View source for Engineering:Brasília

{{short description|Federal capital of Brazil}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Brasília
|settlement_type         = Federal capital
|image_skyline           = {{multiple image
 | perrow         = 1/2/2/2/1
 | border         = infobox
 | total_width    = 280
 | caption_align = center
 | image1   = Planalto Central (cropped).jpg
 | caption1 = Monumental Axis seen from the TV Tower
 | image2   = Catedral1 Rodrigo Marfan.jpg
 | caption2 = [[Engineering:Cathedral of Brasília|Metropolitan Cathedral]]
 | image3   = Palacio_da_Alvorada_Exterior.JPG
 | caption3 = Alvorada Palace
 | image4   = Brasilia_JK_Bridge.jpg
 | caption4 = Juscelino Kubitschek bridge 
 | image5   = Congresso Nacional do Brasil em noite de lua cheia.jpg
 | caption5 = National Congress of Brazil
 | image6   = BSB_02_2013_Eixo_Monumental_5884.JPG
 | caption6 = Panoramic view of the Pilot Plan of Brasilia
 | color  = white
}}
|image_flag              = Bandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg
|image_seal              = Brasão do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg
|nicknames               = ''Capital Federal'', ''BSB'', ''Capital da Esperança''
|motto                   = "Venturis ventis"([[Social:Latin language|Latin]])<br />"To the coming winds"
|image_map               = 
|map_caption             = Location in the Federal District
|pushpin_map             = Brazil#South America
|pushpin_relief=1
|pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Brazil
|coordinates             = {{coord|15|47|38|S|47|52|58|W|region:BR-DF_type:city(4300000)|display=title,inline}}
|subdivision_type        = Country
|subdivision_name        = {{flag|Brazil}}
|subdivision_type1       = Region
|subdivision_type2       = District
|subdivision_name1       = Central-West
|subdivision_name2       = Federal District
|established_title       = Founded
|established_date        = 21 April 1960
|leader_title            = Governor
|leader_name             = 
|area_total_km2          = 5802
|area_total_sq_mi        = 2240.164
|elevation_m             = 1172
|population_urban        = 2.817.381 <ref name="ibge-df">{{cite web |title=Distrito Federal - Panorama |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/df/panorama |website=cidades.ibge.gov.br |publisher=IBGE |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071808/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/df/panorama |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="pdad2018">{{cite web |title=PDAD 2018 - Destaques |url=https://www.codeplan.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Destaques_PDAD_revisado.pdf |website=www.codeplan.df.gov.br |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa e Estatística do Distrito Federal (IPEDF Codeplan) |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005205055/https://www.codeplan.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Destaques_PDAD_revisado.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (3rd) <ref group=note>This figure is the population of the entire Federal District. The administrative region of Plano Piloto was estimated to have a population of 221,326 in a 2018 survey; IBGE do not make this distinction and consider the entire district to be synonymous with Brasília for demographic purposes.
</ref>
|population_metro        = 3,548,438<ref name="ipe-gdf-amb" /> (4th)
|population_as_of        = 2017
|population_footnotes    = 
|population_density_km2  = 489.06 
|population_demonym      = Brasiliense
|population_note         = urban area is population of the Federal District; metro area includes 12 neighboring municipalities in Goiás 
|demographics_type1      = [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]]
|demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
|demographics1_title1    = Year
|demographics_type2      = [[Engineering:Human Development Index|HDI]]
|demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
|demographics2_title1    = Year
|demographics2_info1     = 2014
|postal_code_type        = Postal code
|postal_code             = 70000-000
|area_code               = +55 61
|website                 = {{URL|http://www.brasilia.df.gov.br|brasilia.df.gov.br}}<br />{{in lang|pt}}
|footnotes               = 
{{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Brasilia
| designation1_date = 1987 (11th [[Organization:World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, iv
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445 445]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = Latin America and the Caribbean
}}
|demographics1_info1     = 2015&nbsp;estimate
|demographics1_title2    = Total
|demographics1_info2     = $65.338 billion (8th)
|demographics1_title3    = Per capita
|demographics1_info3     = $21,779 (1st)
|timezone                = BRT
| blank_name             = '''[[Engineering:Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010)
| blank_info             = 0.824  – <span style="color:#090">very high</span><ref>{{cite web |title=ranking idhm 2010 |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[Organization:United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)}}</ref>
|utc_offset              = −03:00
}}

'''Brasília''' ({{IPAc-en|b|r|ə|ˈ|z|ɪ||l|i|ə}};<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brasilia |title=Brasília |work=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510171613/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brasilia |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Brasilia "Brasilia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510171612/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Brasilia |date=10 May 2019}} (US) and {{cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Brasilia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113044414/https://www.lexico.com/definition/brasilia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-01-13 |title=Brasilia |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-pt|bɾaˈziljɐ|lang|Brasilia-pronunciation-ptbr.ogg}}) is the federal capital of {{wipe|Brazil}} and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located high in the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitschek on 21 April 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília is estimated to be Brazil's third-most populous city after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="ibge-df" /> Among major Latin American cities, it has the highest [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita.<ref>{{cite web |last=Istrate |first=Emilia |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global MetroMonitor &#124; Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |access-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115071513/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

