View source for Engineering:Artemis 1

{{Short description|2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = Artemis 1
| names_list         = {{Plainlist|
* Artemis I (official)
* Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) (formerly)
}}
| image              = Artemis I Launch (NHQ202211160017).jpg
| image_caption      = The [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System]] launches from Kennedy Space Center's [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
| image_size         = 300px
| mission_type       = Uncrewed lunar orbital test flight
| operator           = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-156A 2022-156A]
| SATCAT             = 54257
| website            = {{URL|www.nasa.gov/artemis-1}}
| mission_duration   = {{ubl|25 days, 10 hours, 55 minutes, 50 seconds (unofficial)<ref name="NasaLaunchPressKit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf|title=Artemis 1 Press Kit|access-date=November 16, 2022|archive-date=November 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205721/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nasa-20221108">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |title=NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch |work=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231240/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|{{time interval|November 16, 2022, 06:47:44|December 11, 2022, 17:41:30|show=dhm}} (achieved)}}
| distance_travelled = {{convert|1.3|e6mi|e6km|abbr=off|sp=us}}
| spacecraft         = [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion CM-002]]
| spacecraft_type    = [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion MPCV]]
| spacecraft_bus     = 
| manufacturer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Company:Boeing|Boeing]]
* [[Company:Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus Defence and Space]]
* [[Company:Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Company:Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman]]
* [[Company:Aerojet Rocketdyne|Aerojet Rocketdyne]]
* Redwire Space
* [[Company:United Launch Alliance|ULA]]
}}
| payload_mass       = 
| launch_date        = November 16, 2022, 06:47:44{{nbsp}}UTC (1:47&nbsp;am EST)<ref name="reuters 1"/>
| launch_rocket      = [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System Block 1]]
| launch_site        = Kennedy Space Center, [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
| launch_contractor  = 
| recovery_by        = {{USS|Portland|LPD-27|6}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis 1 flight to moon depends on precision rocket firings to pull off a complex trajectory |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-space-launch-system-rocket-firing-artemis-moon/ |access-date=August 31, 2022 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829061628/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-space-launch-system-rocket-firing-artemis-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| landing_date       = December 11, 2022, 17:40:30{{nbsp}}UTC (9:40:30 am PST)<ref name="nasa-20221108" />
| landing_site       = Pacific Ocean off Baja California<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Jason |title=Artemis I launch guide: What to expect |url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |website=The Planetary Society |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211743/https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |url-status=live }}</ref>
| orbit_reference    = [[Astronomy:Lunar orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Astronomy:Distant retrograde orbit|Distant retrograde orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = 
| orbit_apoapsis     = 
| orbit_inclination  = 
| orbit_period       = 14 days
| apsis              = gee
| interplanetary     = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   | type           = flyby 
   | object         = [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]] 
   |component       = Orion
   | arrival_date   = November 21, 2022, 12:57{{nbsp}}UTC<ref name="NASA_20221120"/>
   | distance       = 130 km
  }}{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
  | type             = orbiter 
  | object           = Moon
|component       = Orion
  | arrival_date     = November 25, 2022, 21:52{{nbsp}}UTC<ref name="Flight Day 11"/>
  | departure_date   = December 1, 2022, 21:53{{nbsp}}UTC<ref name="Flight Day 16"/>
  | apsis            = 
}}{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   | type           = flyby 
   | object         = [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]] 
   |component       = Orion
   | arrival_date   = December 5, 2022, 16:43{{nbsp}}UTC<ref name="Flight Day 20"/>
   | distance       = 128 km
  }}
| insignia           = Exploration Mission-1 patch.png
| insignia_caption   = Artemis 1 mission patch
| insignia_size      = 200px
| programme          = [[Astronomy:Artemis program|Artemis program]]
| previous_mission   = [[Engineering:Ascent Abort-2|Ascent Abort-2]]
| next_mission       = [[Astronomy:Artemis 2|Artemis 2]]
}}
'''Artemis 1''', officially '''Artemis I'''<ref>{{cite report |title=Artemis: brand book |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, D.C. |id=NP-2019-07-2735-HQ |quote=MISSION NAMING CONVENTION: While Apollo mission patches used numbers and roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a roman numeral convention. |year=2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and formerly '''Exploration Mission-1''' ('''EM-1'''),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=February 20, 2018 |title=Artemis I Overview |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/artemis-i-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817053946/https://www.nasa.gov/content/artemis-i-overview/ |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> was an uncrewed [[Astronomy:Lunar orbit|Moon-orbiting]] mission. As the first major spaceflight of [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s [[Astronomy:Artemis program|Artemis program]], Artemis 1 marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the [[Astronomy:Apollo program|Apollo program]] five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]] and [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System (SLS) rocket]],{{refn|group=note|An Orion capsule was [[Engineering:Exploration Flight Test-1|flown]] in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.}} and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its [[Astronomy:Heat shield|heat shield]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA: Artemis I |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i/index.html |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=NASA |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315220245/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including [[Astronomy:Exploration of Mars|exploration of Mars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunbar |first=Brian |date=July 23, 2019 |title=What is Artemis? |url=http://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artemis |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=NASA |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807143015/http://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artemis |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on October 20, 2021,<ref name="Oct20">{{cite web |date=October 23, 2021 |title=NASA Fully Stacked for Moon Mission, Readies for Artemis I |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-fully-stacked-for-moon-mission-readies-for-artemis-i |access-date=November 17, 2022 |publisher=NASA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117115821/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-fully-stacked-for-moon-mission-readies-for-artemis-i/ |archive-date=November 17, 2022}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and on August 17, 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first two launch attempts were canceled due to a faulty engine temperature reading on August 29, 2022, and a hydrogen leak during fueling on September 3, 2022.<ref name="SN-20220903">{{cite web | last=Foust | first=Jeff | title=Second Artemis 1 launch attempt scrubbed | website=SpaceNews | date=September 3, 2022 | url=https://spacenews.com/second-artemis-1-launch-attempt-scrubbed/ | access-date=September 4, 2022 | archive-date=November 17, 2022 | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20221117061214/https://spacenews.com/second%2Dartemis%2D1%2Dlaunch%2Dattempt%2Dscrubbed/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Artemis 1 was launched on November 16, 2022, at 06:47:44&nbsp;UTC (01:47:44&nbsp;EST).<ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis 1 |publisher=NASA |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-156A |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219174447/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-156A |url-status=live }}</ref>

Artemis 1 was launched from [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|Launch Complex 39B]] at the Kennedy Space Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis 1 Presskit |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf |access-date=August 31, 2022 |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115205721/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After reaching [[Astronomy:Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]], the upper stage carrying the Orion spacecraft separated and performed a [[Astronomy:Trans-lunar injection|trans-lunar injection]] before releasing Orion and deploying ten [[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSat]] satellites. Orion completed one [[Engineering:Flyby (spaceflight)|flyby]] of the Moon on November 21, entered a [[Astronomy:Distant retrograde orbit|distant retrograde orbit]] for six days, and completed a second flyby of the Moon on December 5.<ref name="SlossWindows">{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=November 1, 2021 |title=Inside Artemis 1's complex launch windows and constraints |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/artemis-1-launch-periods/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225131417/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/artemis-1-launch-periods/ |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2022 |website=NASASpaceflight.com}}</ref> 

The Orion spacecraft then returned and [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|reentered the Earth's atmosphere]] with the protection of its heat shield, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11.<ref name="Splashdown" /> The mission aims to certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning with [[Astronomy:Artemis 2|Artemis 2]],<ref name="SFN20200518">{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/18/nasa-will-likely-add-a-rendezvous-test-to-the-first-piloted-orion-space-mission/|title=NASA will likely add a rendezvous test to the first piloted Orion space mission|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=May 18, 2020|access-date=May 19, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708065618/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/18/nasa-will-likely-add-a-rendezvous-test-to-the-first-piloted-orion-space-mission/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is scheduled to perform a crewed lunar flyby no earlier than September 2025.<ref name="sn-20240109">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |work=SpaceNews |date=9 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>. After Artemis 2, [[Astronomy:Artemis 3|Artemis 3]] will involve a crewed lunar landing, the first in five decades since [[Engineering:Apollo 17|Apollo 17]].

