View source for Engineering:Amateur radio satellite

{{Short description|Type of satellite that transmits over amateur radio frequencies}}
An '''amateur radio satellite''' is an artificial [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]] built and used by amateur radio operators.  It forms part of the Amateur-satellite service.<ref>ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.57, definition: ''amateur-satellite service / amateur-satellite radiocommunication service''</ref>  These satellites use amateur radio frequency allocations to facilitate communication between amateur radio stations.

Many amateur satellites receive an '''OSCAR''' designation, which is an acronym for '''Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio'''. The designation is assigned by AMSAT, an organization which promotes the development and launch of amateur radio satellites.  Because of the prevalence of this designation, amateur radio satellites are often referred to as OSCARs.

These satellites can be used free of charge by licensed amateur radio operators for voice ([[Physics:Frequency modulation|FM]], [[Physics:Single-sideband modulation|SSB]]) and data ([[AX.25]], packet radio, APRS) communications. Currently, over 18 fully operational amateur radio satellites are in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amsat.org/status/|title=AMSAT OSCAR Satellite Status|access-date=2017-10-20|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019183529/http://www.amsat.org/status/|url-status=live}}</ref> They may be designed to act as [[Repeater|repeater]]s, as [[Astronomy:Transponder (satellite communications)|linear transponders]], and as [[Store and forward|store and forward]] digital relays.

Amateur radio satellites have helped advance the science of satellite communications. Contributions include the launch of the first satellite voice [[Engineering:Transponder|transponder]] (OSCAR 3) and the development of highly advanced [[Digital data|digital]] [[Store and forward|"store-and-forward"]] messaging transponder techniques.

The Amateur Radio Satellite community is very active in building satellites and in finding launch opportunities. Lists of functioning satellites need updating regularly, as new satellites are launched and older ones fail. Current information is published by AMSAT. AMSAT has not been actively involved in the launch and operation of most amateur satellites in the last two decades beyond allocating an OSCAR number. 

== History ==
=== OSCAR 1 ===
{{main|Engineering:OSCAR 1}}
[[File:OSCAR 1 Communications Satellite model - Udvar-Hazy Center.JPG|thumb|First amateur radio satellite OSCAR 1, launched in 1961]]
[[File:Oscar 2.ogg|thumb|Simple OSCAR beacon signal, 1962]]
The first amateur satellite, simply named OSCAR 1, was launched on December 12, 1961, barely four years after the launch of the world's first satellite, Sputnik I. The satellite had to be built in a very specific shape and weight, so it could be used in place of one of the launch vehicle ballast weights.  OSCAR 1 was the first satellite to be ejected as a secondary payload (the primary payload was Discoverer 36) and to subsequently enter a separate orbit.  It carried no on-board propulsion and its orbit decayed quickly.  Despite orbiting for only 22 days, OSCAR 1 was an immediate success and led to follow-on missions.  Over 570 amateur radio operators in 28 countries forwarded observations to Project OSCAR.

=== OSCAR 10 ===
Most of the components for OSCAR 10 were "off the shelf".  Jan King led the project.  Solar cells were bought in batches of 10 or 20 from Radio Shack, and tested for efficiency by group members.  The most efficient cells were kept for the project; the rest were returned to RadioShack.  Once ready, OSCAR 10 was mounted aboard a private plane, and flown a couple of times to evaluate its performance and reliability.  Special QSL cards were issued to those who participated in the airplane-based tests.  Once it was found to be operative and reliable, the satellite was shipped to Kennedy Space Center, where it was mounted in the launch vehicle's third stage.  OSCAR 10's dimensions were:
Height:   1.35 m (53&nbsp;in)
Width:    2.0 m (78.75&nbsp;in)
Weight:   140&nbsp;kg at launch; 90&nbsp;kg post engine firings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/ao13_kd2.html |title=AMSAT Spotlight |author=John A. Magliacane, KD2BD |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961028042702/http://amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/ao13_kd2.html |archive-date=1996-10-28 }}</ref>

=== Other satellites ===
[[File:Amateur Radio Satellite USSR stamp.jpg|thumb|100px|left|USSR postal stamp depicting amateur radio satellites, RS-1 and RS-2]]
Other programs besides OSCAR have included Iskra (Soviet Union) circa 1982, JAS-1 (Fuji-OSCAR 12) (Japan) in 1986, RS (Soviet Union and Russia), and [[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSat]]s. (There is a list of major amateur satellites in Japanese Wikipedia).

Es’hail 2 / QO-100 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amsat-uk.org/satellites/geo/eshail-2/|title=Es'hail 2 / QO-100|date=2015-06-05|website=AMSAT-UK|language=en|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2019-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412215751/https://amsat-uk.org/satellites/geo/eshail-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Launched November 15, 2018.In geostationary orbit covering Brazil to Thailand.

