View source for Engineering:Australia II

{{Short description|Australian racing yacht}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Americas Cup Yacht
| title        = Australia II
| image        = Australia II pan.JPG
| caption      = 
| nat          = {{flagcountry|AUS|civil}}
| ac_year      = 1983
| type         = 
| class        = 12-metre
| designer     = Ben Lexcen
| builder      = Steve Ward
| launched     = 1982
| owner        = Alan Bond<br />Australian Government c.1985
| skip         = John Bertrand
| crew         = 
| wins         = 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup<br>1983 America's Cup
| boats        = KA–6
| fate         = 
| displacement = 21.8 tons
| length       = {{convert|19.21|m}} (LOA)<br />{{convert|13.10|m}} (LWL)
| beam         = {{convert|3.64|m}}
| draft        = {{convert|2.72|m}}
| sail         = {{convert|175|m2}}
| notes        = 
}}

'''''Australia II''''' (KA 6) is an Australian 12-metre-class America's Cup challenge racing yacht that was launched in 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=http://33rd.americascup.com/en/contexte/que-sont-ils-devenus/index.php?idIndex=25&idContent=680 |title=1983 – Australia II – KA 6 |author=J.T. |website=33rd America's Cup |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134121/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/contexte/que-sont-ils-devenus/index.php?idIndex=25&idContent=680 |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> and won the 1983 America's Cup for the Royal Perth Yacht Club. Skippered by John Bertrand, she was the first successful Cup challenger, ending a 132-year tenure (with 26 successful defences) by the New York Yacht Club.

==Design==
''Australia II'' was designed by Ben Lexcen, built by Steve Ward, owned by Alan Bond and skippered by John Bertrand. Lexcen's ''Australia II'' design featured a reduced waterline length and a short chord [[Engineering:Winged keel|winged keel]] which gave the boat a significant advantage in manoeuvrability and heeling moment (lower ballast centre of gravity) but it was a significant disadvantage in choppy seas. The boat was also very quick in stays.<ref name="NYT1988">{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Anderson |title=Sports of the Times; Yachting's Crocodile Dundee |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/05/sports/sports-of-the-times-yachting-s-crocodile-dundee.html?pagewanted=all |department=Sports |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=5 May 1988}}</ref> The winged keel was a major design advance, and its legality was questioned by the New York Yacht Club. During the summer of 1983, as selection trials took place for the Cup defence that autumn, the New York Yacht Club challenged the legality of the keel design. The controversy was decided in ''Australia II''{{'}}s favour.<ref name="Readex" />

''Australia II'' sported a number of other innovative features that contributed to her success, including radical vertical sail designs, all-[[Chemistry:Kevlar|kevlar]] running rigging and a lightweight carbon fibre boom.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mge6wAfUMtsC&pg=PA70 |title=America's Cup 1983: Sailmaker's Laboratory |magazine=Yachting |volume=155 |issue=2 |pages=66–70 |date=February 1984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/04/sports/liberty-sees-no-need-for-winged-keel.html |title=LIBERTY SEES NO NEED FOR WINGED KEEL |last=Fishman |first=Joanne A. |date=4 September 1983 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |access-date=24 September 2018 |language=en }}</ref>

[[File:Australia-II-keel (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Winged keel of ''Australia II'']]

===Later claims of Dutch design===
In 2009, more than two decades after Ben Lexcen's death, Dutch naval architect Peter van Oossanen claimed that the winged keel was actually designed by him and his group of Dutch designers, and not Lexcen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/winged-keel-not-lexcens-design-dutch-architect-claims-20091013-gvnr.html |location=Melbourne, Australia |work=The Age |title=Winged keel not Lexcen's design, Dutch architect claims |first=Rick |last=Feneley |date=14 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proboat.com/winged-victory.html |title=Winged Victory |last=Spurr |first=Dan |date=October–November 2009 |work=Professional Boatbuilder |issue=121}}</ref> If true, this would have been reason to disqualify ''Australia II'', since the rules then stated that challenging yachts were to be designed only by citizens of the nations they represented.

