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'''Traditional knowledge geographic information systems''' ('''GIS''') are the data, techniques, and technologies designed to document and utilize local knowledges in communities around the world.  [[Social:Traditional knowledge|Traditional knowledge]] is information that encompasses the experiences of a particular culture or society.  Traditional knowledge GIS differ from ordinary [[Cognitive map|cognitive map]]s in that they express environmental and spiritual relationships among real and conceptual entities.<ref>Peat, F. David.  "I Have a Map in my Head."  ''ReVision''  18.3 (1996) :  11-17.</ref> This toolset focuses on cultural preservation, land rights disputes, natural resource management, and economic development.

==Technical aspects==

Traditional knowledge GIS employs [[Earth:Cartography|cartographic]] and database management techniques such as [[Earth:Public participation geographic information system|participatory GIS]], map biographies, and [[Earth:Historical geographic information system|historical mapping]]. Participatory GIS aspires to a mutually beneficial relationship between the governing and the governed by fostering public involvement in all aspects of a GIS. It is widely accepted that this technique is necessary to sound environmental and economic planning in developing areas.<ref name="Trip">Tripathi, Nitesh and Bhattarya, Shefali.  "Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and GIS for Participatory Natural Resource Management:  State-of-the-Practice."  ''Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries''  17.3 (2004) :  1-13.</ref>  This method generates a sense of place in scientific analysis that incorporates sacred sites and traditional land use practices.<ref>McCall, Michael K., and Peter A. Minang.  "Assessing Participatory GIS for Community-Based Natural Resource Management:  Claiming Community Forests in Cameroon."  ''Geographical Journal''  171.4 (2005) :  340-358.</ref>  Participatory GIS can be effective for local resource management and planning, but researchers doubt its efficacy as a tool in attaining land tenure or fighting legal battles because of lack of expertise among local individuals and lack of access to technology.<ref name="Chapin">Chapin, Mac, Zachary Lamb, and Bill Threlkeld.  "Mapping Indigenous Lands."  ''Annual Review of Anthropology''  34 (2005) :  619-639.</ref>

Map biographies track the practices of local communities either for the sake of preservation or to argue for resource protection or land grants.<ref name="Chapin"/>  GIS technologies are powerful in their ability to accommodate multimedia and multidimensional data sets, which allows for the recording and playing of oral histories and representations of abstract ecological knowledge.<ref name ="Chambers">Chambers, Kimberlee J., Jonathan Corbett, C. Peter Keller, and Colin J.B. Wood.  "Indigenous Knowledge, Mapping, and GIS:  A Diffusion of Innovation Perspective."  ''Cartographica'' 59.3 (2004) :  19-33.</ref>

Historical mapping documents and analyzes events that are meaningful to a particular tradition or locale.  Cultural and humanitarian benefits derive from including maps in the historical record of an area.<ref>Steinberg, Michael K., Carrie Height, Rosemary Mosher, and Matthew Bampton.  "Mapping Massacres: GIS and State Terror in Guatemala." ''Geoforum'' 37 (2006) :  62-68.</ref>

==Cultural preservation==

Cultural preservation is perhaps the principal application of a traditional knowledge GIS.  As adherents to traditional lifestyles decline in population, there has developed a degree of urgency surrounding the collection of data and wisdom from aging local elders.<ref>Harmsworth, Garth.  "Indigenous Values and GIS:  A Method and a Framework."  ''Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor''  6.3 (1998) :  1-7.</ref>  A central feature of cultural preservation is language revitalization.  Bilingual visual and audible maps depict oral traditions and historical information in places of cultural significance at various scales and levels of detail.<ref>Cazden, Courtney B.  "Sustaining Indigenous Languages in Cyberspace."  Paper presented at ''Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium''  June 9–11 (2002) :  1-7.  Available at http://jan.ucc.nau.edu\~jar\NNL\</ref>