Brasília was a planned city developed by Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niemeyer e Joaquim Cardozo: uma parceria mágica entre arquiteto e engenheiro |publisher=Brazil Communication Company |language=pt |year=2012 |url=http://www.ebc.com.br/2012/12/niemeyer-e-joaquim-cardozo-uma-parceria-magica-entre-arquiteto-e-engenheiro |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106051353/http://www.ebc.com.br/2012/12/niemeyer-e-joaquim-cardozo-uma-parceria-magica-entre-arquiteto-e-engenheiro |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Brasília 50 anos |magazine={{lang|pt|Veja}} |language=pt |year=2009 |url=https://cpdoc.fgv.br/sites/default/files/brasilia/revistas/A_revista_veja.pdf |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303132603/https://cpdoc.fgv.br/sites/default/files/brasilia/revistas/A_revista_veja.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Brasília was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic [[Engineering:Urban planning|urban planning]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445 |title=World Heritage List |publisher=Unesco |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119104733/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was named "City of Design" by [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_brazilian_cities_brasilia_paraty_and_joao_pessoa_join |title=The Brazilian cities Brasília, Paraty and João Pessoa join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network |agency=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |website=unesco.org |language=en |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221009/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_brazilian_cities_brasilia_paraty_and_joao_pessoa_join/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is notable for its white-colored, modern architecture, designed by Oscar Niemeyer. All three branches of Brazil's federal government are located in the city: executive, legislative and judiciary. Brasília also hosts 124 foreign embassies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial |title=Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Organismos Internacionais |publisher=Cerimonial, Ministério das Relações Exteriores |access-date=18 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807162048/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial/ |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The city's international airport connects it to all other major Brazilian cities and some international destinations, and it is the third-busiest airport in Brazil. It was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and hosted some of the football matches during the 2016 Summer Olympics; it also hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

Laid out in the shape of an airplane, its "fuselage" is the Monumental Axis, a pair of wide avenue flanking a large park. In the "cockpit" is Praça dos Três Poderes, named for the 3 branches of government surrounding it. Brasília has a unique legal status, as it is an administrative region rather than a municipality like other cities in Brazil. 

The name "Brasília" is often used as a synonym for the Federal District as a whole, which is divided into 33 administrative regions, one of which (Plano Piloto) includes the area of the originally planned city and its federal government buildings. The entire Federal District is considered by IBGE to make up Brasília's city area,<ref name="ibge-df" /> and the local government considers the entirety of the district plus 12 neighboring municipalities in the state of Goiás to be its metropolitan area.<ref name="ipe-gdf-amb">{{cite web |title=Área Metropolitana de Brasília |url=https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |website=Atlas do Distrito Federal |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa e Estatística do Distrito Federal (IPEDF) |access-date=21 November 2023 |language=pt-BR |quote=A Área metropolitana de Brasília (AMB) foi definida pela Codeplan na Nota Técnica n° 01/2014. A AMB é formada pelo Distrito Federal e sua periferia metropolitana, constituída por 12 municípios circunvizinhos (também integrantes da Ride-DF) que possuem fluxos e relações de natureza metropolitana com o Distrito Federal. |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121161013/https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ipea-metro">{{cite journal |last1=Cruz |first1=Bruno de Oliveira |title=Área metropolitana de Brasília e o mercado de trabalho |journal=Boletim Regional, Urbano e Ambiental |date=2020 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.4000/books.irdeditions.35769 |url=https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/10390/1/brua_22_ensaio_urbana_artigo_7.pdf |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA) |isbn=9782709927413 |language=pt-BR |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160850/https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/10390/1/brua_22_ensaio_urbana_artigo_7.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

=== Background ===
[[File:Pedra fundamental.jpg|thumb|left|The foundation stone of Brasilia, Centennial Hill, erected in 1922 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Brazil's independence]]
Brazil's first capital was [[Place:Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]; in 1763 Rio de Janeiro became Brazil's capital and remained so until 1960. During this period, resources tended to be centered in Brazil's southeastern region, and most of the country's population was concentrated near its Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=David G. |title=Brasília, Plan and Reality: A Study of Planned and Spontaneous Urban Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSMrAQAAMAAJ |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |access-date=5 April 2017 |page=26 |language=en |date=1980 |isbn=9780826309594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170705/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nSMrAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Brasilia's geographically central location fostered a more regionally neutral federal capital. An article of the country's first republican constitution, dated 1891, states that the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the country's center.

The plan was conceived in 1827 by José Bonifácio, an advisor to Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the General Assembly of Brazil for a new city called Brasilia, with the idea of moving the capital westward from the heavily populated southeastern corridor. The bill was not enacted because Pedro I dissolved the Assembly.

