View source for Engineering:Boat

{{short description|Vessel for transport by water}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
[[File:Motorboat at Kankaria lake.JPG|thumb|right|A recreational [[Engineering:Motorboat|motorboat]] with an outboard motor]]

A '''boat''' is a [[Engineering:Watercraft|watercraft]] of a large range of types and sizes, but generally smaller than a ship, which is distinguished by its larger size, shape, cargo or passenger capacity, or its ability to carry boats.

Small boats are typically found on inland waterways such as [[Earth:River|river]]s and [[Earth:Lake|lake]]s, or in protected coastal areas. However, some boats, such as the [[Engineering:Whaleboat|whaleboat]], were intended for use in an offshore environment. In modern naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard a ship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cutler|first=Thomas J.|date=October 2017|title=Bluejacket's Manual - Of Ships and Boats and . . .|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2017/october/bluejackets-manual-ships-and-boats-and|journal=Naval History Magazine|volume=31|issue=5}}</ref>

Boats vary in proportion and construction methods with their intended purpose, available materials, or local traditions. Canoes have been used since prehistoric times and remain in use throughout the world for transportation, fishing, and sport. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to match local conditions. Pleasure craft used in [[Engineering:Boating|recreational boating]] include ski boats, pontoon boats, and [[Engineering:Sailboat|sailboat]]s. House boats may be used for vacationing or long-term residence. [[Engineering:Lighter (barge)|Lighters]] are used to move cargo to and from large ships unable to get close to shore. Lifeboats have rescue and safety functions.

Boats can be propelled by manpower (e.g. rowboats and [[Engineering:Pedalo|paddle boats]]), wind  (e.g. [[Engineering:Sailboat|sailboat]]s), and [[Engineering:Inboard motor|inboard]]/[[Engineering:Outboard motor|outboard]] motors (including gasoline, diesel, and [[Physics:Electric motor|electric]]).

== History ==
[[File:Silver model of a boat, tomb PG 789, Royal Cemetery of UR, 2600-2500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Silver model of a boat, tomb PG 789, Royal Cemetery of Ur, 2600–2500 BCE]]
{{Further|History:Maritime history}}
===Differentiation from other prehistoric watercraft===
The earliest watercraft are considered to have been rafts. These would have been used for voyages such as the settlement of Australia sometime between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. 

A boat differs from a [[Engineering:Raft|raft]] by obtaining its buoyancy by having most of its structure exclude water with a waterproof layer, e.g. the planks of a wooden hull, the hide covering (or tarred canvas) of a [[Engineering:Currach|currach]]. In contrast, a raft is buoyant because it joins together components that are themselves buoyant, for example, logs, bamboo poles, bundles of reeds, floats (such as inflated hides, sealed pottery containers or, in a modern context, empty oil drums). The key difference between a raft and a boat is that the former is a "flow through" structure, with waves able to pass up through it. Consequently, except for short river crossings, a raft is not a practical means of transport in colder regions of the world as the users would be at risk of [[Physics:Hypothermia|hypothermia]]. Today that climatic limitation restricts rafts to between 40° north and 40° south, with, in the past, similar boundaries that have moved as the world's climate has varied.{{r|McGrail 2001|p=11}}

===Types===
The earliest boats may have been either dugouts or hide boats.<ref name="McGrail 2001">
{{cite book|last=McGrail|first=Sean|title=Boats of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-814468-7}}</ref>{{rp|11}} The oldest recovered boat in the world, the Pesse canoe, found in the Netherlands, is a dugout made from the hollowed tree trunk of a ''[[Biology:Pinus sylvestris|Pinus sylvestris]]'' that was constructed somewhere between 8200 and 7600 BC. This canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands.<ref name="Van der Heide">{{cite book|last=Van der Heide|first=G. D.|title=Scheepsarcheologie in Nederland|trans-title=Archeology of ships in the Netherlands|publisher=Strengholt|year=1974|location=Naarden|page=507}}</ref><ref name="Boat of Pesse">{{cite web|title=World's oldest boat|url=http://www.drentsmuseum.nl/collections/archaeology.html|access-date=2013-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529221723/http://www.drentsmuseum.nl/collections/archaeology.html|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered.<ref name="chinaorg2002">{{cite web|title=Oldest Boat Unearthed|publisher=China.org.cn|url=http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm|access-date=2008-05-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102183359/http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm|archive-date=2009-01-02}}</ref><ref name="McGrail431">{{cite book|last=McGrail|first=Sean|title=Boats of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford, UK|page=431|isbn=978-0-19-814468-7}}</ref><ref name="italy2005">{{cite web|title=8,000-year-old dug out canoe on show in Italy|publisher=Stone Pages Archeo News|url=http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/001511.html|access-date=2008-08-17}}</ref> Hide boats, made from covering a framework with animal skins, could be equally as old as logboats, but such a structure is much less likely to survive in an archaeological context.<ref name="Adams 2013">{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Jonathan |title=A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |isbn=9781782970453}}</ref>{{rp|at=ch 4 Northern Europe}}