The controversy arose due to Cup rules allowing designers to use [[Ship model basin|model basins]] for testing that were not located in the challenging country. Model testing was performed in the Netherlands and Peter van Oossanen and another Dutch engineer, Joop Sloof, performed measurements and analyses related to evaluation of winged keel designs.

The suggestion that the vessel was not designed by Australians has been refuted by both John Bertrand and project manager John Longley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/10/14/2713480.htm |title=Dutchman Claims Australia II Keel Design |last=Donald |first=Timothy |date=14 October 2009 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/09/1019/ |title=Scuttlebutt News |last=Longley |first=John |date=19 October 2009 |website=Scuttlebutt News |type=letter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026060758/http://archive.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/09/1019/ |archive-date=26 October 2013  }}{{unreliable source? |date=June 2013}}</ref> Furthermore, it is well established that Lexcen had been experimenting with wing adaptations to the undersurface appendages of boats before, including his 1958 skiffs ''Taipan'' and ''Venom'', although in the latter application they were not determined to be effective and not further adopted.

In 1983 Lexcen commented on the design issue: "I have in mind to admit it all to the New York Yacht Club that I really owe the secret of the design to a Greek guy who helped me out and was invaluable. He's been dead for 2000 years. Bloody [[Biography:Archimedes|Archimedes]]..."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/09/1002b/ |title=Ben Lexcen: A crazy, lovable rogue |last=Robinson |first=Blue |date=2 October 2009 |orig-year=2007 |work=Scuttlebutt News}}</ref>

==Competitions==
===Louis Vuitton Cup===
''Australia II'' dominated the 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup before defeating ''Azzurra'' in the semi-finals and ''Victory {{'}}83'' in the final to win the trophy and earn the right to challenge for the America's Cup.<ref>{{cite news |first= Dave |last= Anderson |title=  SPORTS OF THE TIMES; Yachting's Crocodile Dundee |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/05/sports/sports-of-the-times-yachting-s-crocodile-dundee.html?pagewanted=all |work= Sports |publisher= New York Times |date= 5 May 1988 |access-date= 13 March 2008 }}</ref>

===America's Cup===
Australia II, bearing sail number KA6,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://northsails.com/sailing/en/2017/05/1983-a-wing-for-the-books |title=1983 – A 'Wing' for the Books |date=19 May 2017 |website=North Sails |language=en-US |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> represented the Royal Perth Yacht Club of Australia in its September 1983 challenge for the America's Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpyc.com.au/our-club/our-history/americas-cup/ |title=America's Cup |website=Royal Perth Yacht Club |language=en-US |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> The defender, the New York Yacht Club, had held the cup since 1851,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.americascup.com/en/defenders-and-challengers |title=Defenders & Challengers 1851–2017 |website=America's Cup |language=en-US |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> dominating challengers and sustaining the longest winning streak in sport.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/australian-sport/moments/americas-cup |title=Longest winning streak in sporting history – broken |work=Defining Moments in Australian History |publisher=National Museum of Australia |language=en-us |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref>