Narrowband Linear transponder

2400.050 -  2400.300&nbsp;MHz Uplink

10489.550 - 10489.800&nbsp;MHz Downlink

Wideband digital transponder

2401.500 -  2409.500&nbsp;MHz Uplink

10491.000 - 10499.000&nbsp;MHz Downlink

== Hardware ==
The first amateur satellites contained telemetry beacons.  Since 1965, most OSCARs carry a [[Astronomy:Transponder (satellite communications)|linear transponder]] for two-way communications in real time.  Some satellites have a bulletin board for store-and-forward digital communications, or a digipeater for direct packet radio connections.

== Orbits ==
Amateur satellites have been launched into [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit]]s and into [[Astronomy:Highly elliptical orbit|highly elliptical orbit]]s.

== Operations ==

=== Satellite communications ===
Currently, amateur satellites support many different types of operation, including [[Physics:Frequency modulation|FM]] voice and [[Physics:Single-sideband modulation|SSB]] voice, as well as digital communications of [[AX.25]] [[Engineering:Frequency-shift keying|FSK]] (Packet radio) and [[Engineering:PSK31|PSK-31]].

==== Mode designators ====

[[Astronomy:Uplink|Uplink]] and [[Astronomy:Downlink|downlink]] designations use sets of paired letters following the structure '''X/Y''' where '''X''' is the [[Astronomy:Uplink|uplink]] band and '''Y''' is the [[Astronomy:Downlink|downlink]] band. Occasionally, the downlink letter is rendered in lower case (i.e., '''X/y''').  With a few exceptions, the letters correspond to IEEE's standard for radar frequency letter bands...<ref>Standard Radar Frequency Letter-Band Nomenclature (IEEE Standard 521-1984, IEEE Std 521-2002(R2009))</ref>

::{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Designator
|{{center|'''H'''}}
|{{center|'''A'''}}
|{{center|'''V'''}}
|{{center|'''U'''}}
|{{center|'''L'''}}
|{{center|'''S'''}}
|{{center|'''S2'''}}
|{{center|'''C'''}}
|{{center|'''X'''}}
|{{center|'''K'''}}
|{{center|'''R'''}}
|-
!Band
|15 m
|10 m
|2 m
|70 cm
|23 cm
|13 cm
|9 cm
|5 cm
|3 cm
|1.2 cm
|6 mm
|-
!Frequency<br />(General)
|21&nbsp;MHz
|29&nbsp;MHz
|145&nbsp;MHz
|435&nbsp;MHz
|1.2&nbsp;GHz
|2.4&nbsp;GHz
|3.4&nbsp;GHz
|5&nbsp;GHz
|10&nbsp;GHz
|24&nbsp;GHz
|47&nbsp;GHz
|-
|}

Prior to the launch of OSCAR 40, operating modes were designated using single letters to indicate both uplink and downlink bands.  While deprecated, these older mode designations are still widely used in casual conversation.

::*Mode A: 2 m uplink / 10 m downlink
::*Mode B: 70 cm uplink / 2 m downlink
::*Mode J: 2 m uplink / 70 cm downlink

==== Doppler shift ====
Due to the high orbital speed of the amateur satellites, the [[Astronomy:Uplink|uplink]] and [[Astronomy:Downlink|downlink]] frequencies will vary during the course of a satellite pass.  This phenomenon is known as the [[Physics:Doppler effect|Doppler effect]].  While the [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]] is moving towards the ground station, the downlink frequency will appear to be ''higher'' than normal. Hence, the receiver frequency at the ground station must be adjusted ''higher'' to continue receiving the [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]].  The satellite in turn, will be receiving the uplink signal at a ''higher'' frequency than normal so the ground station's transmitted uplink frequency must be ''lower'' to be received by the satellite.  After the satellite passes overhead and begins to move away, this process is reversed.  The downlink frequency will appear ''lower'' and the uplink frequency will need to be adjusted ''higher''.  The following mathematical formulas relate the Doppler shift to the [[Physics:Velocity|velocity]] of the satellite.