Plank-built boats are considered, in most cases, to have developed from the logboat. There are examples of logboats that have been expanded: by deforming the hull under the influence of heat, by raising up the sides with added planks, or by splitting down the middle and adding a central plank to make it wider. (Some of these methods have been in quite recent use{{snd}}there is no simple developmental sequence). The earliest known plank-built boats are from the Nile, dating to the third millennium BC. Outside Egypt, the next earliest are from England. The [[Engineering:Ferriby Boats|Ferriby boats]] are dated to the early part of the second millennium BC and the end of the third millennium.{{r|Adams 2013|at=ch 4 Northern Europe; Mediterranean Region}} Plank-built boats require a level of woodworking technology that was first available in the [[History:Neolithic|neolithic]] with more complex versions only becoming achievable in the [[History:Bronze Age|Bronze Age]].<ref name="McGrail 2014a">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : European water transport |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Archaeology |location=South Yorkshire, England |isbn=9781781593929}}</ref>{{rp|59}}

==Types==
[[File:সারি সারি পাল তোলা নৌকা.jpg|thumb|right|Boats with sails in Bangladesh]]
{{main|Engineering:List of boat types}}
Boats can be categorized by their means of propulsion. These divide into:
# Unpowered. This involves drifting with the tide or a river current.
# Powered by the crew-members on board, using [[Engineering:Rowing|oars]], paddles or a punting pole or quant.
# Powered by [[Engineering:Sail|sail]].
# Towed{{snd}}either by humans or animals from a river or canal bank (or in very shallow water, by walking on the sea or river bed) or by another vessel.
# Powered by machinery, such as internal combustion engines, steam engines or by batteries and an electric motor.<br>Any one vessel may use more than one of these methods at different times or in combination.<ref name="McGrail 2014">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : European water transport |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Archaeology |location=South Yorkshire, England |isbn=9781781593929}}</ref>{{rp|33}}

A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. [[Engineering:Submarine|Submarine]]s are a prime example.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief of Naval Operations |date=March 2001 |title=The Saga of the Submarine: Early Years to the Beginning of Nuclear Power |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114164154/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |access-date=2008-10-03 |publisher=United States Navy}}</ref>  Other types of large vessels which are traditionally called boats include [[Engineering:Lake freighter|Great Lakes freighters]], [[Engineering:Riverboat|riverboat]]s, and ferryboats.<ref name="Williams">{{Citation |last=Williams |first=Charles Frederic |title=Utmost care to Watercourses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA440 |volume=28 |page=440 |year=1895 |editor-last=Merrill |editor-first=John Houston |series=The American and English Encyclopædia of Law |contribution=Vessel |publisher=Edward Thompson Company |editor2-last=Williams |editor2-first=Charles Frederic |editor3-last=Michie |editor3-first=Thomas Johnson |editor4-last=Garland |editor4-first=David Shephard}}</ref> Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.