According to a legend, Italian saint Don Bosco in 1883 had a dream in which he described a futuristic city that roughly fitted Brasilia's location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santuariodombosco.org.br/bosco.asp |title=São João Bosco |language=pt |work=Don Bosco Sanctuary website |access-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321112351/http://santuariodombosco.org.br/bosco.asp |archive-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> In Brasilia today, many references to Bosco, who founded the Salesian order, are found throughout the city and one church parish in the city bears his name.<ref>[http://www.brazil-travel-northeast.com/brasilia-brazil.html About Brasilia Brazil] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002043901/http://www.brazil-travel-northeast.com/brasilia-brazil.html |date=2 October 2013}} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

=== Costa plan ===
[[File:Lúcio_Costa,_1970.tif|thumb|left|Urban planner Lúcio Costa was the winner of the competition for the construction project of Brasília and played a key role in the city's landmarking.]]
[[File:Brasilia - Plan.JPG|thumb|left|Plano Piloto]]
Juscelino Kubitschek was elected President of Brazil in 1955. Upon taking office in January 1956, in fulfilment of his campaign pledge, he initiated the planning and construction of the new capital. The following year an international jury selected Lúcio Costa's plan to guide the construction of Brazil's new capital, Brasilia. Costa was a student of the famous modernist architect Le Corbusier, and some of [[Philosophy:Modernism|modernism]]'s architecture features can be found in his plan. Costa's plan was not as detailed as some of the plans presented by other architects and city planners. It did not include land use schedules, models, population charts or mechanical drawings; however, it was chosen by five out of six jurors because it had the features required to align the growth of a capital city.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality">{{cite book |last=Epstein |first=David |title=Brasilia, Plan and Reality: a study of planned and spontaneous urban development |date=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520022033 |oclc=691903 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/brasiliaplanreal0000epst}}</ref> Even though the initial plan was transformed over time, it oriented much of the construction and most of its features survived.

Brasilia's accession as the new capital and its designation for the development of an extensive interior region inspired the symbolism of the plan. Costa used a cross-axial design indicating the possession and conquest of this new place with a cross,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite thesis |type=Master of City Planning, 1988 |last1=Wong |first1=Pia |title=Planning and the Unplanned Reality: Brasilia |date=October 1989 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Urban & Regional Development |series=IURD Working paper series|volume=499 |oclc=21925988}}</ref> often likened to a dragonfly, an airplane or a bird.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/> Costa's plan included two principal components, the Monumental Axis (east to west) and the Residential Axis (north to south). The Monumental Axis was assigned political and administrative activities, and is considered the body of the city with the style and simplicity of its buildings, oversized scales, and broad vistas and heights, producing the idea of Monumentality. This axis includes the various ministries, national congress, presidential palace, supreme court building and the television and radio tower.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Residential Axis was intended to contain areas with intimate character and is considered the most important achievement of the plan; it was designed for housing and associated functions such as local commerce, schooling, recreation and churches, constituted of 96 {{ill|City block#Superblock|lt=superblocks|pt|superquadra|display=1}} limited to six-story buildings and 12 additional superblocks limited to three-story buildings;<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/> Costa's intention with superblocks was to have small self-contained and self-sufficient neighborhoods and uniform buildings with apartments of two or three different categories, where he envisioned the integration of upper and middle classes sharing the same residential area.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The [[Engineering:Urban design|urban design]] of the communal apartment blocks was based on Le Corbusier's Ville Radieuse of 1935, and the superblocks on the North American Radburn layout from 1929.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deckker |first=Thomas |title=Brasília: Life Beyond Utopia |journal=Architectural Design |volume=86 |number=3 |issn=1554-2769 |doi=10.1002/ad.2050 |pages=88–95 |date=2016 |quote=Brasília was not, in fact, planned in any meaningful way. The Brazilian architect and planner Lúcio Costa's entry for the design competition for the new city in 1956 was a series of sketches of ideal urban forms of communal apartment blocks loosely based on Le Corbusier's Ville Radieuse of 1935, and 'superblocks' of single-family houses based on the North American Radburn layout (1929). He subsequently elaborated these into the Plano Piloto (Pilot Plan), and added the satellite city of Taguatinga.}}</ref> Visually, the blocks were intended to appear absorbed by the landscape because they were isolated by a belt of tall trees and lower vegetation. Costa attempted to introduce a Brazil that was more equitable, he also designed housing for the working classes that was separated from the upper- and middle-class housing and was visually different, with the intention of avoiding slums (''favelas'') in the urban periphery.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/><ref>{{cite book |page=58 |title= Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America |work=Berghahn Series:Remapping cultural history |volume=11 |editor1=Peter William Kellett |editor2=Felipe Hernández |editor3=Lea Knudsen Allen |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1845455828}}</ref> The {{lang|pt|superquadra}} has been accused of being a space where individuals are oppressed and alienated to a form of spatial segregation.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=el-Dahdah |editor-first1=Farès |title=Lucio Costa: Brasilia's superquadra |series=CASE |isbn=3791331574 |date=2005 |publisher=Prestel Verlag |oclc=491822493}}</ref>

One of the main objectives of the plan was to allow the free flow of automobile traffic, the plan included lanes of traffic in a north–south direction (seven for each direction) for the Monumental Axis and three arterials (the W3, the Eixo and the L2) for the residential Axis;<ref name="ReferenceA"/> the cul-de-sac access roads of the superblocks were planned to be the end of the main flow of traffic. And the reason behind the heavy emphasis on automobile traffic is the architect's desire to establish the concept of modernity in every level.