{|
!Where:
|-
|<math>f_d</math>||width="40"| = || doppler corrected downlink frequency
|-
|<math>f_u</math>|| = || doppler corrected uplink frequency
|-
|<math>f</math>|| = || original frequency
|-
|<math>v</math>|| = || velocity of the satellite relative to ground station in m/[[Second|s]].<br />Positive when moving towards, negative when moving away.
|-
|<math>c</math>|| = || the speed of light in a vacuum (<math>3\times10^8</math>&nbsp; m/[[Second|s]]).
|-
|}

{|
!Change in frequency||Downlink Correction||Uplink Correction
|-
|width="40%"|<div class="center"><math>\Delta f=f\times\frac{v}{c}</math></div>||width="40%"|<div class="center"><math>f_d=f(1+\frac{v}{c})</math></div> ||width="40%|<div class="center"><math>f_u=f(1-\frac{v}{c})</math></div>
|}

Due to the complexity of finding the [[Physics:Relative velocity|relative velocity]] of the satellite and the speed with which these corrections must be made, these calculations are normally accomplished using satellite tracking [[Software|software]].  Many modern [[Transceiver|transceiver]]s include a computer interface that allows for automatic [[Physics:Doppler effect|doppler effect correction]].  Manual frequency-shift correction is possible, but it is difficult to remain precisely near the frequency.  [[Physics:Frequency modulation|Frequency modulation]] is more tolerant of doppler shifts than single-sideband, and therefore FM is much easier to tune manually.

=== FM satellites ===
[[File:Morning Satellite Ops.jpg|thumb|Yagi antenna being used to communicate through an FM satellite.]]
A number of [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|low Earth orbit]] (LEO) OSCAR satellites use [[Physics:Frequency modulation|frequency modulation]] (FM).<ref name="amsat-fm">{{cite web|url=https://www.amsat.org/fm-satellite-frequency-summary/|title=FM Satellite Frequency Summary|publisher=AMSAT|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065837/https://www.amsat.org/fm-satellite-frequency-summary/|url-status=live}}</ref>  These are also commonly referred to as "FM LEOs" or the "FM Birds".  Such satellites act as FM [[Engineering:Amateur radio repeater|amateur radio repeater]]s that can be communicated through using commonly available amateur radio equipment.  Communication can be achieved with handheld transceivers using manual [[Physics:Doppler effect|doppler]] correction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/FoxOperatingGuide_2019_Lo.pdf|title=Fox-1 Operating Guide|publisher=AMSAT|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617033324/https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/FoxOperatingGuide_2019_Lo.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>  Satellite passes are typically less than 15 minutes long.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FM-Satellites-Best-Practices.pdf|title=FM Satellites: Good Operating Practices for Beginning and Experienced Operators|publisher=AMSAT|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=2020-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003545/https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FM-Satellites-Best-Practices.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Launches ==
=== Past launches ===
The names of the satellites below are sorted in chronological order by launch date, ascending.  The status column denotes the current operational status of the satellite.  <span style="color:green;">'''Green'''</span> signifies that the satellite is currently operational, <span style="color:#f88017;">'''orange'''</span> indicates that the satellite is partially operational or failing. <span style="color:red;"> '''Red'''</span> indicates that the satellite is non operational and <span style="color:black;"> '''black'''</span> indicates that the satellite has re-entered the Earth's atmosphere.  The ''country'' listing denotes the country that constructed the satellite and not the launching country.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"