''Australia II'', skippered by John Bertrand, faced Dennis Conner sailing the 12-metre ''Liberty'' in the ocean off Newport, Rhode Island. ''Australia II'' came from behind to prevail 4 races to 3. The victory on 26 September 1983<ref>{{cite web |url=http://32nd.americascup.com/en/acclopaedia/boatdestiny/index.php?idIndex=0&idContent=1851|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701114442/http://32nd.americascup.com/en/acclopaedia/boatdestiny/index.php?idIndex=0&idContent=1851|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2012|title=1983 – Australia II – KA 6|website=Ac-clopedia|publisher=AC Management S.A. Sucursal en España |date=25 September 2011 |access-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> was a landmark event for the nation of Australia, not to mention the Royal Perth Yacht Club. The achievement was underscored when ''Australia II'' was awarded the ABC ''Wide World of Sports'' Athlete of the Year for 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/abcsports/wwos/athletesoftheyear.html |title=Wide World of Sports Athletes of the Year |website=ESPN |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref>
The crew of ''Australia II'' for the America's Cup races was John Bertrand (skipper), Will Baillieu, Colin Beashel, Rob Brown, Peter Costello, Damian Fewster, James Hardy (alternate helm), Ken Judge, Skip Lissiman, John Longley, Scott McAllister, Brian Richardson, Phil Smidmore, Grant Simmer, and Hugh Treharne.<ref name="TheAustralian">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/winged-keel-and-a-prayer/news-story/bef060756ed151586954e4cfdb816f13 |title=Winged keel and a prayer |last=King |first=Simon |date=26 September 2013 |work=The Australian |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> Beashel was an Olympic medal winning sailor who competed at six Olympic games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sail-world.com/32858 |title=Historic day for Colin Beashel and Alruth |last=Campbell |first=Peter |date=22 April 2007 |website=Sail World |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> Richardson was a dual-Olympian oarsman who had stroked the Australian men's eight at the Moscow 1980 Olympics<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/17753/results/richardson-brian |title=Brian Richardson |website=World Rowing |access-date=24 September 2018 }}</ref> and Baillieu had also rowed for Australia, in a coxed four at the 1972 Munich Olympics.

==Popular culture==
The ''Boxing Kangaroo'' was the official mascot of the ''Australia II'' effort.<ref name="TheAustralian" />

The win was received with much enthusiasm in Australia, with the Men at Work song "Down Under" becoming the official anthem for the crew.<ref name="Readex">{{Cite web |url=https://www.readex.com/blog/we-come-land-down-under-australia%E2%80%99s-thrilling-victory-1983-america%E2%80%99s-cup |title=We Come from a Land Down Under: Australia's Thrilling Victory in the 1983 America's Cup |last=Paolacci |first=Louise |date=12 September 2013 |website=Readex |language=en |access-date=24 September 2018  |publisher=[[Organization:NewsBank|NewsBank]]}}</ref>

==Retirement==
In the mid-1980s, ''Australia II'' was sold by Alan Bond to the Australian government.<ref name=SMHausII>{{cite news |title=Go west: Australia II heads for home |date=27 October 2000 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |page=3}}</ref> She was lent to the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney for display in 1991.<ref name=SMHausII/> In 2000, ''Australia II'' was removed from the National Maritime Museum and transferred to the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle.<ref name=SMHausII/> For the 150th anniversary celebrations of the America's Cup in 2001, she was removed from the museum and shipped to the Isle of Wight, sailing with the original crew for several days of commemorative regattas.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCormick|first=Herb|title=THE BOATING REPORT; Past and Present Toast America's Cup Together|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/sports/the-boating-report-past-and-present-toast-america-s-cup-together.html|access-date=10 February 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=19 August 2001}}</ref> ''Australia II'' was returned to the Western Australian Maritime Museum, where she is on permanent display.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museum.wa.gov.au/museums/maritime/tin-canoe-australia-ii-gallery|title=Tin Canoe to Australia II Gallery|website=WA Maritime Museum|access-date=2020-12-04}}</ref>

In 2017, the Team of Australia II were among the inaugural inductees to the Australian Sailing Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sailinghalloffame.org.au/inductee/the-team-of-australia-ii/|title=The Team of Australia II|website=Australian Sailing Hall of Fame|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Schmitt, Hugh. (1987) ''Australia II – details on the housing of the yacht'' The West Australian 28 May 1987, p.&nbsp;16a-c b

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134121/http://33rd.americascup.com/en/contexte/que-sont-ils-devenus/index.php?idIndex=25&idContent=680  33rd America's Cup: Where are they now: Australia II  KA 6]


{{Coord|display=title|-31.949560|115.861391|type:landmark_region:AU}}

[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]

{{Sourceattribution|Australia II}}