==Terminology==
{{further|Engineering:Glossary of nautical terms}}
The [[Engineering:Hull (watercraft)|hull]] is the main, and in some cases only, structural component of a boat.  It provides both capacity and [[Physics:Buoyancy|buoyancy]]. The [[Engineering:Keel|keel]] is a boat's "backbone", a lengthwise structural member to which the perpendicular frames are fixed. On some boats a [[Engineering:Deck (ship)|deck]] covers the hull, in part or whole. While a ship often has several decks, a boat is unlikely to have more than one. Above the deck are often [[Engineering:Lifeline (safety)|lifelines]] connected to stanchions, bulwarks perhaps topped by gunnels, or some combination of the two. A [[Engineering:Cabin (ship)|cabin]] may protrude above the deck forward, aft, along the centerline, or covering much of the length of the boat. Vertical structures dividing the internal spaces are known as [[Engineering:Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s.

The forward end of a boat is called the bow, the aft end the [[Engineering:Stern|stern]]. Facing forward the right side is referred to as [[Engineering:Starboard|starboard]] and the left side as [[Port and starboard|port]].

== Building materials ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Toba Batak prauw met houtsnijwerk op de voorsteven TMnr 60011149.jpg|thumb|Traditional Toba [[Social:Batak|Batak]] boat ({{Circa|1870}}), photograph by Kristen Feilberg]]
[[File:Boats at Bhimili beach in Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in Visakhapatnam, India]]

Until the mid-19th century most boats were made of natural materials, primarily wood, although  bark and animal skins were also used. Early boats include the [[Chemistry:Birch bark|birch bark]] canoe, the animal hide-covered kayak<ref>{{cite book |last= Streever |first= Bill |title= Cold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places |url= https://archive.org/details/coldadventuresin00stre |url-access= registration |location= New York |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |year= 2009 |page= [https://archive.org/details/coldadventuresin00stre/page/154 154]|isbn= 9780316042918 }}</ref> and [[Engineering:Coracle|coracle]] and the [[Engineering:Dugout canoe|dugout canoe]] made from a single log.

By the mid-19th century, some boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood. In 1855 ferro-cement boat construction was patented by the French, who coined the name "ferciment". This is a system by which a steel or iron wire framework is built in the shape of a boat's hull and covered over with cement. Reinforced with bulkheads and other internal structure it is strong but heavy, easily repaired, and, if sealed properly, will not leak or corrode.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bingham |first=Bruce |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858712 |title=Ferro-cement: design, techniques, and application. |date=1974 |publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |isbn=0-87033-178-7 |location=Cambridge, Md. |oclc=858712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrocement – The World of Ferroboats |url=https://www.ferrocement.org/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As the forests of Britain and Europe continued to be over-harvested to supply the keels of larger wooden boats, and the [[Engineering:Bessemer process|Bessemer process]] ([[Social:Patent|patent]]ed in 1855) cheapened the cost of steel, steel ships and boats began to be more common. By the 1930s boats built entirely of steel from frames to plating were seen replacing wooden boats in many industrial uses and fishing fleets. Private recreational boats of steel remain uncommon. In 1895 WH Mullins produced steel boats of galvanized iron and by 1930 became the world's largest producer of pleasure boats.

Mullins also offered boats in aluminum from 1895 through 1899 and once again in the 1920s,<ref>WH Mullins boat history, Salem Ohio</ref> but it was not until the mid-20th century that [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminium]] gained widespread popularity. Though much more expensive than steel, aluminum alloys exist that do not corrode in salt water, allowing a similar load carrying capacity to steel at much less weight.

Around the mid-1960s, boats made of [[Chemistry:Fiberglass|fiberglass]] (aka "glassfibre") became popular, especially for recreational boats. Fiberglass is also known as "GRP" (glass-reinforced plastic) in the UK, and "FRP" (for fiber-reinforced plastic) in the US. Fiberglass boats are strong, and do not rust, corrode, or rot. Instead, they are susceptible to structural degradation from sunlight and extremes in temperature over their lifespan. Fiberglass structures can be made stiffer with sandwich panels, where the fiberglass encloses a lightweight core such as balsa<ref>.. as in the Iroqois [[Engineering:Catamaran|catamaran]]</ref> or foam.