[[File:Levantamento aerofotográfico de Brasília em junho de 1958 - BR RJANRIO PH 0 FOT 00743 0004, Acervo do Arquivo Nacional.jpg|thumb|Brasília in 1958. Only Asa Sul is already leased, and Ministries Esplanade is also visible.]]
[[File:0741 NOV B 05 Esplanada dos Ministerios Brasilia DF 03 09 1959.jpg|thumb|Construction of the Ministries Esplanade in 1959]]
[[File:Brasília-em-1964.jpg|thumb|Brasilia in 1964]]

Though automobiles were invented prior to the 20th century, mass production of vehicles in the early 20th made them widely available; thus, they became a symbol of modernity. The two small axes around the Monumental axis provide loops and exits for cars to enter small roads. Some argue that his emphasis of the plan on automobiles caused the lengthening of distances between centers and it attended only the necessities of a small segment of the population who owned cars.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/> But one can not ignore the bus transportation system in the city. The buses routes inside the city operate heavily on W3 and L2. Almost anywhere, including satellite cities, can be reached just by taking the bus and most of the Plano Piloto can be reached without transferring to other buses.

Later, as the population of the city increased, the transportation system also played an important role in mediating the relationship between the Pilot plan and the satellite cities. Due to the larger influx of vehicles, traffic lights were introduced to the Momument Axis, which violates the concept of modernity and advancement the architect first employed. Additionally, the metro system in Brasilia was mainly built for inhabitants of satellite cities. Though this growth has made Brasilia no longer a pure utopia with incomparable modernity, the later development of traffic management, bus routes to satellite cities, and the metro system all serve as a remedy to the dystopia, enabling the citizens to enjoy the kind of modernity that was not carefully planned.

At the intersection of the Monumental and Residential Axis Costa planned the city center with the transportation center (Rodoviaria), the banking sector and the hotel sector,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> near to the city center, he proposed an amusement center with theaters, cinemas and restaurants. Costa's Plan is seen as a plan with a sectoral tendency, segregating all the banks, the office buildings, and the amusement center.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/>

One of the main features of Costa's plan was that he presented a new city with its future shape and patterns evident from the beginning. This meant that the original plan included paving streets that were not immediately put into use; the advantage of this was that the original plan is hard to undo because he provided for an entire street network, but on the other hand, is difficult to adapt and mold to other circumstances in the future.<ref name="Brasilia: Plan and Reality"/> In addition, there has been controversy with the monumental aspect of Lúcio Costa's Plan, because it appeared to some as 19th century city planning, not modern 20th century in urbanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pessôa |first=José |title=Lúcio Costa and the Question of Monumentality in his Pilot Plan for Brasilia |date=Winter 2010 |journal=Docomomo Journal |volume=43, ''Brasilia 1960-2010'' |issn=1380-3204 |url=http://www.docomomo.com/shop/node/3 |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117203326/http://www.docomomo.com/shop/node/3 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

An interesting analysis can be made of Brasilia within the context of Cold War politics and the association of Lúcio Costa's plan to the symbolism of aviation. From an architectural perspective, the airplane-shaped plan was certainly an homage to Le Corbusier and his enchantment with the aircraft as an architectural masterpiece. However, Brasilia was constructed soon after the end of World War II. Despite Brazil's minor participation in the conflict, the airplane shape of the city was key in envisioning the country as part of the newly globalized world, together with the victorious Allies.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Denicke |first=Lars |editor-last=Hecht |editor-first=Gabrielle |encyclopedia=Entangled geographies: empire and technopolitics in the global Cold War |date=2011 |oclc=731854048 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0262515788 |pages=185–208 |title=Fifty years' progress in five: Brasilia—modernization, globalism, and the geopolitics of flight}}</ref> Furthermore, Brasilia is a unique example of modernism both as a guideline for architectural design but also as a principle for organizing society. Modernism in Brasilia is explored in James Holston's book, ''The Modernist City''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modernist City" An Anthropological Critique of Brasília |author=James Holston |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780226349794 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syc2y5QhgQgC |via=Google Books |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Syc2y5QhgQgC |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Construction ===
Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered Brasilia's construction, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasilia was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Already in 1892, the astronomer Louis Cruls, in the service of the Brazilian government, had investigated the site for the future capital. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20632277 |title=Niemeyer's Brasilia: Does it work as a city? |first=Robin |last=Banerji |publisher=BBC News |date=7 December 2012 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930234539/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20632277 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer was the chief architect of most public buildings, Joaquim Cardozo was the [[Engineering:Structural engineering|structural engineer]], and Roberto Burle Marx was the [[Social:Landscape architecture|landscape designer]]. Brasilia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

{{wide image|BSB 02 2013 Eixo Monumental 5884.JPG|800px|align-cap=center|Aerial view of downtown Brasília (Pilot Plan) along the Monumental Axis, especially the new Mane Garrincha Stadium (left), the National Congress and the Three Powers Plaza (right). The entire residential area of North Wing (''Asa Norte'') is seen in the middle of the image.}}