! colspan="4" | Launches (past and current)
|-

!Name
!Status
!Launched
!Country
|-
|[[Engineering:OSCAR 1|OSCAR]] (OSCAR 1)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1961-12-12
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:OSCAR 2|OSCAR II]] (OSCAR 2)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1962-06-02
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:OSCAR 3|OSCAR III]] (OSCAR 3, EGRS-3)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1965-03-09
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:OSCAR 4|OSCAR IV]] (OSCAR 4)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1965-12-21
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Australis-OSCAR 5|Australis-OSCAR 5]] (OSCAR 5, AO-5, AO-A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1970-01-23
|{{flag|Australia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:AMSAT-OSCAR 6|AMSAT-OSCAR 6]] (OSCAR 6, AO-6, AO-C, P2A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1972-10-15
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:AMSAT-OSCAR 7|AMSAT-OSCAR 7]] (OSCAR 7, AO-7, AO-B, P2B)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1974-11-15
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|AMSAT-OSCAR 8 (OSCAR 8, AO-8, AO-D, P2D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-03-05
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Radio Sputnik 1 (RadioSkaf-1, RS-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-10-26
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|Radio Sputnik 2 (RadioSkaf-2, RS-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1978-10-26
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|UoSat-OSCAR 9 (UOSAT 1, UO-9)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1981-10-06
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|Radio Sputniks RS3 through RS8
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1981-12-17
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|[[Engineering:AMSAT-OSCAR 10|AMSAT-OSCAR 10]] (Phase 3B, AO-10, P3B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1983-06-16
|{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|West Germany}}
|-
|UoSat-OSCAR 11 (UoSat-2, UO-11, UoSAT-B)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1984-03-01
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|Fuji-OSCAR 12 (JAS 1, FO-12)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1986-08-12
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|Radio Sputnik 10/11 (RadioSkaf-10/11, RS-10/11, COSMOS 1861)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1987-06-23
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|AMSAT-OSCAR 13 (Phase 3C, AO-13, P3C)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1988-06-15
|{{flag|West Germany}}
|-
|UOSAT-OSCAR 14 (UoSAT-3, UO-14 UoSAT-D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|UOSAT-OSCAR 15 (UoSAT-4, UO-15, UoSAT-E)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|[[Engineering:AMSAT-OSCAR 16|AMSAT-OSCAR 16]] (Pacsat, AO-16, Microsat-1)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Dove-OSCAR 17|Dove-OSCAR 17]] (Dove, DO-17, Microsat-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Weber-OSCAR 18|Weber-OSCAR 18]] (WeberSAT, WO-18, Microsat-3)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|LUSAT-OSCAR 19 (LUSAT, LO-19, Microsat-4)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-01-22
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|-
|Fuji-OSCAR 20 (JAS 1B, FO-20, Fuji-1B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1990-02-07
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|AMSAT-OSCAR 21 (RS-14, AO-21, Informator-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-01-29
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|Radio Sputnik 12/13 (RadioSkaf-12/13, RS-12/13, COSMOS 2123)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-02-05
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|UoSat-OSCAR 22 (UOSAT 5, UO-22 UoSAT-F)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1991-07-17
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|KitSAT-OSCAR 23 (KITSAT 1, KO-23, Uribyol-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1992-08-10
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|-
|Arsene-OSCAR 24 (Arsene, AO-24)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-05-12
|{{flag|France}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Kitsat-2|KitSAT-OSCAR 25]] (KITSAT B, KO-25, Kitsat-2, Uribyol-2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|-
|Italy-OSCAR 26 (ITAMSAT, IO-26)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|{{flag|Italy}}
|-
|AMRAD-OSCAR 27 (EYESAT-1, AO-27)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|POSAT-OSCAR 28 (POSAT, PO-28, Posat-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1993-09-26
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|-
|Radio Sputnik 15 (RadioSkaf-15, RS-15, Radio-ROSTO)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1994-12-26
|{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|Fuji-OSCAR 29 (JAS 2, FO-29, Fuji-2)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1996-08-17
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|Mexico-OSCAR 30 (UNAMSAT-2, MO-30, Unamsat-B, Kosmos-2334)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1996-09-05
|{{flag|Mexico}}<br>{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Sputnik 40|Sputnik 40]] 
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1997-11-03
|{{flag|France}}/{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|Thai-Microsatellite-OSCAR 31 (TMSAT-1, TO-31)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-07-10
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=14 Gurwin-OSCAR 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195542/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=14 |date=2012-02-29 }} (GO-32, Gurwin-1b, Techsat-1b)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-07-10
|{{flag|Israel}}
|-
|SEDSat-OSCAR 33 (SEDSat, SO-33, SEDsat-1)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|1998-10-24
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Pansat-OSCAR 34 (PAN SAT, PO-34)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1998-10-29
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Sputnik 41|Sputnik 41]] 
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|1997-11-03
|{{flag|France}}/{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:SUNSAT|Sunsat-OSCAR 35]] (SUNSAT, SO-35)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1999-02-23
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|-
|UoSat-OSCAR 36 (UOSAT 12, UO-36)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|1999-04-21
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
|ASU-OSCAR 37 (AO-37, ASUsat-1, ASUSAT)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|OPAL-OSCAR 38 (OO-38, StenSat, OPAL)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Weber-OSCAR 39 (WO-39, JAWSAT)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-01-27
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Saudi-OSCAR 41 (SO-41, Saudisat 1A)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|-
|Saudi-OSCAR 42 (SO-42, Saudisat 1B)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|-
|Malaysian-OSCAR 46 (MO-46, TIUNGSAT-1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-09-26
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:OSCAR 40|AMSAT-OSCAR 40]] (AO-40, Phase 3D, P3D)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2000-11-16
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Starshine-OSCAR 43 (SO-43, Starshine 3)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2001-09-30
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Navy-OSCAR 44 (NO-44, PCSat)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2001-09-30
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Navy-OSCAR 45 (NO-45, Sapphire)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2001-09-30
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|BreizhSAT-OSCAR 47 (BO-47, IDEFIX CU1)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-05-04
|{{flag|France}}
|-
|BreizhSAT-OSCAR 48 (BO-48, IDEFIX CU2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-05-04
|{{flag|France}}
|-
|AATiS-OSCAR 49 (AO-49, Safir-M, RUBIN 2)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2002-12-20
|{{flag|Germany}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Saudi-OSCAR 50|Saudi-OSCAR 50]] (SO-50, Saudisat-1C)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2002-12-20
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=69 CubeSat-OSCAR 55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195547/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=69 |date=2012-02-29 }} (Cute-1)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-06-30
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140814095943/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=96 CubeSat-OSCAR 57] (CubeSat-XI-IV)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-06-30
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|CanX-1
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2003-06-30
|{{flag|Canada}}
|-
|DTUSat
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2003-06-30
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|-
|AAU Cubesat
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2003-06-30
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=76 RS-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195554/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=76 |date=2012-02-29 }} (Mozhayets 4)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2003-09-27
|{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:AO-51|AMSAT-OSCAR 51]] (Echo, AO-51)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2004-06-28
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|VUSat-OSCAR 52 ([[Engineering:HAMSAT|HAMSAT]], VO-52, VUSat)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational <ref name="amsat">{{cite web |url=http://www.amsat.org/?p=2988 |title=VO-52 "Hamsat" end of mission |work=AMSAT |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527124331/http://www.amsat.org/?p=2988 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2005-05-05
|{{flag|India}}<br>{{flag|Netherlands}}
|-
|[[Engineering:PCSat2|PCSat2]] (PCSAT2)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2005-08-03
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|AMSAT-OSCAR 54 (AO-54, SuitSat, Radioskaf)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2005-09-08
|International
|-
|eXpress-OSCAR 53 (XO-53, SSETI Express)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|[[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
|-
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022172255/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=97 CubeSat-OSCAR 58] (CO-58, Cubesat XI-V)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|[[Engineering:UWE-1|UWE-1]]
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2005-10-27
|{{flag|Germany}}
|-
|NCube-2
| style="color: white; background: red" | Deployment failure
|2005-10-27
|{{flag|Norway}}
|-
|CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (CO-56, Cute-1.7)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2006-02-21
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|K7RR-Sat
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|CP2
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|HAUSAT 1
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|-
|ICE Cube 1
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|ICE Cube 2
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:ION (satellite)|ION]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|KUTESat