== Mission profile ==

Artemis 1 was launched on the Block 1 variant of the [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System]].<ref name=":2" /> The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment [[Engineering:Solid rocket booster|solid rocket booster]]s (SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage uses four [[Engineering:RS-25|RS-25]]D engines, all of which have previously flown on [[Engineering:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]] missions.<ref>Units E2045, E2056, E2058, and E2060. {{cite web | last=Dvorsky | first=George | title=Artemis 1's RS-25 Engines Have Gone to Space Many Times Before | website=Gizmodo | date=September 2, 2022 | url=https://gizmodo.com/nasa-artemis-1-sls-rs-25-engines-space-shuttle-1849490202 | access-date=June 15, 2023}}</ref> The core and boosters together produce {{cvt|39000|kN}}, or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the [[Engineering:Delta Cryogenic Second Stage|Delta Cryogenic Second Stage]] and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Jennifer |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Space Launch System |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fs/sls.html |access-date=November 9, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108200317/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fs/sls.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform a [[Astronomy:Trans-lunar injection|trans-lunar injection]] (TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and 10 [[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSat]]s on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats for conducting scientific research and performing technology demonstrations.<ref name="nasa-20211004">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/10/04/all-artemis-i-secondary-payloads-installed-in-rockets-orion-stage-adapter/|title=All Artemis I Secondary Payloads Installed in Rocket's Orion Stage Adapter|last=Harbaugh|first=Jennifer|publisher=NASA|date=October 4, 2021|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715195933/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/10/04/all-artemis-i-secondary-payloads-installed-in-rockets-orion-stage-adapter/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The Orion spacecraft spent approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a [[Astronomy:Distant retrograde orbit|distant retrograde orbit]] (DRO) around the Moon.<ref name="Nov15">{{cite web |date=November 27, 2015 |title=The Ins and Outs of NASA's First Launch of SLS and Orion |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-ins-and-outs-of-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-and-orion |access-date=May 3, 2016 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222201819/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-ins-and-outs-of-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-and-orion |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It came within approximately {{cvt|80|mi|km|order=flip}} of the lunar surface (closest approach)<ref name="NASA_20221120"/> and achieved a maximum distance from Earth of {{Cvt|268,563|mi|km|order=flip}}.<ref name="NasaLaunchPressKit" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |access-date=December 15, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116232517/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable alternation"
|+ Mission timeline<ref name="NasaLaunchPressKit" />
! scope="col" | Date
! Time (UTC)
! scope="col" | Event
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Launch'''<br>[[File:Artemis I ascent timeline.jpg|center|frameless|400px]]
|-
|rowspan=12 | November 16
| 06:47:44
| Liftoff
|-
| 06:49:56
| Solid rocket booster separation
|-
| 06:50:55
| Service module fairing jettisoned
|-
| 06:51:00
| Launch abort system (LAS) jettisoned
|-
| 06:55:47
| Core stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
|-
| 06:55:59
| Core stage and ICPS separation
|-
| 07:05:53 – 07:17:53
| Orion solar array deployment
|-
| 07:40:40 – 07:41:02
| Perigee raise maneuver
|-
| 08:17:11 – 08:35:11
| ICPS Trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn
|-
| 08:45:20
| Orion/ICPS separation
|-
| 08:46:42
| Upper-stage separation burn
|-
| 10:09:20
| ICPS disposal burn
|-
! colspan="3" |[[File:Artemis I map October 2021.jpg|thumb|400px|center|Summary of the Artemis 1 mission]]
|-
! colspan="3" |Moon outbound transit
|-
|November 16
| 14:35:15
| First trajectory correction burn
|-
| November 17–20
|
| Outbound coasting phase
|-
| November 21
| 12:44
| Outbound powered flyby burn<ref name="NASA_20221120">{{cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day Five: Orion Enters Lunar Sphere of Influence Ahead of Lunar Flyby |date=November 20, 2022 |publisher=NASA |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |quote=The outbound powered flyby will begin at 7:44&nbsp;am, with Orion's closest approach to the Moon targeted for 7:57&nbsp;am,... |access-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205170831/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" |Orbiting Moon
|-
| November 21–24 
|
| Transit to DRO
|-
|November 25–30
|
|Distant retrograde orbit
|-
| December 1
| 21:53
| DRO departure burn<ref name="Flight Day 16">{{cite web |title=Artemis I Flight Day 16 – Orion Successfully Completes Distant Retrograde Departure Burn |date=December 1, 2022 |publisher=NASA |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/01/artemis-i-flight-day-16-orion-successfully-completes-distant-retrograde-departure-burn/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206190213/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/01/artemis-i-flight-day-16-orion-successfully-completes-distant-retrograde-departure-burn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| December 1–4 
|
| Exiting DRO
|-
! colspan="3" |Earth return
|-
| December 5
| 16:43
| Close approach<ref name="Flight Day 20">{{cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 20: Orion Conducts Return Powered Flyby |date=December 5, 2022 |publisher=NASA |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/05/artemis-i-flight-day-20-orion-conducts-return-powered-flyby/ |access-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206035127/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/05/artemis-i-flight-day-20-orion-conducts-return-powered-flyby/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| December 5–11 
|
| Return transit
|-
| December 11
| 17:40:30
| Splashdown at Pacific Ocean
|}

=== Mission profile animation ===
{{Multiple image
| align     = center
| direction = horizontal
| width     = 400
| header    = Animation of Artemis 1
| image1    = Animation of Artemis I around Earth.gif
| caption1  = [[Astronomy:Earth-centered inertial|Earth-centered inertial]] reference frame
| image2    = Animation of Artemis I around Earth - Frame rotating with Moon.gif
| caption2  = Earth-centered [[Physics:Rotating reference frame|frame rotating]] with Moon
| footer    = {{legend2|RoyalBlue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Magenta|Artemis I}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|Moon}}|
}}

{{Clear}}

== Background ==
[[File:Artist Concept - Space Launch System in Flight.jpg|thumb|2011 illustration of an SLS launch]]

Artemis 1 was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017<ref name="nsf-20120229">{{cite web |last1=Bergin |first1=Chris |title=Exploration Mission 1: SLS and Orion mission to the Moon outlined |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/exploration-mission-1-sls-orion-debut-mission-moon-outlined/ |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |publisher=NASASpaceFlight |access-date=September 3, 2022 |date=February 29, 2012 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824104014/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/exploration-mission-1-sls-orion-debut-mission-moon-outlined/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the [[Astronomy:NASA Authorization Act of 2010|NASA Authorization Act of 2010]] to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.<ref name="Senate version of PL-111267">{{cite web | last=Rockefeller | first=Jay | title=S.3729 – 111th Congress (2009–2010): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 | website=Congress.gov | publisher=Library of Congress | date=August 5, 2010 | url=http://www.congress.gov/ | access-date=September 3, 2022 | archive-date=May 29, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529051531/https://www.congress.gov/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} as the first planned flight of the [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System]] and the second uncrewed test flight of the [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle]]. The initial plans for EM-1 called for a [[Astronomy:Circumlunar trajectory|circumlunar trajectory]] during a seven-day mission.<ref name=HEOC201203>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf|title=Exploration Systems Development Status|last=Hill|first=Bill|date=March 2012|publisher=NASA Advisory Council|access-date=July 21, 2012|archive-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211204753/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="fiso20120425">{{cite web |last=Singer |first=Jody |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Status of NASA's Space Launch System |url=http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Singer_4-25-12/Singer_4-25-12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218151106/http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Singer_4-25-12/Singer_4-25-12.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2013 |access-date=August 5, 2012 |publisher=University of Texas }}</ref>