==Geography==
[[File:Partial_view_of_the_Federal_District,_Brazil_seen_from_space_in_2015.jpg|thumb|Brasilia from Hodoyoshi 1 satellite]]
[[File:Brasilia Plano Piloto OpenStreetMap 2023-08-21.png|thumb|Map from [[OpenStreetMap|OpenStreetMap]], covering the Plano Piloto area of Brasília]]
The city sits at an elevation of {{convert|1000|m}} and more, high on the [[Earth:Brazilian Highlands|Brazilian Highlands]] in the country's center-western region. Paranoá Lake, a large artificial lake, was built to increase the amount of water available and to maintain the region's humidity. It has a [[Engineering:Marina|marina]], and hosts wakeboarders and [[Engineering:Windsurfing|windsurfers]]. Diving can also be practiced and one of the main attractions is Vila Amaury, an old village submerged in the lake. This is where the first construction workers of Brasilia used to live.<ref name=Holston>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernistcityant00hols/page/n178 341] |via=Google Books|title=The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia |url=https://archive.org/details/modernistcityant00hols |url-access=limited |author=James Holston |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1989 |isbn=0226349799}}</ref>

===Climate===
Brasilia has a [[Earth:Tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'', according to the [[Earth:Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]]), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and the [[Earth:Dry season|dry season]], from May to September.<ref>[https://stat.correioweb.com.br/cbonline/2010_04/50anos/bsb14-2104.pdf A cidade das duas estações] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504132109/https://stat.correioweb.com.br/cbonline/2010_04/50anos/bsb14-2104.pdf |date=4 May 2012}} (in Brazilian Portuguese).</ref> The average temperature is {{convert|21.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=INMETtmed/> September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, {{convert|29.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and July has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of {{convert|25.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and {{convert|13.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=INMETtmax/><ref name=INMETtmin/> Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent {{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=INMETtmed/> With {{convert|253.1|mm|1|abbr=on}}, November is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while July is the lowest, with only {{convert|1.5|mm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=INMETprecip/> During the dry season, the city can have very low [[Physics:Relative humidity|relative humidity]] levels, often below 30%.<ref>{{cite news |title=DF entra em estado de atenção por causa da baixa umidade do ar |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2014-08/df-entra-em-estado-de-atencao-por-causa-da-baixa-umidade-do-ar |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=Agência Brasil |date=6 August 2014 |language=pt-BR |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720211451/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2014-08/df-entra-em-estado-de-atencao-por-causa-da-baixa-umidade-do-ar |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the record low temperature was {{convert|1.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 18 July 1975, and the record high was {{convert|36.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 18 October 2015<ref>{{cite web |last=Pegorim |first=Josélia |title=Brasília: novo recorde histórico de calor |trans-title=Brasília: new historic heat record |url=https://www.climatempo.com.br/noticia/2015/10/19/brasilia-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor-8884 |website=www.climatempo.com.br |publisher=Climatempo |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=13 October 2020 |language=pt |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017222037/https://www.climatempo.com.br/noticia/2015/10/19/brasilia-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor-8884 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 8 October 2020.<ref name=INMET>{{cite web |title=Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010 |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas |url-status=live |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905073726/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2FnormaisClimatologicas |archive-date=5 September 2014 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Onda de calor de 2020: reescrevendo a climatologia do BR |trans-title=2020 heat wave: rewriting the climatology of BR |url=https://www.climatempo.com.br/noticia/2020/10/09/onda-de-calor-de-2020-reescrevendo-a-climatologia-do-br-6112 |website=www.climatempo.com.br |publisher=Climatempo |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |language=pt |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012182029/https://www.climatempo.com.br/noticia/2020/10/09/onda-de-calor-de-2020-reescrevendo-a-climatologia-do-br-6112 |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours was {{convert|132.8|mm|1|abbr=on}} on 15 November 1963.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140905023510/http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2013/04/rodovia-com-18-km-e-frio-europeu-veja-os-extremos-de-brasilia.html Rodovia com 1,8 km e frio europeu; veja os 'extremos' de Brasília] (in Brazilian Portuguese).</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Brasília (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|width = 100%
|collapsed =
|Jan record high C = 32.6
|Feb record high C = 32.0
|Mar record high C = 32.1
|Apr record high C = 31.6
|May record high C = 31.6
|Jun record high C = 31.6
|Jul record high C = 30.8
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 35.7
|Oct record high C = 36.4
|Nov record high C = 34.5
|Dec record high C = 33.7
|year record high C = 36.4
|Jan high C = 26.9
|Feb high C = 27.2
|Mar high C = 27.0
|Apr high C = 26.8
|May high C = 26.0
|Jun high C = 25.3
|Jul high C = 25.6
|Aug high C = 27.4
|Sep high C = 29.1
|Oct high C = 29.0
|Nov high C = 27.0
|Dec high C = 26.8
|year high C = 27.0
|Jan mean C = 21.9
|Feb mean C = 21.9
|Mar mean C = 21.8
|Apr mean C = 21.6
|May mean C = 20.3
|Jun mean C = 19.3
|Jul mean C = 19.3
|Aug mean C = 21.0
|Sep mean C = 22.8
|Oct mean C = 23.1
|Nov mean C = 21.7
|Dec mean C = 21.7
|year mean C = 21.4
|Jan low C = 18.3
|Feb low C = 18.2
|Mar low C = 18.2
|Apr low C = 17.7
|May low C = 15.6
|Jun low C = 14.2
|Jul low C = 13.9
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 17.6
|Oct low C = 18.5
|Nov low C = 18.1
|Dec low C = 18.3
|year low C = 17.0
|Jan record low C = 12.2
|Feb record low C = 11.0
|Mar record low C = 14.5
|Apr record low C = 10.7
|May record low C = 3.2
|Jun record low C = 3.3
|Jul record low C = 1.6
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 9.0
|Oct record low C = 10.2
|Nov record low C = 11.4
|Dec record low C = 11.4
|year record low C = 1.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 206.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 179.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 226.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 145.2
|May precipitation mm = 26.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 3.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 1.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 16.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 141.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 253.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 241.1
|year precipitation mm = 1478.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 16
|Feb precipitation days = 14
|Mar precipitation days = 15
|Apr precipitation days = 9
|May precipitation days = 3
|Jun precipitation days = 1
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 2
|Sep precipitation days = 4
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 17
|Dec precipitation days = 18
|year precipitation days = 109
|Jan humidity = 74.7
|Feb humidity = 74.2
|Mar humidity = 76.1
|Apr humidity = 72.2
|May humidity = 65.4
|Jun humidity = 58.8
|Jul humidity = 51.0
|Aug humidity = 43.5
|Sep humidity = 46.4
|Oct humidity = 58.8
|Nov humidity = 74.5
|Dec humidity = 76.0
|year humidity = 64.3
 | Jan dew point C = 17.2
 | Feb dew point C = 17.3
 | Mar dew point C = 17.6
 | Apr dew point C = 16.7
 | May dew point C = 14.2
 | Jun dew point C = 11.8
 | Jul dew point C = 9.7
 | Aug dew point C = 8.7
 | Sep dew point C = 10.6
 | Oct dew point C = 14.2
 | Nov dew point C = 17.0
 | Dec dew point C = 17.4
 | year dew point C = 14.4
|Jan sun = 159.6
|Feb sun = 158.9
|Mar sun = 168.7
|Apr sun = 200.8
|May sun = 237.9
|Jun sun = 247.6
|Jul sun = 268.3
|Aug sun = 273.5
|Sep sun = 225.7
|Oct sun = 191.3
|Nov sun = 138.3
|Dec sun = 145.0
|year sun = 2415.6
|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia<ref name=INMETtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmed>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| title = Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| title = Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumidity>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| title = Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETinsolacion>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043829/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| title =Insolação Total (horas)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1229-Brasilia.php
| title = Station Brasília
| publisher = Meteo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 24 March 2022
| archive-date = 16 February 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220216094346/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1229-Brasilia.php
| url-status = live
}}</ref>, [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (dew point)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Brazil/CSV/BRASILIA_83377.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Brasília
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 30, 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Federal District, Brazil, from space.jpg|thumb|Brasilia at night from [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]]]]