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|MEROPE
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|nCUBE 1
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
| {{flag|Norway}}
|-
|RINCON
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:SACRED|SACRED]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|SEEDS
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|Voyager (Mea Huaka'i)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|PicPot
| style="color: white; background: black" | Launch Failure
|2006-07-26
|{{flag|Italy}}
|-
|HITSat-OSCAR 59 (HITSat, HO-59)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-09-22
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=107 GeneSat-1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101458/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=107 |date=2011-07-16 }}
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-16
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Navy-OSCAR 60 (RAFT, NO-60)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:STS-116#Mission payloads|Navy-OSCAR 61]] (ANDE, NO-61)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Navy-OSCAR 62 (FCAL, NO-62)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2006-12-21
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Libertad-1
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|-
|[[Engineering:CAPE-1|CAPE-1]]
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2007-04-17
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|CP3
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|CP4
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2007-04-17
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|Pehuensat-OSCAR 63 (PEHUENSAT-1, PO-63)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2007-10-01
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Delfi-C3|Delfi-OSCAR 64]] (Delfi-C3, DO-64)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2008-04-28
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|-
|Cubesat-OSCAR 65 (Cute-1.7+APD II, CO-65)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-04-28
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|Cubesat-OSCAR 66 (SEED II, CO-66)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-04-28
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|COMPASS-1
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2008-04-28
|{{flag|Germany}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=115 RS-30 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195627/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=115 |date=2012-02-29 }}(Yubileiny)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2008-05-23
|{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=119 PRISM ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025175833/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=119 |date=2012-10-25 }}(HITOMI)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-01-23
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=120 KKS-1 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229195635/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=120 |date=2012-02-29 }}(KISEKI)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-01-23
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|STARS (KUKAI)
| style="color: white; background: gray" | Unknown
|2009-01-23
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
|Aggiesat2
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2009-07-30
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|PARADIGM (BEVO-1)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2009-07-30
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:SumbandilaSat|Sumbandila-OSCAR 67]] (SumbandilaSat, SO-67)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2009-09-17
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|-
|SwissCube
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|-
|[[Engineering:ITUpSAT1|ITUpSAT1]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|-
|[[Engineering:UWE-2|UWE-2]]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|{{flag|Germany}}
|-
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110303221829/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=129 BEESAT]
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2009-09-23
|{{flag|Germany}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=116 Hope Oscar 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528103054/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=116 |date=2013-05-28 }} (XW-1, HO-68)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Beacon-Operational
|2009-12-15
|{{flag|China}}
|-
|[http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=138 AubieSat-1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193422/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/satInfo.php?satID=138 |date=2012-04-18 }} (AO-71)
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2011-10-28
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Engineering:MaSat-1|Masat-1]] (MO-72)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2012-02-13
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|-
|[[Engineering:ESTCube-1|ESTCube-1]] 
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2013-05-07
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|-
| FUNcube-1 (AO-73) [http://funcube.org.uk/] 
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2013-11-21
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|Netherlands}}
|-
| CubeBug-2 (LUSAT-OSCAR 74)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2013-11-21
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|-
| CAPE 2
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2013-11-20
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| [[Engineering:$50SAT|$50SAT]] 
| style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2013-11-21
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| INVADER
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2014-02-27
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Lituanica SAT-1|Lituanica SAT-1]]
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2014-02-27
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|-
| QB50P1 
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2014-07-19
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|-
| QB50P2 
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational
|2014-07-19
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|-
| ARTSAT2-DESPATCH 
|style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2014-12-03
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| Shin’en-2
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2014-12-03
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| [[Engineering:BRICSat-P|BRICSat-P]] (OSCAR 83)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2015-05-20
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| [[Engineering:ParkinsonSAT|ParkinsonSAT]] (OSCAR 84)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2015-05-20
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Fox-1A|Fox-1A]] (OSCAR 85)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2015-10-08
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| Lapan-A2
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2015-09-28
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|-
| ÑuSat-1 (LUSEX OSCAR 87)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2016-05-30
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|-
| Nayif 1
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2017-02-15
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|-
| ITF 2
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2016-12-09
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| LilacSat-1
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2017-04-18
|{{flag|China}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Fox-1B|Fox-1B]] (OSCAR 91)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2017-11-18
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Fox-1D|Fox-1D]] (OSCAR 92)
| style="color: white; background: darkorange" | Semi-Operational<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMSAT OSCAR Satellite Status|url=https://www.amsat.org/status/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.amsat.org|archive-date=2021-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419151627/https://www.amsat.org/status/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2017-01-12
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| DSLWP-A (OSCAR 93, LO-93)
|style="color: white; background: red" | Non-Operational
|2018-05-20
|{{flag|China}}
|-
| DSLWP-B (OSCAR 94, LO-94)
|style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2018-05-20
|{{flag|China}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Fox-1Cliff|Fox-1Cliff]] (OSCAR 95, AO-95)
|style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2018-12-03
|{{flag|United States}}
|-
| ExseedSat-1 (VUsat-OSCAR 96, VO-96)
|style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2018-12-03
|{{flag|India}}
|-
| JY1Sat (Jordan-OSCAR 97, JO-97)
|style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
|2018-12-03
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|-
| OrigamiSat (Fuji-OSCAR 98, FO-98)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2019-01-18
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| NEXUS (Fuji-OSCAR 99, FO-99)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
|2019-01-18
|{{flag|Japan}}
|-
| Es'hail 2 (Qatar-OSCAR 100, QO-100)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2018-11-15
| {{flag|Qatar}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Diwata-2|Diwata-2]] (Philippines-OSCAR 101, PO-101)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2018-10-29
| {{flag|Philippines}}
|-
| CAS-7B (BIT Progress-OSCAR 102, BO-102)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2019-07-25
| {{flag|China}}
|-
| BricSat-2 (Navy-OSCAR 103, NO-103)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2019-06-25
| {{flag|United States}}
|-
| [[Engineering:PSAT-2|PSAT-2]] (Navy-OSCAR 104, NO-104)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2019-06-25
| {{flag|United States}}
|-
| SMOG-P (Magyar-OSCAR 105, MO-105)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2019-12-06
| {{flag|Hungary}}
|-
| ATL-1 (Magyar-OSCAR 106, MO-106)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2019-12-06
| {{flag|Hungary}}
|-
| SMOG-1 (Magyar-OSCAR 110, MO-110)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2021-03-22
| {{flag|Hungary}}
|-
| DIY-1 (DIY-OSCAR 111, DO-111)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2021-03-22
| {{flag|Argentina}}
|-
| MIR-Sat 1 (MIRSAT-OSCAR 112, MO-112)
| style="color: white; background: black" | Decayed
| 2021-06-03
| {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| CAMSAT XW-3 (HO-OSCAR 113, HO-113)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2021-12-26
| {{flag|China}}
|-
| EASAT-2 (Spain-OSCAR 114, SO-114)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-01-13 
| {{flag|Spain}}
|-
| [[Engineering:HADES (satellite)|HADES]] (Spain-OSCAR 115, SO-115)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-01-13
| {{flag|Spain}}
|-
| [[Engineering:Nepal PQ-1|SanoSat-1]] (Nepal-OSCAR 116, NO-116)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-01-13
| {{flag|Nepal}}
|-
| GreenCube (Italy-OSCAR 117, IO-117)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-07-13
| {{flag|Italy}}
|-
| Fengtai Shaonian 2 (CAS-5A, Fengtai-OSCAR 118, FO-118)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-12-09
| {{flag|China}}
|-
| XiWang-4 (Hope-OSCAR 119, HO-119)
| style="color: white; background: green" | Operational
| 2022-11-12
| {{flag|China}}
|-
|}