Researchers encounter significant obstacles to data acquisition due to the sensitive natures of much of the data sought for a traditional knowledge GIS, and locals may distrust the motives of outside consultants.<ref>Chase, Richard Smith, Margarita Benavides, Mario Pariona, and Ermeto Tuesta.  "Mapping the Past and the Future:  Geomatics and Indigenous Territories in the Peruvian Amazon."  ''Human Organization''  62.4 (2003) :  357-369.</ref>

==Land rights and natural resource management==

Traditional knowledge GIS can influence debates over land rights and resource management in ecologically sensitive areas.<ref>Simmons, Cynthia S. "The Local Articulation of Policy Conflict:  Land Use, Environment, and Amerindian Rights in Eastern Amazonia."  ''Professional Geographer''  54.2 (2001) :  241-258.</ref>  Interests of local residents in these regions often conflict with those of migrant workers, state conservation units, and domestic and foreign mining or logging enterprises.  GIS hardware and software are used to identify spatial trends in interpreting these conflicts.

==Economic development==

Economic development through traditional knowledge GIS is requisite to local ownership over the systems and full access to relevant data and training.<ref>Bender, Barbara.  "Subverting the Western Gaze:  Mapping Alternative Worlds."  ''Archaeology and Anthropology Landscape''  (1994) :  31-43.</ref>  This situation is rare outside of [[Finance:Developed country|industrialized nations]], so little progress has been made in this field of research.<ref name="Chapin"/>

==Current issues and effectiveness==

There is a disparate nature to implementations of traditional knowledge GIS across geographies.  Though [[Finance:Developing country|developing nations]] utilize some forms of participatory GIS, communities there are less likely to gain access to expensive databases and cartographic methods than those in developed nations.<ref name="Bhat">Bhattarya, Shefali and Nitesh Tripathi.  "Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and GIS for Participatory Natural Resource Management:  State-of-the-Practice."  ''Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries''  17.3 (2004) :  1-13.</ref>

The overall effectiveness of traditional knowledge GIS has not been determined conclusively.  Advocates for traditional mapping point to successes in acquiring land titles, managing local databases, and creating new skill sets for local communities worldwide.  Detractors cite cost, the need for specialized training, and cultural differences as reasons GIS may be inappropriate for these applications.<ref name="Chambers"/>  Traditional knowledge GIS analyze the nature of political and social struggles that lead to competing resource claims.  They are powerful tools for mediation and negotiation among coexisting social groups.<ref>Robbins, Paul.  "Beyond Ground Truth:  GIS and the Environmental Knowledge of Herders, Professional Foresters, and Other Traditional Communities."  ''Human Ecology''  31.2 (2003) :  233-254.</ref>

== No cost or open source traditional knowledge software ==

The Nunaliit Atlas Framework was developed by and is maintained by the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre at Carleton University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nunaliit by GCRC|url=http://nunaliit.org/|access-date=2023-01-05|website=nunaliit.org}}</ref> The focus of this software is to create community Atlas projects.

== Commercial software ==

The '''CEDAR''' tool has a number of modules focused on contact relationship management, consultation for development projects, heritage projects and GIS.<ref>[http://www.geomemes.com/product/cedarbox-overview CEDAR]</ref> This software is provided either as a hosted service or as a computer located in client offices.

The LOUIS toolkit is a suite of tools for recording, managing and using traditional land use and traditional knowledge information.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asset Management, Consultation & Spatial Planning|url=https://www.louistoolkit.ca/en/|access-date=2023-01-05|website=LOUIS Toolkit|language=en}}</ref> This software is provided as a hosted service with complementary desktop and mobile applications. Complementary to these hosted services is a mobile data collection application.

==See also==
*[[Earth:Participatory 3D modelling|Participatory 3D modelling]] (P3DM)
*[[Earth:Participatory GIS|Participatory GIS]]

==References==
<references />

{{Geography topics}}

[[Category:Geographic information systems]]

{{Sourceattribution|Traditional knowledge GIS}}