===Ethnic groups===
{{bar box
|title    = Race and ethnicity in Brasília
|width    = 287px
|titlebar = #ddd
|left1    = Ethnicity
|right1   = Percentage
|float    = left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Pardo ([[Social:Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])|green|48.2}}
{{bar percent|White|Blue|42.2}}
{{bar percent|Black|Black|7.7}}
{{bar percent|Asian|yellow|1.6}}
{{bar percent|Amerindian|red|0.2}}
}}

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, 2,469,489 people resided in Brasilia and its metropolitan area,<ref>[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 2010 IGBE Census] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145821/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 |date=14 May 2012}} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> of whom 1,239,882 were Pardo ([[Social:Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]) (48.2%), 1,084,418 White (42.2%), 198,072 Black (7.7%), 41,522 Asian (1.6%), and 6,128 Amerindian (0.2%).<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn 2010 IGBE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn |date=14 May 2012 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

In 2010, Brasilia was ranked the fourth-most populous city in Brazil after São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and [[Place:Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]].<ref>[http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm The largest Brazilian cities - 2010 IBGE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106193624/http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm |date=6 January 2012}} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> In 2010, the city had 474,871 opposite-sex couples and 1,241 same-sex couples. The population of Brasilia was 52.2% [[Biology:Female|female]] and 47.8% [[Biology:Male|male]].<ref name=autogenerated3/>

In the 1960 census there were almost 140,000 residents in the new [[Social:Federal district|Federal district]]. By 1970 this figure had grown to 537,000. By 2010 the population of the Federal District had surpassed 2,5&nbsp;million. The city of Brasilia proper, the plano piloto was planned for about 500,000 inhabitants, a figure the plano piloto never surpassed, with a current population of only 214,529,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keiner|first1=Marco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbSoDQAAQBAJ&q=the+plano+piloto+was+planned+for+about+500,000+inhabitants,&pg=PT227|title=Managing Urban Futures: Sustainability and Urban Growth in Developing Countries|last2=Koll-Schretzenmayr|first2=Martina|last3=Schmid|first3=Willy A.|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-92020-9|language=en|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160850/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbSoDQAAQBAJ&q=the+plano+piloto+was+planned+for+about+500,000+inhabitants,&pg=PT227#v=onepage&q=the%20plano%20piloto%20was%20planned%20for%20about%20500%2C000%20inhabitants%2C&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> but its metropolitan area within the Federal District has grown past this figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/~augusto_areal/bsb_aug1.htm |title=Population of Brasília |publisher=Geocities.com |date=17 January 2007 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000524141552/http://geocities.com/~augusto_areal/bsb_aug1.htm |archive-date=24 May 2000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

From the beginning, the growth of Brasilia was greater than original estimates. According to the original plans, Brasilia would be a city for government authorities and staff. However, during its construction, Brazilians from all over the country migrated to the satellite cities of Brasilia, seeking public and private employment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/facts/history.html |title=Immigration to Brasília |publisher=Aboutbrasilia.com |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211139/http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/facts/history.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the close of the 20th century, Brasilia was the largest city in the world which had not existed at the beginning of the century.<ref>[http://salebatterymart.over-blog.com/article-brasilia-and-asuncion-110994606.html Brasília in the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715044630/http://salebatterymart.over-blog.com/article-brasilia-and-asuncion-110994606.html |date=15 July 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> Brasilia has one of the highest population growth rates in Brazil, with annual growth of 2.82%, mostly due to internal migration.