=== In development ===
*'''[[Engineering:KiwiSAT|KiwiSAT]]''' - A microsatellite built by AMSAT-ZL.  Flight-ready, but no launch provider found yet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiwisat.org.nz/status.html|title=KiwiSAT, Status|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217212131/http://kiwisat.org.nz/status.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Facts ==
=== Multinational effort ===
Currently, 30 countries have launched an OSCAR satellite.  These countries, in chronological order by date of launch, include:
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
# {{flag|United States}}
# {{flag|Australia}}
# {{flag|Spain}}
# {{flag|United Kingdom}}
# {{flag|Japan}}
# {{flag|Brazil}}
# {{flag|Argentina}}
# {{flag|Pakistan}}
# {{flag|Russia}}
# {{flag|France}}
# {{flag|Portugal}}
# {{flag|South Korea}}
# {{flag|Italy}}
# {{flag|Mexico}}
# {{flag|Israel}}
# {{flag|Thailand}}
# {{flag|South Africa}}
# {{flag|Malaysia}}
# {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
# {{flag|Germany}}
# {{flag|India}}
# {{flag|Colombia}}
# {{flag|Netherlands}}
# {{flag|Indonesia}}
# {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
# {{flag|China}}
# {{flag|Qatar}}
# {{flag|Jordan}}
# {{flag|Philippines}}
# {{flag|Hungary}}
{{Div col end}}

