View source for Engineering:Arethusa-class cruiser (1934)

{{Short description|Class of Royal Navy light cruisers}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= HMS Galatea AWM 302395.jpeg
|Ship caption={{HMS|Galatea|71|6}} as completed, at Devonport, c. 1935
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=''Arethusa'' class
|Builders=
|Operators=*{{navy|United Kingdom}}
*{{navy|Republic of China}}
*{{navy|China}}
|Class before={{sclass|Leander|cruiser (1931)|4}}
|Class after=*{{sclass2|Town|cruiser (1936)|4}}
*{{sclass|Dido|cruiser|4}}

|Subclasses=
|Cost=
|Built range=1933–1937
|In service range=
|In commission range=1935–1949
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=6
|Total ships completed=4
|Total ships cancelled=2
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=2
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Engineering:Light cruiser|Light cruiser]]
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=*5,220 (5,270 ''Penelope'' and ''Aurora'') tons standard load;
*6,665 (6,715 ''Penelope'' and ''Aurora'') tons full load
|Ship length={{convert|506|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|51|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught={{convert|16.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=*Four Parsons geared steam turbines
*Four Admiralty 3-drum boilers
*Four shafts
*{{convert|64,000|shp|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed={{convert|32.25|kn}}
|Ship range=*{{convert|5,300|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
*1,325 tons fuel oil
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=500
|Ship crew=
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*6 × BL 6&nbsp;in (152&nbsp;mm) Mk. XXIII guns in twin mounts Mk. XXI
*4 × QF 4&nbsp;in (102&nbsp;mm) Mk. V guns in single mounts HA Mk. III (''Arethusa'', ''Galatea'')
*8 × QF 4&nbsp;in (102&nbsp;mm) Mk. XVI guns in twin mounts HA/LA Mk. XIX (''Aurora'', ''Penelope'')
*8 × [[Engineering:Vickers .50 machine gun|0.5&nbsp;in (12.7&nbsp;mm) Mk. III Vickers machine guns]] in quad mounts Mk. III
*6 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (2 × 3)
|Ship armour=*1&ndash;3&nbsp;in [[Engineering:Magazine (artillery)|magazine]] box protection
*2.25&nbsp;in belt
*1&nbsp;in [[Engineering:Deck (ship)|deck]], [[Engineering:Gun turret|turrets]] and [[Engineering:Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]]
|Ship aircraft=1 × [[Engineering:Hawker Hart|Hawker Osprey]], then [[Engineering:Fairey Seafox|Fairey Seafox]], except ''Aurora''; removed by end 1941.
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''''Arethusa'' class''' was a class of four [[Engineering:Light cruiser|light cruiser]]s built for the Royal Navy between 1933 and 1937 and that served in [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. It had been intended to construct six ships, but the last pair, ''Polyphemus'' and ''Minotaur'', were ordered in 1934 as the 9,100-ton {{sclass2|Town|cruiser (1936)|0}} {{HMS|Southampton|C83|2}} and {{HMS|Newcastle|C76|2}}.

== Design==
The ''Arethusa''s were a smaller version of the ''Amphion'' group of the earlier {{sclass|Leander|cruiser (1931)|4}}, having the unit machinery layout and two funnels of the former. The design was judged to be the minimum required for a "trade route cruiser" to counter the threat of the [[Engineering:Auxiliary cruiser|auxiliary cruiser]] over which, even with their reduced armament, they would enjoy a comfortable superiority. They were also to be capable of acting as a fleet cruiser (which was fortunate because, in the end, they were used almost exclusively with the fleet). Therefore, no reduction in speed (i.e. machinery) could be accepted, and savings had to be found in armament, size and protection; the ''Arethusas'' suppressed 'X' 6-inch gun turret and were {{convert|50|ft|m}} shorter and displaced 1,250&nbsp;tons less than the ''Leanders''. The protection scheme was the same as the ''Leanders'' but was generally thinner to save weight. This allowed six ''Arethusas'' to be built for every five ''Leanders'' within the constraints of tonnage allowed under treaties then in force. Welded construction was widely used for the first time to save weight, over 250&nbsp;tons being cut off the original specification.

They were armed with six BL 6&nbsp;inch Mark XXIII in three twin mountings Mark XXI in 'A', 'B' and 'Y' positions. Triple {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on}}  torpedo tubes were carried abreast the after funnel, the reduction in beam had reduced training space resulting in the omission of one tube ''vis-à-vis'' the ''Leander''s. The secondary armament was four QF 4-inch Mark V on single mountings HA Mark III, controlled by a [[Engineering:HACS|HACS]] director on the bridge. The 4-inch magazine was retained in the position of the ''Leander'' class well forward, but the guns themselves were moved well aft. As a result, the 4-inch shell and charge had to be transported {{convert|200|ft|m}} along the ship to reach the guns. In ''Penelope'' and ''Aurora'' eight QF 4-inch Mark XVI on four twin mountings HA/LA Mark XIX replaced the single mounts, and a second HACS director was added aft. A shelter was added for the gun crews between each pair of guns as it was recognised that in wartime the crews would spend a lot of time closed up at action stations and would rapidly fatigue in the open gun mountings. ''Galatea'' received similar alteration before the outbreak of war. The light armament consisted of eight [[Engineering:Vickers machine gun|0.5-inch Vickers machine guns]] in two quadruple mountings.