Brasilia's inhabitants include a foreign population of mostly embassy workers as well as large numbers of Brazilian internal migrants. Today, the city has important communities of immigrants and refugees. The city's [[Engineering:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] was 0.936 in 2000 ([[Finance:Developed country|developed]] level), and the city's [[Philosophy:Literacy|literacy]] rate was around 95.65%.

===Religion===
[[File:Catedral Metropolitana de Brasília 2.jpg|thumb|right|The Cathedral of Brasilia]]
Christianity is by far the most prevalent religion in Brasília, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" | Religion
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" | Percentage
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" | Number
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Catholic
|56.62%
|1,455,134
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Protestant
|26.88%
|690,982
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Religion:Irreligion|No religion]]
|9.20%
|236,528
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Other
|3.72%
|95,605
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Unsolved:Spiritism|Spiritist]]
|3.50%
|89,836
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Jewish
|0.04%
|1,103
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]]
|0.04%
|972
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Total
|100.00%
|2,570,160
|}
''Source: IBGE 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&z=cd&o=7&i=P |title=Religion in Brasília by IBGE |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br |access-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150323020023/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&i=P&nome=on&qtu8=137&qtu14=3&notarodape=on&tab=2094&opn8=0&opn14=0&unit=0&pov=3&poc133=2&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&orp=5&qtu3=27&qtu13=47&opv=1&poc86=1&opc133=1&pop=1&opn2=0&opn15=0&orv=2&orc133=4&qtu2=5&qtu15=3&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec133=95263&sec133=100430&sec133=2803&sec133=95277&sec133=95264&sec133=100403&sec133=100404&sec133=100405&sec133=99741&sec133=100406&sec133=100407&sec133=99743&sec133=100408&sec133=95265&sec133=100409&sec133=99746&sec133=100410&sec133=100411&sec133=99745&sec133=100412&sec133=100413&sec133=100414&sec133=100415&sec133=12881&sec133=12882&sec133=99748&sec133=100416&sec133=100417&sec133=100418&sec133=100419&sec133=95266&sec133=121096&sec133=12891&sec133=100420&sec133=100421&sec133=100422&sec133=100423&sec133=2824&sec133=95267&sec133=2826&sec133=2827&sec133=2829&sec133=2828&sec133=12883&sec133=100424&sec133=100425&sec133=95269&sec133=100427&sec133=100428&sec133=100429&sec133=95270&sec133=100426&sec133=95273&sec133=95274&sec133=95275&sec133=2836&sec133=12884&sec133=12885&sec133=12886&sec133=12887&sec133=12888&sec133=12889&sec133=95276&sec133=12890&sec133=2837&opp=f1&opn3=0&qtu6=5565&opn13=0&sec86=0&ascendente=on&sep=38559&orn=1&qtu7=36&pon=2&qtu9=558&opn6=3&digt6=Fortaleza&OpcCara=44&proc=1&qtu1=1&opn9=0&cabec=on&opn7=0&decm=99 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''

== Government ==
[[File:Palácio_do_Buriti_é_iluminado_para_a_campanha_Maio_Amarelo_(33573314774).jpg|thumb|left|Palácio Buriti, [[Earth:Seat of government|seat of government]] of the Federal District]]
Brasília does not have a mayor or councillors, because article 32 of the Constitution of Brazil expressly prohibits the Federal District being divided into municipalities.

The Federal District is a [[Social:Juridical person|legal entity of internal public law]], which is part of the political-administrative structure of Brazil of a ''sui generis'' nature, because it is neither a [[Social:Federated state|state]] nor a municipality, but rather a special entity that incorporates the legislative powers reserved to the states and municipalities, as provided in Article 32, § 1º of the Constitution, which gives it a hybrid nature, both state and municipal.<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web |language=pt |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm |title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 - Título III, Capítulo V: Do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios |publisher=Governo do Brasil |date=1988 |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161928/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The executive power of the Federal District was represented by the mayor of the Federal District until 1969, when the position was transformed into governor of the Federal District.<ref>{{cite book |language=pt |url=http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm#prefeitos |title= A História de Brasília |contribution= Prefeitos |publisher= Info Brasília |access-date= 17 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100412115640/http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm#prefeitos |archive-date= 12 April 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=pt |url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/voce-sabia/por-que-brasilia-nao-tem-prefeito,7318859fd53ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html |title=Por que Brasília não tem prefeito? |publisher=Portal Terra |date=25 August 2010 |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003809/http://noticias.terra.com.br/educacao/voce-sabia/por-que-brasilia-nao-tem-prefeito,7318859fd53ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html |archive-date=3 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The legislative power of the Federal District is represented by the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District, whose nomenclature includes a mixture of legislative assembly (legislative power of the other units of the federation) and of municipal chamber (legislative of the municipalities). The Legislative Chamber is made up of 24 district deputies.<ref>{{cite web |language=pt |url=http://www.cl.df.gov.br/sobre-a-cldf |title=Sobre a Câmara Legislativa |publisher=Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal |access-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090920/http://www.cl.df.gov.br/sobre-a-cldf |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal 2012.jpg|thumb|Legislative Chamber of the Federal District building]]