In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's [[Engineering:Service module|service module]] was to be built by the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]] and named the [[Astronomy:European Service Module|European Service Module]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2013 |title=NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=NASA |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328093836/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's [[Organization:Michoud Assembly Facility|Michoud Assembly Facility]] (MAF).<ref>{{cite web |title=SLS Engine Section Barrel Hot off the Vertical Weld Center at Michoud |url=http://www.nasa.gov/sls/14-171.html#.VGfrNb4_ypc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119072126/http://www.nasa.gov/sls/14-171.html#.VGfrNb4_ypc |archive-date=November 19, 2014 |access-date=November 16, 2014 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> In January 2015, NASA and [[Company:Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin]] announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis 1 would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of [[Chemistry:Welding|welds]] from 19 to 7<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/orion-program-manager-talks-eft--in-huntsville/article_17894640-9b43-11e4-b731-1feb498f3882.html|title=Orion program manager talks EFT-1 in Huntsville|last=Barrett|first=Josh|date=January 13, 2015|access-date=January 14, 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121313/http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/orion-program-manager-talks-eft--in-huntsville/article_17894640-9b43-11e4-b731-1feb498f3882.html|archive-date=January 18, 2015|publisher=WAAY}}</ref> and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis 1, the Orion spacecraft was to be outfitted with a complete [[Engineering:Life support system|life support system]] and crew seats but would be left uncrewed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.waff.com/story/27841631/engineers-resolve-orion-will-lose-weight-in-2015|title=Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015|date=January 13, 2015|access-date=January 15, 2015|publisher=WAFF|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808125121/http://www.waff.com/story/27841631/engineers-resolve-orion-will-lose-weight-in-2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=February 15, 2017 |title=NASA to Study Adding Crew to First Flight of SLS and Orion |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-study-adding-crew-to-first-flight-of-sls-and-orion |access-date=February 15, 2017 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422125018/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-study-adding-crew-to-first-flight-of-sls-and-orion/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.<ref name="warner">{{cite web |date=February 24, 2017 |title=NASA Kicks Off Study to Add Crew to First Flight of Orion, SLS |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-kicks-off-study-to-add-crew-to-first-flight-of-orion-sls-as-progress-continues-to-send |access-date=February 27, 2017 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081214/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-kicks-off-study-to-add-crew-to-first-flight-of-orion-sls-as-progress-continues-to-send/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, citing cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.<ref name="uncrewed20170512">{{cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=May 12, 2017 |title=NASA will not put a crew on EM-1, cites cost – not safety – as main reason |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/nasa-em-1-uncrewed-costs-main-reason/ |access-date=May 19, 2020 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703151036/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/nasa-em-1-uncrewed-costs-main-reason/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the [[Engineering:Falcon Heavy|Falcon Heavy]] or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Ledyard |date=May 14, 2019 |title=NASA names new moon landing mission 'Artemis' as Trump administration asks for US$1.6&nbsp;billion |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/nasas-artemis-program-eyes-initial-1-6-billion-2024-moon-landing/1195849001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803205803/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/nasas-artemis-program-eyes-initial-1-6-billion-2024-moon-landing/1195849001/ |archive-date=August 3, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="Commercial LVs2">{{cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=July 18, 2019 |title=NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207085513/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |newspaper=The Verge}}</ref> The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 13, 2019 |title=NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/ |access-date=March 13, 2019 |publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref> The idea was eventually scrapped.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sloss |first1=Philip |date=April 19, 2019 |title=NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164345/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019}}</ref> One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion is not planned to carry a docking mechanism until [[Astronomy:Artemis 3|Artemis 3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/|title=NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles|last=Foust|first=Jeff|publisher=SpaceNews|date=March 13, 2019|access-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref> The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/|title=NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1|last1=Sloss|first1=Philip|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=April 19, 2019|access-date=June 9, 2019|archive-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164345/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ground testing ===
[[File:Green Run test of the SLS at Stennis Space Center on Saturday, January 16, 2021 36.jpg|thumb|First static-fire attempt of the core stage performed on January 16, 2021]]

The core stage for Artemis 1, built at [[Organization:Michoud Assembly Facility|Michoud Assembly Facility]] by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019<ref name="SlSUpdate2016">{{cite web |date=November 8, 2019 |title=All Four Engines Are Attached to the SLS Core Stage for Artemis I Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/four-engines-attached-to-sls-core-stage-for-artemis-I-mission.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112214328/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/four-engines-attached-to-sls-core-stage-for-artemis-I-mission.html |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=November 12, 2019 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and was declared finished one month later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=December 10, 2019 |title=SLS Core Stage Declared Ready for Launch in 2021 |url=https://spacenews.com/sls-core-stage-declared-ready-for-launch-in-2021/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191216023100/https://spacenews.com/sls%2Dcore%2Dstage%2Ddeclared%2Dready%2Dfor%2Dlaunch%2Din%2D2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at [[Organization:Stennis Space Center|Stennis Space Center]], consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Harbaugh |first=Jennifer |date=May 20, 2020 |title=NASA's SLS Core Stage Green Run Tests Critical Systems For Artemis I |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-sls-green-run-tests-core-stage-for-artemis-i |access-date=August 27, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426222555/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-sls-green-run-tests-core-stage-for-artemis-i/ |url-status=live }} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

# [[Physics:Modal testing|Modal testing]] (vibration tests)
# [[Engineering:Avionics|Avionics]] (electronic systems)
# [[Fail-safe]] systems
# [[Engineering:Propulsion|Propulsion]] (without firing of the engines)
# Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
# Launch countdown simulation
# Wet dress rehearsal, with [[Physics:Propellant|propellant]]
# Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=January 9, 2020 |title=Nasa Moon rocket core leaves for testing |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51048986 |url-status=live |access-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109151551/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51048986 |archive-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref> and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On January 16, 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Green Run hotfire test ends early |url=https://spacenews.com/green-run-hotfire-test-ends-early/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews }}</ref> This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=January 20, 2021 |title=SLS: NASA finds cause of 'megarocket' test shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55727686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120041016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55727686 |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The static fire test was performed again on March 18, 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight-minute burn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 18, 2021 |title=NASA performs full-duration SLS Green Run static-fire test |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-performs-full-duration-sls-green-run-static-fire-test/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=SpaceNews }}</ref> The core subsequently departed the [[Organization:Stennis Space Center|Stennis Space Center]] on April 24, 2021, on route to the Kennedy Space Center.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunbar |first=Brian |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Space Launch System Core Stage Arrives at the Kennedy Space Center |url=http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/space-launch-system-core-stage-arrives-at-the-kennedy-space-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507205846/http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/space-launch-system-core-stage-arrives-at-the-kennedy-space-center/ |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |publisher=NASA }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Assembly ===
[[File:Block 1 70t Crew Expanded View.jpg|thumb|Block 1 variant of SLS rocket]]
[[File:Artemis I stack after complete platform retraction.jpg|thumb|upright|SLS with the Orion capsule stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022]]

SLS/Orion is assembled by stacking its major sub-assemblies atop a [[Astronomy:Mobile launcher platform|mobile launcher platform]] inside the [[Astronomy:Vehicle Assembly Building|Vehicle Assembly Building]] (VAB). First, the seven components of each of the two boosters are stacked. The core stage is then stacked and is supported by the boosters. The interstage and upper stage are stacked atop the core, and the Orion spacecraft is then stacked onto the upper stage.