=== Related names ===
[[Engineering:SuitSat|SuitSat]], an obsolete Russian space suit with a transmitter aboard, was officially known as "AMSAT-OSCAR 54". Coincidentally, "Oscar" was the name given to an obsolete space suit by its young owner in the 1958 novel ''Have Space Suit—Will Travel,'' by [[Biography:Robert A. Heinlein|Robert A. Heinlein]]. This book was first published a year after the launch of [[Engineering:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]], the world's first artificial satellite.

==International regulation==
[[File:OSCAR 1 satellite-01.jpg|thumb|220px|{{center|First amateur-satellite station [[Engineering:OSCAR 1|OSCAR 1]], 1961}}]]
[[File:AMSAT OSCAR 10 Modell.jpg|thumb|220px|{{center|Amateur-satellite station ''OSCAR 10'', 1983}}]]
[[File:ISS-24 Doug Wheelock uses ham radio system 1.jpg|thumb|220px|{{center|Doug Wheelock, KF5BOC, flight engineer of the Expedition 24, uses a ham radio system in the Zvezda Service Module of the ISS, 2010}}]]
[[File:FASTRAC.jpg|thumb|FASTRAC-A and FASTRAC-B amateur satellite, [[Organization:University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas at Austin]]]]
'''Amateur-satellite service''' (also: ''amateur-satellite radiocommunication service'') is – according to ''Article 1.57'' of the [[Organization:International Telecommunication Union|International Telecommunication Union's]] (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR)<ref>ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.57, definition: ''amateur-satellite service / amateur-satellite radiocommunication service''</ref> – defined as «''A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth [[Astronomy:Satellite|satellite]]s for the same purposes as those of the amateur service''.»

===Classification===
This ''radiocommunication service'' is classified in accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) as follows: <br />
Radiocommunication service (article 1.19) 
*Amateur service (article 1.56)
**'''Amateur-satellite service''' (article 1.57)

===Frequency allocation===
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to ''Article 5'' of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).<ref>''ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations''</ref>

In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
*primary allocation:  is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
*secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters (see example below)
*exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of national administrations

; Example of [[Physics:Frequency allocation|frequency allocation]]:
{| class=wikitable
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|align="center" colspan="3"| '''Allocation to services'''
|- align="center"
| align="center" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Region 1 &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Region 2 &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Region 3 &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|align="center" colspan="3"|

|-
|135.7–137.8 kHz <br />
:FIXED
:MARITIME MOBILE
:Amateur
|135.7–137.8 <br />
:FIXED
:MARITIME MOBILE
:Amateur
|135.7–137.8 <br />
:FIXED
:MARITIME MOBILE
:RADIO NAVIGATION
:Amateur 
|-
|colspan="3"| 7&nbsp;000–7&nbsp;100 &nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
::::  '''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 14&nbsp;000–14&nbsp;250 &nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 18&nbsp;068–18&nbsp;168 &nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 21&nbsp;000–21&nbsp;450 &nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 24&nbsp;890–24&nbsp;990 &nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|align="center" colspan="3"| 
|-
|colspan="3"| 28–29.7 MHz &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 144–146 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|5&nbsp;830–5&nbsp;850<br />
:FIXED-SATELLITE
::(space-to-Earth)
:RADIOLOCATION
:Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''
::'''(space-to-Earth)'''
|colspan="2"|5&nbsp;830–5&nbsp;850<br />
:RADIOLOCATION
:Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''
::'''(space-to-Earth)'''