A rotating catapult for a float plane and a derrick were fitted between the funnels. It had been intended to carry a second aircraft aft, but in the end this never happened. ''Aurora'' completed without aircraft facilities, and had a deckhouse for accommodation in lieu for service as commodore.

==Modifications==
''Aurora'' received an unrotated projectile (UP) mounting and eight QF 2-pounder Mark VIII in two quadruple mountings Mark VII in the summer of 1940. Radar Type 284 was added to the main armament director for taking ranges and bearings, and Type 280 air warning at the mastheads was added in April 1941. In August of the same year she received six single [[Engineering:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons]] and two quadruple 0.5-inch machine guns. In 1943 she received Radar Type 282 on the 2-pounder "pom-pom directors".

''Galatea'' had extra plating added amidships after completion to reduce wetness and to protect the boats. She landed her catapult during a refit between October 1940 and January 1941, when she received two quadruple 2-pounders and eight single 20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons, as well as Type 279 air warning radar added at the mastheads.

''Arethusa'' had received two quadruple 2&nbsp;pounders and radar by April 1941, and landed the catapult. Later the same year, two UP mountings and four single 20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons were added. The former were removed in the spring of 1942, as were the single 4&nbsp;in mountings (replaced by twins as per her sisters) and a further four 20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons added. Radar Type 286 air warning was landed and radars Type 273 centimetric target indication, Type 281 air warning, Type 282 on the 2-pounder directors, Type 284 on the main armament director and Type 285 on the HACS directors were fitted. Three additional 20&nbsp;mm Oerlikons were added by October 1942. Between March and December 1943, while under repair in the United States, the 2&nbsp;pdr were supplanted by quadruple 40&nbsp;mm Bofors mountings Mark II, three single Oerlikons by four twin power-operated mounts Mark V and had the radar fit modernised.

''Penelope'' also lost her catapult and had two quadruple 2-pounders fitted between August 1940 and July 1941. Four single Oerlikons were added at the end of 1941, and four more in the summer of 1942.

By the end of the war, the surviving ships had around 700 tons of extra equipment added.

== Service ==
The ''Arethusa''s proved to be very satisfactory in service, and their hull was adapted for the {{sclass|Dido|cruiser|4}} of 1937. All had a very active war, especially in the Mediterranean; the two that were lost were torpedoed while working close inshore. ''Arethusa'' had a narrow escape in November 1942 when she was hit by an air-dropped torpedo. She caught fire, had two of her three turrets out of action and was badly flooded. However, she survived to be repaired at Charleston in the United States.

== Ships ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Construction data
! scope="col"|Ship
! scope="col"|Pennant number
! scope="col"|Builder
! scope="col"|Laid down
! scope="col"|[[Engineering:Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]
! scope="col"|Completed
! scope="col"|Fate
|-
! scope="row"|{{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}}
| 26
| Chatham Royal Dockyard
| 25&nbsp;January 1933
| 6&nbsp;March 1934
| 21&nbsp;May 1935
| Sold for scrap, 1950
|-
! scope="row"|{{HMS|Galatea|71|2}}
| 71
| Scotts, Greenock
| 2&nbsp;June 1933
| 9&nbsp;August 1934
| 3&nbsp;September 1935
| Torpedoed by {{GS|U-557||2}}, 15&nbsp;December 1941
|-
! scope="row"|{{HMS|Penelope|97|2}}
| 97
| Harland & Wolff, [[Place:Belfast|Belfast]]
| 30&nbsp;May 1934
| 15&nbsp;October 1935
| 12&nbsp;November 1936
| Torpedoed by {{GS|U-410||2}}, 18&nbsp;February 1944
|-
! scope="row"|{{HMS|Aurora|12|2}}
| 12
| Portsmouth Royal Dockyard
| 23&nbsp;July 1935
| 20&nbsp;August 1936
| 8&nbsp;November 1937
| Transferred to Nationalist China as ''Chungking'' 1948, defected to Communist China as ''Tchoungking'' 1949, ''Huang He'' 1951, ''Pei Ching'' 1951, ''Kuang Chou'' 1958, later hulked
|-
! scope="row"|''Minotaur''
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
| rowspan=2|Ordered as [[Engineering:Town-class cruiser (1936)|Town-class cruisers]]
|-
! scope="row"|''Polyphemus''
|- class="sortbottom" style="display:none;"
| colspan=7 |
|}

==See also==
*ARA La Argentina, based on the Arethusa design
*List of ship classes of the Second World War

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Naval Weapons of World War Two |last=Campbell |first=John |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=1985 |isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Caruana |first1=Joseph |title=The Demise of Force "K" |journal=Warship International |date=2006 |volume=XLIII |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8 |}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7|}}
* {{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John|title=British Cruisers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-922-7|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Cassell |location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|}}


[[Category:Cruiser classes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Arethusa-class cruiser (1934)}}