The [[Engineering:Delta Cryogenic Second Stage#Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage|Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage]] was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=July 11, 2017 |title=SLS Upper Stage set to take up residence in the former home of ISS modules |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/sls-upper-stage-residency-former-home-iss-modules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132155/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/sls-upper-stage-residency-former-home-iss-modules/ |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> Three years later, all of the SLS's [[Engineering:Solid rocket booster|solid rocket booster]] segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on June 12, 2020,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=June 19, 2020 |title=EGS begins Artemis 1 launch processing of SLS Booster hardware |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/artemis-1-launch-processing/ |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329080713/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/artemis-1-launch-processing/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on July 29.<ref name="LVSA">{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=August 5, 2020 |title=LVSA arrives at KSC, NASA EGS readies final pre-stacking preparations for Artemis 1 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/lvsa-arrives-ksc-for-artemis-1/ |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519095605/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/lvsa-arrives-ksc-for-artemis-1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The assembly of the SLS took place at the [[Astronomy:Vehicle Assembly Building|Vehicle Assembly Building]]'s High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments onto [[Astronomy:Exploration Ground Systems#ML-1 for SLS block 1|Mobile Launcher-1]] on November 23.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=November 27, 2020 |title=EGS, Jacobs begin vehicle integration for Artemis 1 launch |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/egs-jacobs-vehicle-integration-artemis-1/ |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220170208/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/egs-jacobs-vehicle-integration-artemis-1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on January 7, 2021,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=December 4, 2020 |title=New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/artemis-1-schedule-uncertainty-sls-booster-stacking/ |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104004/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/artemis-1-schedule-uncertainty-sls-booster-stacking/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the boosters' stacking was completed by March 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sempsrott |first=Danielle |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Mammoth Artemis I Rocket Boosters Stacked on Mobile Launcher |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/03/09/mammoth-artemis-i-rocket-boosters-stacked-on-mobile-launcher/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=NASA's blog |publisher=NASA |language=en-US |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825202418/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/03/09/mammoth-artemis-i-rocket-boosters-stacked-on-mobile-launcher/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle external tank|Pegasus barge]] on April 27, 2021, after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on April 29.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=May 6, 2021 |title=NASA EGS, Jacobs preparing SLS Core Stage for Artemis 1 stacking |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/nasa-egs-jacobs-sls-artemis-1-stacking/ |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611234956/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/nasa-egs-jacobs-sls-artemis-1-stacking/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The stage was then stacked with its boosters on June 12. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on June 22. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on July 6. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on October 8.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |access-date=October 23, 2021 |publisher=Spaceflight Now |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022041055/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This marked the first time a [[Engineering:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle|super-heavy-lift vehicle]] has been stacked inside NASA's VAB since the final [[Engineering:Saturn V|Saturn V]] in 1973.

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on January 16, 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=March 27, 2021 |title=EGS synchronizing Artemis 1 Orion, SLS Booster preps with Core Stage schedule |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/egs-aligns-artemis-1-schedule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520153617/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/egs-aligns-artemis-1-schedule/ |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=March 29, 2021 |title=Following troubled childhood, Orion trio preparing for flight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/troubled-childhood-orion-trio-preparing-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402034525/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/troubled-childhood-orion-trio-preparing-flight/ |archive-date=April 2, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref> On October 20, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis 1 vehicle in High Bay 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sloss |first=Philip |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Artemis 1 Orion joins SLS to complete vehicle stack |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/artemis-1-stack-complete/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230171116/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/artemis-1-stack-complete/ |url-status=live}}</ref> During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 11, 2021 |title=EGS, Jacobs begin Artemis 1 pre-launch testing and checkout push |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/egs-artemis-1-testing-checkout/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/egs-artemis-1-testing-checkout/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 22, 2021 |title=Engine controller replacement details behind Artemis 1 launch delay |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/engine-controller-artemis-1-delay/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/engine-controller-artemis-1-delay/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Launch preparations ===
[[File:Artemis 1 SLS Rollout (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|First rollout of SLS in March 2022. It was subsequently rolled back in for repairs.]]
On March 17, 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the [[Astronomy:Vehicle Assembly Building|Vehicle Assembly Building]] for the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on April 3, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Scrub – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/03/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-scrub/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111826/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/03/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-scrub/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on April 4, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Prepares for Next Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Attempt – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/05/nasa-prepares-for-next-artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-attempt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111828/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/05/nasa-prepares-for-next-artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-attempt/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref>

During preparations for a third attempt, a [[Chemistry:Helium|helium]] [[Engineering:Check valve|check valve]] on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Update – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/09/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111744/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/09/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-update/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I Rocket, Spacecraft Prepare for Return to Launch Pad to Finish Test – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/05/06/artemis-i-rocket-spacecraft-prepare-for-return-to-launch-pad-to-finish-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111831/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/05/06/artemis-i-rocket-spacecraft-prepare-for-return-to-launch-pad-to-finish-test/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I WDR Update: Third Test Attempt Concluded – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-wdr-update-third-test-attempt-concluded/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111744/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-wdr-update-third-test-attempt-concluded/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 14, 2022 |title=NASA calls off modified Artemis 1 Wet Dress Rehearsal for hydrogen leak |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/sls-wdr-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111741/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/sls-wdr-2/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref>

NASA elected to roll the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis 1 was rolled back to the VAB on April 26.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I Update: Teams Extending Current Hold, Gaseous Nitrogen Supply Reestablished – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-update-teams-extending-current-hold-gaseous-nitrogen-supply-reestablished/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610230727/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-update-teams-extending-current-hold-gaseous-nitrogen-supply-reestablished/ |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 vehicle heads back to VAB while NASA discusses what to do next |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/artemis-1-vab-nasa-discusses-what-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623193413/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/artemis-1-vab-nasa-discusses-what-next/ |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artemis I Moon Rocket Arrives at Vehicle Assembly Building – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/26/artemis-i-moon-rocket-arrives-at-vehicle-assembly-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624221030/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/26/artemis-i-moon-rocket-arrives-at-vehicle-assembly-building/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis 1 vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on June 6 to complete the test.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Josh Dinner |date=June 6, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket returns to launch pad for crucial tests |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-rocket-returns-launch-pad-testing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610214719/https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-rocket-returns-launch-pad-testing |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on June 20, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |title=NASA declares SLS countdown rehearsal complete |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-declares-sls-countdown-rehearsal-complete/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220705083957/https://spacenews.com/nasa%2Ddeclares%2Dsls%2Dcountdown%2Drehearsal%2Dcomplete/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 }}</ref>

On July 2, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: August 29 and September 5.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA not planning another Artemis 1 countdown dress rehearsal – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054811/https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 2, 2022 |title=SLS rolled back to VAB for final launch preparations |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/sls-rolled-back-final-launch-preps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703111742/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/sls-rolled-back-final-launch-preps/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> The SLS passed flight readiness review on August 23, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 23, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 passes flight readiness review |url=https://spacenews.com/artemis-1-passes-flight-readiness-review/ |access-date=August 29, 2022 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US }}</ref>

=== Initial launch attempts ===
Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on August 29, 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13&nbsp;am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33&nbsp;am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.<ref name="CNNAug29">{{cite news |author=Ashley Strickland |title=Today's Artemis I launch has been scrubbed after engine issue |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html |access-date=August 29, 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=August 29, 2022 |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829140305/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NASA Ready to Try Artemis I Again on Saturday and See What the Day Brings |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-ready-to-try-artemis-i-again-on-saturday-and-see-what-the-day-brings/ |access-date=September 2, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903145954/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-ready-to-try-artemis-i-again-on-saturday-and-see-what-the-day-brings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.<ref name="CNNAug29"/><ref name="Speck 2022">{{cite web |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=August 23, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 countdown resumes for Saturday launch; weather forecast improves |url=https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/artemis-1-launch-forecast-nasa-historic-moon-rocket-launch |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=Fox Weather |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828191854/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/artemis-1-launch-forecast-nasa-historic-moon-rocket-launch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Tariq Malik |title=NASA calls off Artemis 1 moon rocket launch over engine cooling issue |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-moon-rocket-launch-scrub |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=Space.com |date=August 29, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829133215/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-moon-rocket-launch-scrub |url-status=live }}</ref> NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour [[Engineering:Launch window|launch window]] expired.<ref name="IndependentLiveBlogAug29">{{cite news |author1=Anthony Cuthbertson |author2=Vishwam Sankaran |author3=Johanna Chisholm |author4=Jon Kelvey |title=Nasa scrambles to fix Moon rocket issues ahead of Artemis launch – live |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html |access-date=August 29, 2022 |work=The Independent |date=August 29, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829160436/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.<ref name=":0" />