|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|align="center" colspan="3"| 
|-
|colspan="3"| 10.5–10.6 GHz &nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 24–24.05 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''

|-
|colspan="3"| 47–47.2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''
|-

|colspan="3"| 76–77.5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RADIO ASTRONOMY<br />
:::::RADIOLOCATIONY<br />Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''<br />Space research (space-to-Earth)
|-
|colspan="3"| 77.5–78 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''<br />Radio astronomy<br />Space research (space-to-Earth)
|-
|colspan="3"| 78–79 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RADIOLOCATION<br />
:::::Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''<br />Radio astronomy<br />Space research (space-to-Earth)
|-
|colspan="3"| 79–81 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RADIOLOCATION<br />
:::::RADIO ASTRONOMY<br />Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''<br />Space research (space-to-Earth)
|-
|colspan="3"| 134–136 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''<br />Radio astronomy
|-
|colspan="3"| 136–141 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RADIO ASTRONOMY<br />
:::::RADIOLOCATION<br />Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 241–248 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RADIO ASTRONOMY<br />
:::::RADIOLOCATION<br />Amateur<br />'''Amateur-satellite'''
|-
|colspan="3"| 248–250 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AMATEUR<br />
:::::'''AMATEUR-SATELLITE'''<br />Radio astronomy
|}

===Additional allocations===

In addition to the formal allocations in the main table such as above, there is also a key ITU-R footnote RR 5.282 that provides for additional allocations:-

:::'''5.282''' In the bands 435-438 MHz, 1 260-1 270 MHz, 2 400-2 450 MHz, 3 400-3 410 MHz (in Regions 2 and 3 only) 
:::and 5 650-5 670 MHz, the amateur-satellite service may operate subject to not causing harmful interference to other
:::services operating in accordance with the Table (see No. 5.43). Administrations authorizing such use shall ensure that
:::any harmful interference caused by emissions from a station in the amateur-satellite service is immediately eliminated 
:::in accordance with the provisions of No. 25.11. The use of the bands 1 260-1 270 MHz and 5 650-5 670 MHz by the
:::amateur-satellite service is limited to the Earth-to-space direction.

Of these, the 435-438&nbsp;MHz band is particularly popular for amateur/educational small satellites such as Cubesats.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
* Martin Davidoff: The Radio Amateur's Satellite Handbook. The American Radio Relay League, Newington, {{ISBN|978-0-87259-658-0}}.

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
:*{{cite web 
 |url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/AboutAmsat/amsat_history.php 
 |title=Space Satellites from the World's Garage -- The Story of AMSAT 
 |access-date=2006-09-05 
 |publisher=The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005160332/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/AboutAmsat/amsat_history.php 
 |archive-date=2006-10-05 
 }}

:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/Hamsats/HamsatsBasics.html
| title = The Extraordinary History of Amateur Radio Satellites
| access-date = 2006-09-05
| publisher = Space Today Online
| archive-date = 2006-07-20
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060720122217/http://spacetoday.org/Satellites/Hamsats/HamsatsBasics.html
| url-status = live
}}

:*{{cite web |url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/history.html |title=A Brief History of Amateur Satellites |access-date=2006-09-05 |publisher=N7HPR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823032416/http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/history.html |archive-date=August 23, 2006 }}

:*{{cite web
| url = http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/futures.php
| title = Satellite Development Programs
| access-date = 2006-09-05
| publisher = The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation
| archive-date = 2006-08-23
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060823202218/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/futures.php
| url-status = dead
}}

:*{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/amateur.htm
 |title        = Amateur (ham) Radio Satellites
 |access-date  = 2006-09-07
 |publisher    = Colorado State University
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060831073238/http://www.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/hillger/amateur.htm
 |archive-date = 2006-08-31
 |url-status   = dead
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.amsat.org AMSAT Corporation] - a nonprofit corporation that coordinates construction and launch of amateur radio satellites
*[http://www.projectoscar.net/ Project OSCAR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125014239/http://www.projectoscar.net/ |date=2015-01-25 }} - club commemorating the original Project OSCAR group
*[http://www.work-sat.com Work-Sat] - Private site with instructions for using amateur radio satellites

{{Satcomm}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Amateur radio satellites|*]]
[[Category:Satellites by type]]

{{Sourceattribution|Amateur radio satellite}}