-nv|chį́įdii|italic=yes}} (ghosts), or rob their corpses."<ref name="linford"/>

Navajo legend puts the peak in a larger geographic context. Shiprock is said to be either a medicine pouch or a bow carried by the "Goods of Value Mountain", a large mythic male figure comprising several mountain features throughout the region. The [[Earth:Chuska Mountains|Chuska Mountains]] comprise the body, Chuska Peak is the head, the Carrizo Mountains are the legs, and Beautiful Mountain is the feet.<ref name="linford"/>

Navajo legend has it that Bird Monsters ({{spell-nv|Tsé Ninájálééh}}) nested on the peak and fed on human flesh. After Monster Slayer, elder of the Warrior Twins, destroyed {{spell-nv|Déélééd}} at Red Mesa, he killed two adult Bird Monsters at Shiprock and changed two young ones into an eagle and an owl.<ref name="linford"/><ref name="dark_isle">[http://www.newmexico.darkisle.com/shiprock/shiprock.html Shiprock on Dark Isle]</ref> The peak is mentioned in stories from the Enemy Side Ceremony and the Navajo Mountain Chant, and is associated with the Bead Chant and the Naayee'ee Ceremony.<ref name="linford"/>

== Climate ==
{{Weather box|Jan record high F=66|Feb record high F=78|Mar record high F=83|Apr record high F=91|May record high F=99|Jun record high F=107|Jul record high F=109|Aug record high F=106|Sep record high F=99|Oct record high F=92|Nov record high F=78|Dec record high F=72|Jan high F=43.0|Feb high F=50.6|Mar high F=59.9|Apr high F=70.0|May high F=79.8|Jun high F=90.1|Jul high F=94.6|Aug high F=91.9|Sep high F=85.1|Oct high F=72.4|Nov high F=56.2|Dec high F=44.1|Jan low F=15.7|Feb low F=21.5|Mar low F=27.5|Apr low F=34.9|May low F=43.8|Jun low F=51.2|Jul low F=58.8|Aug low F=57.3|Sep low F=48.0|Oct low F=36.0|Nov low F=25.1|Dec low F=16.9|Jan record low F=-18|Feb record low F=-14|Mar record low F=2|Apr record low F=9|May record low F=15|Jun record low F=28|Jul record low F=30|Aug record low F=33|Sep record low F=21|Oct record low F=10|Nov record low F=0|Dec record low F=-26|Jan precipitation inch=0.46|Feb precipitation inch=0.46|Mar precipitation inch=0.54|Apr precipitation inch=0.41|May precipitation inch=0.51|Jun precipitation inch=0.29|Jul precipitation inch=0.66|Aug precipitation inch=1.00|Sep precipitation inch=0.80|Oct precipitation inch=0.78|Nov precipitation inch=0.52|Dec precipitation inch=0.57|Jan snow inch=1.6|Feb snow inch=0.7|Mar snow inch=0.6|Apr snow inch=0|May snow inch=0|Jun snow inch=0|Jul snow inch=0|Aug snow inch=0|Sep snow inch=0|Oct snow inch=0|Nov snow inch=0.2|Dec snow inch=1.0|single line=Y|location=Shiprock, NM|precipitation colour=green|source 1=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?nm8284}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title= Shiprock
|mode = packed
|File:Shiprock.jpg|Aerial view of Shiprock in true color
|File:New Mexico statehood 1962 U.S. stamp.1.jpg| Shiprock on a 1962 U.S. [[Social:Commemorative stamp|commemorative stamp]]
|File:Shiprock and Shiprock Dike aerial.jpg|Aerial view of Shiprock and Shiprock Dike, with the [[Earth:San Juan River (Colorado River tributary)|San Juan River]] behind
|File:Destination Shiprock.jpg|Shiprock monochrome image (2021)
|File:Ship Rock NASA.jpg|Shiprock and associated dikes taken by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] in 2006 with the [[Engineering:Terra (satellite)|Terra satellite]]. The colors shown represent [[Physics:Infrared|infrared]] wavelengths: Lush vegetation appears bright red, while different kinds of rock with less vegetation appear in shades of gray, black, and tan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/6685/shiprock-formation-new-mexico|title=Shiprock Formation, New Mexico|date=June 24, 2006}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* Rock formations in the United States
* [[Earth:Volcanic plug|Volcanic plug]]
* [[Religion:Diné Bahaneʼ|Diné Bahaneʼ]]

==References==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==External links==
* [http://shiprock.nndes.org/ Shiprock.org: Shiprock]
* [http://www.discovernavajo.com/ Shiprock @ discover-navajo]
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?w=all&q=shiprock flickr: Shiprock photo gallery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930130449/http://simkin.asu.edu/pub/earth/us/nm/shiprock/ 3D Movie tour of Shiprock]


[[Category:Oligocene volcanism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Shiprock}}