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of September 3.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ashley Strickland |title=Artemis I launch team is ready for another 'try' on Saturday |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html |access-date=September 2, 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903145954/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The launch window would have opened at 2:17&nbsp;pm [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] (18:17 [[UTC]]), and lasted for two hours.<ref name="sn-20220830">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/next-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3/ |title=Next Artemis 1 launch attempt set for Sept. 3 |work=SpaceNews |date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=August 31, 2022 }}</ref> The launch was scrubbed at 11:17&nbsp;am EDT due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.<ref name="NASA Blogs Sep32022 11:22 am">{{cite web |last1=Kraft |first1=Rachel |title=Artemis I Launch Attempt Scrubbed |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/artemis-i-launch-attempt-scrubbed/ |website=NASA blog |publisher=NASA |access-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228161944/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/artemis-i-launch-attempt-scrubbed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SN-20220903"/> The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=NASA officials evaluating late September launch dates for Artemis 1 moon mission – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/09/08/nasa-officials-evaluating-late-september-launch-dates-for-artemis-1-moon-mission/ |access-date=September 9, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was September 19<ref name="TWP-20220903">{{Cite news |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Artemis I mission faces weeks of delay after launch is scrubbed |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/artemis-launch/ |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905153556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/artemis-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NPR-20220903">{{Cite news |last1=Greenfieldboyce |first1=Nell |last2=Hernandez |first2=Joe |date=September 3, 2022 |title=NASA won't try to launch the Artemis 1 moon mission again for at least a few weeks |language=en |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/03/1120742884/nasa-artemis-1-launch-saturday-time-moon-mission-rocket-orion-sls |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906000529/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/03/1120742884/nasa-artemis-1-launch-saturday-time-moon-mission-rocket-orion-sls |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NASA-Kraft">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Rachel |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Artemis I Mission Availability |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability |access-date=September 6, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211214325/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> until mission managers declared that September 27, and then September 30, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.<ref name="NSF-20220908">{{cite web|last=Gebhardt|first=Chris|website=NASASpaceflight|access-date=September 8, 2022|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/|title=NASA discusses path to SLS repairs as launch uncertainty looms for September, October|date=September 8, 2022|archive-date=September 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908171739/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NASA0912">{{cite web |title=NASA Adjusts Dates for Artemis I Cryogenic Demonstration Test and Launch; Progress at Pad Continues |date=September 12, 2022 |publisher=NASA |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/ |access-date=September 13, 2022 |archive-date=September 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912224450/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A launch in September would have required that the [[Organization:Eastern Range|Eastern Range]] of the United States Space Force agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;<ref name=":3" /> this was carried out on September 22.<ref name="Zizo 2022">{{cite web | last=Zizo | first=Christie | title=NASA moves ahead with Artemis launch attempt next week with eye on weather | publisher=WKMG | date=September 22, 2022 | url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/space-news/2022/09/22/nasa-expected-to-announce-whether-artemis-i-can-launch-without-vab-rollback/ | access-date=September 24, 2022 | archive-date=September 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923193308/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/space-news/2022/09/22/nasa-expected-to-announce-whether-artemis-i-can-launch-without-vab-rollback/ | url-status=live }}</ref> However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ian led launch managers to call off the September 27 launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.<ref name="NASA Ian Update 0924">{{cite web | last=Kraft | first=Rachel | title=Artemis I Managers Wave Off Sept. 27 Launch, Preparing for Rollback – Artemis | website=NASA Blogs | publisher=NASA | date=September 24, 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/ | access-date=September 24, 2022 | archive-date=September 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135858/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/ | url-status=live }}</ref> On the morning of September 26, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.<ref name="NASA Blogs 2022Sept26">{{Cite web |title=NASA to Roll Artemis I Rocket and Spacecraft Back to VAB Tonight – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/ |access-date=September 26, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926142032/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SN-20220927">{{cite web | last=Foust | first=Jeff | title=SLS to roll back to VAB as hurricane approaches Florida | website=SpaceNews | date=September 26, 2022 | url=https://spacenews.com/sls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida/ | access-date=September 27, 2022 }}</ref>

On November 12, following another delay due to Hurricane Nicole, NASA launch managers decided to request launch opportunities for November 16 and 19. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.<ref name="nasa-20221108" /> As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/|title=NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch|date=November 8, 2022|access-date=November 10, 2022|publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]|archive-date=November 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231240/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wind speeds were expected to reach {{cvt|29|mph|km/h}}, with gusts up to {{cvt|46|mph|km/h}}. Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on November 9, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching {{cvt|85|mph|km/h}}, and gusts up to {{cvt|100|mph|km/h}}. After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.<ref name="NASA Nicole Update 1111">{{cite web | title=Teams Conduct Check-outs, Preparations Ahead of Next Artemis I Launch Attempt – Artemis | website=NASA Blogs | publisher=NASA | date=November 11, 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/11/teams-conduct-check-outs-preparations-ahead-of-next-artemis-i-launch-attempt/ | access-date=November 12, 2022 | archive-date=November 11, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111233413/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/11/teams-conduct-check-outs-preparations-ahead-of-next-artemis-i-launch-attempt/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/10/world/artemis-1-rocket-hurricane-nicole-scn/index.html|title=NASA inspects Artemis I rocket after Hurricane Nicole|date=November 10, 2022|access-date=November 10, 2022|first1=Kristin|last1=Fisher|first2=Jackie|last2=Wattles|publisher=CNN|archive-date=November 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004958/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/10/world/artemis-1-rocket-hurricane-nicole-scn/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Artemis I endures 100 mph gust on launch pad during Nicole landfall|first=Richard|last=Tribou|work=Orlando Sentinel|date=November 10, 2022|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/artemis/os-bz-nasa-artemis-i-launch-pad-tower-records-100-mph-gust-hurricane-nicole-20221110-chmzzpybo5dnto3st4huufeple-story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111034143/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/artemis/os-bz-nasa-artemis-i-launch-pad-tower-records-100-mph-gust-hurricane-nicole-20221110-chmzzpybo5dnto3st4huufeple-story.html|archive-date=November 11, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> On November 15, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30&nbsp;pm EST (20:30 UTC).<ref name="NASA-20221114 countdown begins">{{cite web | last=Kraft | first=Rachel | title=Managers Give "Go" to Proceed Toward Launch, Countdown Progressing – Artemis | website=NASA Blogs | publisher=NASA | date=November 14, 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/14/managers-give-go-to-proceed-toward-launch-countdown-progressing/ | access-date=November 15, 2022 | archive-date=December 11, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211214852/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/14/managers-give-go-to-proceed-toward-launch-countdown-progressing/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Flight==
<gallery widths="200">
File:Artemis I SLS with Full Moon (KSC-20220614-PH-JBS01 0332).jpeg|SLS on standby, ready for launch
File:Artemis I Launch (NHQ202211160203).jpeg|SLS just after engine ignition
File:Inside Orion with Callisto (art001e000192).jpg|Inside Orion with mannequin Callisto
File:Orion and Earth (art001e000095).jpg|Orion at the first day of the mission
File:Orion Approaches Moon for Outbound Powered Flyby.jpg|Orion approaches the Moon on day 6
File:Artemis 1 at maximum distance from Earth.jpg|Orion, the Moon and Earth on day 13
File:Mission control on flight day 14.jpg|Mission control on day 14
File:The lunar surface (art001e002162).jpeg|Details of the lunar surface, day 19
File:Moon by Artemis 1.jpg|The Moon after return flyby, day 19
File:Artemis 1 sees Earth before reentry.jpg|Artemis 1 before reentry, day 25
File:Orion descending down to the Pacific Ocean.jpg|Orion descending to the Pacific Ocean
File:Orion off the coast of Baja California.jpg|Orion shortly after splashdown
</gallery>