[[Engineering:Strip-built|Cold molding]] is a modern construction method, using wood as the structural component. In one cold molding process, very thin strips of wood are layered over a form. Each layer is coated with resin, followed by another directionally alternating layer laid on top. Subsequent layers may be stapled or otherwise mechanically fastened to the previous, or weighted or vacuum bagged to provide compression and stabilization until the resin sets. An alternative process uses thin sheets of plywood shaped over a disposable male mold, and coated with epoxy.

==Propulsion==
The most common means of boat propulsion are as follows:
* Engine
** [[Engineering:Inboard motor|Inboard motor]]
** Stern drive (Inboard/outboard)
** [[Engineering:Outboard motor|Outboard motor]]
** [[Engineering:Paddle wheel|Paddle wheel]]
** Water jet ([[Engineering:Jetboat|jetboat]], personal water craft)
** Fan (hovercraft, air boat)
* Man (rowing, paddling, setting pole etc.)
* Wind ([[Engineering:Sail|sail]]ing)

==Buoyancy==
{{Main|Physics:Buoyancy}}

A boat [[Physics:Displacement (fluid)|displaces]] its weight in water, regardless whether it is made of wood, steel, fiberglass, or even concrete.  If weight is added to the boat, the volume of the hull drawn below the waterline will increase to keep the balance above and below the surface equal.  Boats have a natural or designed level of buoyancy.  Exceeding it will cause the boat first to ride lower in the water, second to take on water more readily than when properly loaded, and ultimately, if overloaded by any combination of structure, cargo, and water, sink.

As commercial vessels must be correctly loaded to be safe, and as the sea becomes less buoyant in brackish areas such as the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic]], the [[Engineering:Waterline|Plimsoll line]] was introduced to prevent overloading.

==European Union classification==
Since 1998 all new leisure boats and barges built in Europe between 2.5m and 24m must comply with the [[Social:European Union|EU]]'s Recreational Craft Directive (RCD). The Directive establishes four categories that permit the allowable wind and wave conditions for vessels in each class:<ref>"The Barge Buyer's Handbook" - DBA publications {{ISBN|9780953281954}}</ref>
*Class A - the boat may safely navigate any waters.
*Class B - the boat is limited to offshore navigation. (Winds up to Force 8 & waves up to 4 metres) 
*Class C - the boat is limited to inshore (coastal) navigation. (Winds up to Force 6 & waves up to 2 metres) 
*Class D - the boat is limited to rivers, canals and small lakes. (Winds up to Force 4 & waves up to 0.5 metres)
Europe is the main producer of recreational boats (the second production in the world is located in Poland). European brands are known all over the world - in fact, these are the brands that created RCD and set the standard for shipyards around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabin boats manufactured in Europe |url=https://theyachters.com/cabin-boat/ |website=theYachters.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Abora
* Barge
* [[Engineering:Cabin cruiser|Cabin cruiser]]
* [[Engineering:Car float|Car float]]
* [[Engineering:Dinghy|Dinghy]]
* [[Engineering:Dory|Dory]]
* [[Engineering:Flatboat|Flatboat]]
* Halkett boat
* [[Engineering:Inflatable boat|Inflatable boat]]
* [[Engineering:Launch (boat)|Launch (boat)]]
* [[Engineering:Log canoe|Log canoe]]
* [[Engineering:Narrowboat|Narrowboat]]
* [[Engineering:Naval architecture|Naval architecture]]
* [[Engineering:Panga (skiff)|Panga (boat)]]
* [[Engineering:Pirogue|Pirogue]]
* [[Engineering:Poveiro (boat)|Poveiro]]
* Rescue craft
* [[Engineering:Sampan|Sampan]]
* [[Engineering:Ship's boat|Ship's boat]]
* [[Engineering:Skiff|Skiff]]
* [[Engineering:Tour boat|Tour boat]]
* [[Engineering:Traditional fishing boat|Traditional fishing boat]]s
* [[Physics:Tûranor PlanetSolar|Tûranor PlanetSolar]]
* [[Engineering:Yacht|Yacht]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – [http://content.lib.washington.edu/fishweb/index.html Freshwater and Marine Image Bank] (enter search term "vessels" for images of boats and vessels)

[[Category:Boats| ]]
[[Category:Watercraft]]
[[Category:Fishing equipment]]

{{Sourceattribution|Boat}}