===Launch===
At 6:47:44 UTC (1:47:44&nbsp;am EST) on November 16, 2022, Artemis 1 successfully launched from [[Astronomy:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|Launch Complex 39B]] (LC-39B) at the Kennedy Space Center.<ref name="reuters 1">{{Cite news |last1=Roulette |first1=Joey |last2=Gorman |first2=Steve |date=November 16, 2022 |title=NASA's next-generation Artemis mission heads to moon on debut test flight |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-artemis-moon-rocket-begins-fueling-debut-launch-2022-11-15/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116115602/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-artemis-moon-rocket-begins-fueling-debut-launch-2022-11-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Artemis 1 was the first launch from LC-39B since Ares I-X. The [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]] and ICPS were both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from the [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System]], achieving orbit approximately 8 and a half minutes after launch.<ref name="auto">{{Citation |title=Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) – Nov. 16, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg |language=en |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116093027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Outbound flight ===
Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes in a trans-lunar injection (TLI) maneuver. [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] then separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/16/orion-on-its-way-to-the-moon/|title=Orion on Its Way to the Moon – Artemis|website=blogs.nasa.gov|access-date=November 17, 2022|archive-date=November 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117190603/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/16/orion-on-its-way-to-the-moon/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 10 [[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSat]] secondary payloads were then deployed from the Orion Stage Adapter, attached to the ICPS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davenport |first=Justin |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Artemis I releases 10 cubesats, including a Moon lander, for technology and research |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-cubesats/ |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118003523/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-cubesats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICPS conducted a final maneuver at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into a [[Astronomy:Heliocentric orbit|heliocentric orbit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gebhardt |first1=Chris |last2=Burghardt |first2=Thomas |date=November 16, 2022 |title=SLS makes successful debut flight, sending Artemis I to the Moon |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-launch-nov/ |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115195836/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/11/artemis-i-launch-nov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 20 at 19:09 UTC, the Orion spacecraft entered the lunar [[Astronomy:Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)|sphere of influence]], where the influence of the Moon's gravity on the spacecraft is greater than that of Earth.<ref name="blogs.nasa.gov">{{Cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day Five: Orion Enters Lunar Sphere of Influence Ahead of Lunar Flyby – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205170831/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/20/artemis-i-flight-day-five-orion-enters-lunar-sphere-of-influence-ahead-of-lunar-flyby/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Lunar orbit ===
On November 21, Orion experienced a planned loss of communication with NASA from 12:25 through 12:59 UTC as it passed behind the moon and no longer had [[Line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight]] to Earth. There, during an automatically controlled maneuver, the first of several trajectory-altering burns, called an "outbound powered flyby burn",<ref name="blogs.nasa.gov"/> to transition [[Engineering:Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] to a [[Astronomy:Distant retrograde orbit|distant retrograde orbit]] began at 12:44 UTC. The [[Engineering:Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System|orbital maneuvering system]] engine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While operating autonomously, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately {{cvt|81|mi|km|order=flip}} above the surface at 12:57 UTC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Artemis I – Flight Day Four: Testing WiFi Signals, Radiator System, GO for Outbound Powered Flyby |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/19/artemis-i-flight-day-four-testing-wifi-signals-radiator-system-go-for-outbound-powered-flyby/ |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=nasa.gov |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120000233/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/19/artemis-i-flight-day-four-testing-wifi-signals-radiator-system-go-for-outbound-powered-flyby/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 21, 2022 |title=Orion Successfully Completes Lunar Flyby, Re-acquires Signal with Earth |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/21/orion-successfully-completes-lunar-flyby-re-acquires-signal-with-earth/ |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=nasa.gov |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121134847/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/21/orion-successfully-completes-lunar-flyby-re-acquires-signal-with-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The spacecraft performed another burn on November 25, firing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) for one minute and twenty-eight seconds, changing Orion's velocity by {{cvt|363|ft/s|km/h}} finally entering orbit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Flight Day 10: Orion Enters Distant Retrograde Orbit – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/25/flight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit/ |access-date=November 26, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224942/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/25/flight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 26, at 13:42 UTC, Orion broke the record for the farthest distance from Earth traveled by an Earth-returning [[Engineering:List of crewed spacecraft|human-rated spacecraft]]. The record was formerly held by the [[Engineering:Apollo 13|Apollo 13]] mission at {{cvt|248,655|miles|order=flip}}.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodson |first=Gerelle |date=November 25, 2022 |title=NASA to Share Artemis I Update with Orion at Farthest Point from Earth |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-share-artemis-i-update-with-orion-at-farthest-point-from-earth |access-date=November 26, 2022 |website=NASA |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000211/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-share-artemis-i-update-with-orion-at-farthest-point-from-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Flight Day 11">{{Cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 11: Orion Surpasses Apollo 13 Record Distance from Earth – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/26/artemis-i-flight-day-11-orion-surpasses-apollo-13-record-distance-from-earth/ |access-date=November 27, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127005036/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/26/artemis-i-flight-day-11-orion-surpasses-apollo-13-record-distance-from-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 28, Orion reached a distance of {{cvt|268563|mi|order=flip}} from Earth, the maximum distance achieved during the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I — Flight Day 13: Orion Goes the (Max) Distance |last=Cheshier |first=Leah |date=November 28, 2022 |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |access-date=December 2, 2022 |website=NASA |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201180657/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/28/artemis-i-flight-day-13-orion-goes-the-max-distance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  On November 30, the Orion spacecraft performed a maintenance burn to maintain its trajectory and decrease its velocity for a planned burn on December 1, at 21:53 UTC, to depart its distant retrograde orbit around the Moon, beginning its journey back to Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I Flight Day 15 – Team Polls "Go" For Distant Retrograde Orbit Departure – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/30/artemis-i-flight-day-15-team-polls-go-for-distant-retrograde-orbit-departure/ |access-date=December 1, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201050217/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/30/artemis-i-flight-day-15-team-polls-go-for-distant-retrograde-orbit-departure/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 5 at 16:43 UTC the spacecraft reached {{cvt|128|km}} from the lunar surface at its closest approach right before an earthbound burn, the "powered return flyby burn", to leave the zone of lunar gravitational influence. The spacecraft once again passed behind the Moon, losing communications with mission control for about half an hour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=December 5, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft completes crucial moon flyby maneuver for trip home |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-moon-flyby-burn-december-5 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205230516/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-moon-flyby-burn-december-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly before the flyby, Orion experienced an electrical anomaly, which was soon resolved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft suffered power blip hours before its close lunar flyby |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-power-blip |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205234536/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-power-blip |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Return flight ===
On December 6 at 7:29 UTC, Orion exited the lunar sphere of influence. It then conducted a minor course correction burn and an inspection of the crew module's thermal protection system and the [[Astronomy:European Service Module|ESM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 21: Orion Leaves Lunar Sphere of Influence, Heads for Home – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/06/artemis-i-flight-day-21-orion-leaves-lunar-sphere-of-influence-heads-for-home/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211083318/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/06/artemis-i-flight-day-21-orion-leaves-lunar-sphere-of-influence-heads-for-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  Over the next few days the mission control team continued to conduct system checks and prepared for reentry and splashdown. On December 10, mission planners announced that the final landing site would be near Guadalupe Island off the Baja peninsula in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I Flight Day 24: Orion Heads Home – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/09/artemis-i-flight-day-24-orion-heads-home/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211160617/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/09/artemis-i-flight-day-24-orion-heads-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The final trajectory correction burn of six total trajectory burns throughout the mission took place the next day five hours before reentry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I – Flight Day 25: Orion in Home Stretch of Journey – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/10/artemis-i-flight-day-25-orion-in-home-stretch-of-journey/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date=December 10, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211165123/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/10/artemis-i-flight-day-25-orion-in-home-stretch-of-journey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Reentry and splashdown ===
[[File:Reentry video as Orion returns from Artemis I.webm|thumb|Reentry video of Artemis 1]]
The spacecraft separated from its service module at around 17:00 UTC on December 11 and then reentered Earth's atmosphere at 17:20 UTC travelling near {{cvt|40000|km/h|mi/h}}.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=December 10, 2022 |title=Here's how NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft will splash down to end its moon mission in 8 not-so-easy steps |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-landing-sequence |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211122353/https://www.space.com/artemis-1-orion-spacecraft-landing-sequence |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first United States use of a "skip entry", a form of [[Astronomy:Non-ballistic atmospheric entry|non-ballistic atmospheric entry]] into the atmosphere, pioneered by [[Astronomy:Zond 7|Zond 7]], in which two phases of deceleration would expose human occupants to relatively less intense G-forces than would be experienced during an Apollo-style reentry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-orion-capsule-heads-splashdown-after-artemis-i-flight-around-moon-2022-12-11/ |title=NASA's Orion capsule heads for splashdown after Artemis I flight around moon |website=Reuters |first1=Joey |last1=Roulette |first2=Steve |last2=Gorman |date=December 11, 2022 |accessdate=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211095422/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-orion-capsule-heads-splashdown-after-artemis-i-flight-around-moon-2022-12-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Orion capsule splashed down at 17:40 UTC (9:40&nbsp;am PST) west of Baja California near Guadalupe Island.<ref name="Splashdown">{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis I moon mission ends as Orion capsule splashes down in Pacific Ocean |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/nasas-artemis-i-mission-ends-orion-capsule-splashes-down-pacific-ocean/LUITMXEH7RF55H5ZLPTQJB6RTA/ |access-date=December 11, 2022 |website=Boston 25 News |language=en |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211174628/https://www.boston25news.com/news/trending/nasas-artemis-i-mission-ends-orion-capsule-splashes-down-pacific-ocean/LUITMXEH7RF55H5ZLPTQJB6RTA/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following splashdown, NASA personnel and the crew of {{USS|Portland|LPD-27|6}} recovered the spacecraft after planned ocean testing of the capsule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Nasa's Orion capsule on target for splashdown |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63907649 |access-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211155550/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63907649 |url-status=live }}</ref> The recovery team spent about two hours performing tests in open water and imaging the craft, namely to investigate signs of atmospheric re-entry, then used a winch and several tending lines to pull the craft into a securing assembly in the [[Engineering:Well dock|well dock]] of the USS ''Portland''. The recovery team included personnel from the US Navy, Space Force, Kennedy Space Center, [[Organization:Johnson Space Center|Johnson Space Center]], and [[Company:Lockheed Martin Space|Lockheed Martin Space]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I Update: Orion Secured Inside USS Portland Ahead of Return to Shore – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/11/artemis-i-update-orion-secured-inside-uss-portland-ahead-of-return-to-shore/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date=December 11, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215050925/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/12/11/artemis-i-update-orion-secured-inside-uss-portland-ahead-of-return-to-shore/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 13, the Orion capsule arrived at the Port of San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bravo |first=Christina |title=Welcome to San Diego, Orion: NASA's Space Capsule Arrives to Port by Navy Ship |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/welcome-to-san-diego-orion-nasas-space-capsule-arrives-to-port-by-navy-ship/3120260/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=NBC 7 San Diego |date=December 13, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214020920/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/welcome-to-san-diego-orion-nasas-space-capsule-arrives-to-port-by-navy-ship/3120260/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Payloads ==
The Orion spacecraft carried three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pasztor |first=Andy |date=April 17, 2018 |title=U.S., Israeli Space Agencies Join Forces to Protect Astronauts From Radiation |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-israeli-space-agencies-join-forces-to-protect-astronauts-from-radiation-1523969713 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829041818/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-israeli-space-agencies-join-forces-to-protect-astronauts-from-radiation-1523969713 |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the [[Astronomy:Apollo program|Apollo program]]),<ref name="planetarysoclaunchguide">{{cite web |title=Artemis I launch guide: What to expect |url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |access-date=August 9, 2022 |website=The Planetary Society |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809143738/https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide |url-status=live}}</ref> occupied the commander's seat inside Orion and was equipped with two radiation sensors in its Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also had sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purposeful Passengers Hitch a Ride on NASA's Artemis I Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/purposeful-passengers-hitch-a-ride-on-nasa-s-artemis-i-mission |publisher=NASA |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815163346/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/purposeful-passengers-hitch-a-ride-on-nasa-s-artemis-i-mission/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:AstroRad NASA.jpg|thumb|AstroRad vest on the International Space Station|right]]
Alongside Moonikin were two phantom torsos: Helga and Zohar, who took part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the [[Organization:German Aerospace Center|German Aerospace Center]] and the Israel Space Agency, measured the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar was shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest and equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga did not wear a vest. The phantoms measured the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active [[Physics:Dosimeter|dosimeter]]s distributed at sensitive and high [[Biology:Stem cell|stem cell]]-concentration tissues.<ref name="Phantoms">{{cite conference |last=Berger |first=Thomas |title=Exploration Missions and Radiation |url=https://ispcs.com/wp-content/uploads/Thomas-Berger-ISPCS-2017-FINAL-1.compressed.pdf |access-date=June 22, 2018 |conference=International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight |date=October 11–12, 2017 |location=Las Cruces, New Mexico |publisher=ISPCS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622073114/https://ispcs.com/wp-content/uploads/Thomas-Berger-ISPCS-2017-FINAL-1.compressed.pdf |archive-date=June 22, 2018}}</ref> The test provided data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orion "Passengers" on Artemis I to Test Radiation Vest for Deep Space Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions |publisher=NASA |date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719041636/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carried a plush doll of NASA's Snoopy as zero-g indicator<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warner |first1=Cheryl |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Snoopy to Fly on NASA's Artemis I Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission |access-date=August 9, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810023235/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and a Shaun the Sheep toy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaun the Sheep to fly on Artemis I lunar mission |url=https://www.aardman.com/latest-news/shaun-the-sheep-esa-artemis-i |website=aardman.com |access-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808102630/https://www.aardman.com/latest-news/shaun-the-sheep-esa-artemis-i |url-status=live}}</ref> representing the ESA's European Service Module contribution to the mission.

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis 1 also carried commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis I Official Flight Kit |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_i_official_flight_kit.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817105322/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_i_official_flight_kit.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A technology demonstration called Callisto, named after [[Astronomy:Callisto (mythology)|the mythical figure]] associated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with [[Company:Amazon|Amazon]] and [[Company:Cisco|Cisco]], was also aboard. Callisto used video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and used the [[Software:Amazon Alexa|Amazon Alexa]] [[Engineering:Virtual assistant|virtual assistant]] to respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public could submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2022 |title=How to send a message into space aboard Artemis I |url=https://www.9news.com/article/tech/science/nasa-artemis-launch-callisto-space-project/73-393296a7-bd81-400e-9da3-c79c8f19a9f9 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=KUSA.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220902182857/https://www.9news.com/article/tech/science/nasa-artemis-launch-callisto-space-project/73-393296a7-bd81-400e-9da3-c79c8f19a9f9 |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2022|11|26}}

===Cubesats===
[[File:Orion Stage Adapter (OSA) Secondary Payload Cubesat (KSC-20210805-PH-CSH01 0009).jpg|thumb|Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed]]

Ten low-cost [[Engineering:CubeSat|CubeSat]]s, all in six-unit configurations,<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-seeking-proposals-for-cubesats-on-second-sls-launch/ |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=SpaceNews |quote=Unlike Artemis 1, which will fly six-unit cubesats only... }}</ref> flew as [[Engineering:Secondary payload|secondary payload]]s.<ref name=":5" /> They were carried within the Stage Adapter above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA's [[Astronomy:Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships|Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships]], three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.<ref name="AdapterInstalled">{{Cite journal |last=Latifiyan |first=Pouya |date=August 2022 |title=Artemis 1 and space communications |journal=Qoqnoos Scientific Magazine |page=3}}</ref> These CubeSats were:<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Spaceflight Now |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012150642/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:ArgoMoon|ArgoMoon]], designed by Argotec and coordinated by the [[Organization:Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency]], was designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage.

* [[Astronomy:BioSentinel|BioSentinel]] contains [[Biology:Yeast|yeast]] cards that are rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the [[Astronomy:Health threat from cosmic rays|effects of deep space radiation]]. In August 2023, NASA extended BioSentinel's mission into November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/nasa-extends-biosentinels-mission-to-measure-deep-space-radiation |title=NASA Extends BioSentinel's Mission to Measure Deep Space Radiation |work=nasa.gov |date=Aug 8, 2023 |access-date=Aug 8, 2023}}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:CubeSat for Solar Particles|CubeSat for Solar Particles]], designed by the [[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]], was to orbit the Sun in interplanetary space and study its [[Astronomy:Solar energetic particles|particle]] and [[Astronomy:Sun#Magnetic activity|magnetic]] activity. Contact was lost soon after launch and never recovered.

* [[Astronomy:EQUULEUS|EQUULEUS]], designed by Japan's [[Organization:JAXA|JAXA]] and the University of Tokyo, was to image the Earth's [[Astronomy:Plasmasphere|plasmasphere]], impact craters on the [[Astronomy:Far side of the Moon|Moon's far side]], and conduct small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon. EQUULEUS filmed the Green Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |url=https://www.space.com/japanaese-moon-cubesat-sees-green-comet-C2022E3-video |title=Green comet seen from space by Artemis 1 moon mission cubesat (video) |work=Space.com |date=February 21, 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 }}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:Lunar IceCube|Lunar IceCube]], a lunar orbiter designed by [[Organization:Morehead State University|Morehead State University]], was to use its [[Physics:Infrared spectroscopy|infrared spectrometer]] to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of the Moon|exosphere]]. Contact was lost soon after launch.

* [[Astronomy:Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper|Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper]] ("LunaH-Map"), selected by the NASA [[Astronomy:Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration|SIMPLEx program]],<ref name="simplex-2015">NASA, [https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=478898/solicitationId=%7B1DDABD1B-6261-1D15-874A-67BB42357C3A%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/SIMPLEx14%20Selections_Abstracts.pdf Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration Program Abstracts of selected proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117165532/https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=478898/solicitationId=%7B1DDABD1B-6261-1D15-874A-67BB42357C3A%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/SIMPLEx14%20Selections_Abstracts.pdf |date=November 17, 2022 }}, August 8, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref> a lunar orbiter designed by [[Organization:Arizona State University|Arizona State University]], was to search for evidence of [[Astronomy:Lunar water|lunar water ice]] inside [[Astronomy:Permanently shadowed crater|permanently shadowed crater]]s using its neutron detector. The engines failed to ignite and after months of unsuccessful recovery attempts the satellite was declared lost.<ref>{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-1-cubesat-ice-hunting-mission-ends |title=Artemis 1 cubesat finishes mission after detecting water and ice on the moon |work=Space.com |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 }}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout|Near-Earth Asteroid Scout]], designed by NASA's [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], was a [[Physics:Solar sail|solar sail]] that would have flown by a [[Astronomy:Near-Earth asteroid|near-Earth asteroid]]. Communications with the spacecraft were not successful and after many efforts, NEA Scout was considered lost.

* [[Astronomy:OMOTENASHI|OMOTENASHI]], designed by [[Organization:JAXA|JAXA]], a lunar probe which would have attempted to land using solid rocket motors, but failed to function properly and the landing sequence was never started.

* [[Astronomy:LunIR|LunIR]], designed by Lockheed Martin, performed a flyby of the Moon to collect its surface [[Physics:Infrared spectroscopy|thermography]]. An “unexpected issue with the radio signal” kept the spacecraft from conducting any observations during the flyby.

* [[Astronomy:Team Miles|Team Miles]], designed by Fluid and Reason LLC, was planned to demonstrate [[Physics:Plasma propulsion engine|low-thrust plasma propulsion]] in deep space. Team Miles was deployed but contact was not established with the spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=TEAMMILES |title=Team Miles |work=NASA Space Science Coordinated Archive |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>

Three other CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis 1 but missed the integration deadline, and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contained thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Gina |last2=Porter |first2=Molly |date=June 8, 2017 |title=Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on NASA's First Flight of Orion, Space Launch System |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system |publisher=NASA |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806051921/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:Cislunar Explorers|Cislunar Explorers]] would demonstrate the viability of water electrolysis propulsion and interplanetary optical navigation to orbit the Moon. It was designed by [[Organization:Cornell University|Cornell University]], Ithaca, New York<!-- DO NOT LINK, see MOS:GEOLINK for further guidance -->.<ref name="ss-202110032">{{cite web |last=Ohana |first=Lavie |date=October 3, 2021 |title=Four Artemis I CubeSats miss their ride |url=https://www.spacescout.info/2021/10/four-artemis-i-cubesats-miss-their-ride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417061728/https://www.spacescout.info/2021/10/four-artemis-i-cubesats-miss-their-ride/ |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |publisher=Space Scout}}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:Lunar Flashlight|Lunar Flashlight]] was a lunar orbiter that would seek exposed water ice and map its concentration at the {{cvt|1|-|2|km}} scale within the permanently shadowed regions of the [[Astronomy:Lunar south pole|lunar south pole]].<ref name="SSERVI Flash2015">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Lunar Flashlight |url=http://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/lunar-flashlight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913141407/http://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/lunar-flashlight/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |work=Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="RPMWall">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=October 9, 2014 |title=NASA Is Studying How to Mine the Moon for Water |publisher=Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/27388-nasa-moon-mining-missions-water.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111013713/http://www.space.com/27388-nasa-moon-mining-missions-water.html |archive-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref> Lunar Flashlight was remanifested to launch as a rideshare with the [[Astronomy:Hakuto-R Mission 1|Hakuto-R Mission 1]] on a [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]]. The launch took place on 11 December 2022.<ref name="nsf-20221208">{{cite web |last=Rosenstein |first=Sawyer |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/12/hakuto-r-m1/ |title=SpaceX launches Falcon 9 carrying private Japanese moon lander |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="nasa-20221028">{{cite web |date=October 28, 2022 |title=NASA's Lunar Flashlight Ready to Search for the Moon's Water Ice |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-lunar-flashlight-ready-to-search-for-the-moon-s-water-ice/ |access-date=October 29, 2022 |work=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028190822/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-lunar-flashlight-ready-to-search-for-the-moon-s-water-ice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A failure of the craft's propulsion system resulted in Lunar Flashlight being unable to enter orbit around the Moon and NASA terminated the mission on May 12, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |title=NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Astronomy:Earth Escape Explorer|Earth Escape Explorer]] would demonstrate long-distance communications while in [[Astronomy:Heliocentric orbit|heliocentric orbit]]. It was designed by the [[Organization:University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado Boulder]].<ref name="ss-202110032" />

== Media outreach ==
[[File:Artemis 1 Boarding-pass.jpg|thumb|Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission]]The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and [[Astronomy:Exploration Ground Systems|Exploration Ground Systems]] teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 was launched. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hambleton |first=Kathryn |date=January 16, 2018 |title=Artemis 1 Identifier |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-1-identifier |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805172711/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-1-identifier/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2022 |title=How NASA's Artemis program plans to return astronauts to the moon |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-nasas-artemis-program-plans-to-return-astronauts-to-the-moon |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Science |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824113854/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-nasas-artemis-program-plans-to-return-astronauts-to-the-moon |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Northon |first=Karen |date=September 26, 2018 |title=NASA Unveils Sustainable Campaign to Return to Moon, on to Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-unveils-sustainable-campaign-to-return-to-moon-on-to-mars |access-date=August 25, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064351/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-unveils-sustainable-campaign-to-return-to-moon-on-to-mars/ |url-status=live}}</ref> though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Nasa's Artemis moon mission explained |first=Jon |last=Kelvey |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-1-moon-mission-nasa-explained-b2151469.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=The Independent |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104847/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-1-moon-mission-nasa-explained-b2151469.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted were written to a flash drive stored inside the Orion spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marples |first=Megan |date=March 11, 2022 |title=NASA will send your name around the moon. Here's how to sign up |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/world/nasa-name-submission-artemis-i-mission-scn/index.html |access-date=August 24, 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824125217/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/world/nasa-name-submission-artemis-i-mission-scn/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Your name can fly around the moon on NASA's Artemis 1 mission |url=https://www.space.com/fly-name-around-moon-nasa-artemis-1-mission |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=Space.com |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824125216/https://www.space.com/fly-name-around-moon-nasa-artemis-1-mission |url-status=live}}</ref> Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Future Engineers: Moon Pod Essay Contest |url=https://www.futureengineers.org/artemismoonpodessay |url-status=live |access-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326131113/https://www.futureengineers.org/artemismoonpodessay/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Astronomy:List of Artemis missions|List of Artemis missions]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.nasa.gov/specials/trackartemis/ Artemis Real-time Orbit Website], NASA
* [https://www.nasa.gov/artemislive/ Live Video Stream from the Artemis I Orion Spacecraft]

{{Artemis program}}
{{Orion program}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}

[[Category:Artemis program]]
[[Category:Orion (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that orbited the Moon]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]

{{Sourceattribution|Artemis 1}}