The judicial power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories as it is constituted, but Brazil does not have any territories. Therefore, the Court of Justice of the Federal District and of the Territories only serves the Federal District.

Part of the budget of the Federal District Government comes from the Constitutional Fund of the Federal District. In 2012, the fund totaled 9.6&nbsp;billion reais.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portaldatransparencia.gov.br/PortalComprasDiretasOEUnidadeGestora.asp?Ano=2012&Valor=&CodigoOS=25000&NomeOS=MINISTERIO%20DA%20FAZENDA&ValorOS=26473976606247&CodigoOrgao=73901&NomeOrgao=FUNDO%20CONSTITUCIONAL%20DO%20DISTRITO%20FEDERAL-FCDF&ValorOrgao=962927173616 |title=Portal da Transparência - Fundo Constitucional do Distrito Federal |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221143621/http://www.portaldatransparencia.gov.br/PortalComprasDiretasOEUnidadeGestora.asp?Ano=2012&Valor=&CodigoOS=25000&NomeOS=MINISTERIO%20DA%20FAZENDA&ValorOS=26473976606247&CodigoOrgao=73901&NomeOrgao=FUNDO%20CONSTITUCIONAL%20DO%20DISTRITO%20FEDERAL-FCDF&ValorOrgao=962927173616 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2015, the forecast is 12.4&nbsp;billion reais, of which more than half (6.4&nbsp;billion) is spent on public security spending.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seplan.df.gov.br/noticias/item/2511-c%C3%A2mara-legislativa-aprova-or%C3%A7amento-para-2015.html |title=Ao todo, o GDF poderá contar com um orçamento de R$ 37,2 bilhões para o próximo ano |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221151436/http://www.seplan.df.gov.br/noticias/item/2511-c%C3%A2mara-legislativa-aprova-or%C3%A7amento-para-2015.html |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== International relations ===

;Twin towns and sister cities
Brasilia is twinned with:<ref name=BT>{{cite web|url=http://www.internacional.df.gov.br/noticias/item/2055-bras%C3%ADlia-global-partners.html |title=Brasilia Global Partners |publisher=Internacional.df.gov.br |access-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228224414/http://www.internacional.df.gov.br/noticias/item/2055-bras%C3%ADlia-global-partners.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagdeco|NGA}} '''[[Place:Abuja|Abuja]]''', Nigeria<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|PAR}} '''[[Place:Asunción|Asunción]]''', Paraguay<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|BEL}} '''Brussels''', Belgium<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|ARG}} '''[[Place:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]]''', Argentina<small> ''(since 2002)''</small><ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|PLE}} '''Gaza City''', [[Place:State of Palestine|Palestine]]<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|CUB}} '''[[Place:Havana|Havana]]''', Cuba<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|SDN}} '''[[Place:Khartoum|Khartoum]]''', Sudan<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|POR}} '''[[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]]''', Portugal<ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|access-date=23 August 2013|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=pt|trans-title=Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|archive-date=1 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|EGY}} '''[[Place:Luxor|Luxor]]''', Egypt<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|URU}} '''[[Place:Montevideo|Montevideo]]''', Uruguay<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|RSA}} '''[[Place:Pretoria|Pretoria]]''', South Africa<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|CHI}} '''[[Place:Santiago|Santiago]]''', Chile<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} '''[[Place:Tehran|Tehran]]''', Iran<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|AUT}} '''[[Place:Vienna|Vienna]]''', Austria<ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|US}} '''[[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]''', United States<small> ''(since 2013)''</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcist.com/2013/03/dc_welcome_your_newest_sister_city.php |title=D.C., Welcome Your Newest Sister City: Brasília |author=Martin Austermuhle |publisher=Dcist.com |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318030255/http://dcist.com/2013/03/dc_welcome_your_newest_sister_city.php |archive-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PRC}} '''Xi'an''', China<small> ''(since 1997)''</small><ref name=BT/>
*{{flagdeco|MEX}} '''Guadalajara''', Mexico.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.db-city.com/Brazil--Federal_District--Bras%C3%ADlia| title = Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil - City, Town and Village of the world| access-date = 27 November 2021| archive-date = 27 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127073634/https://en.db-city.com/Brazil--Federal_District--Bras%C3%ADlia| url-status = live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Of these, [[Place:Abuja|Abuja]] and [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]] were also cities specifically planned as the seat of government of their respective countries.

;Brasília Declarations
Brasília is associated with several significant declarations in the international political and social field, including:
*The Brasília Declaration of the [[Organization:IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA Dialogue Forum]] (2003), signed by the foreign ministers of {{wipe|India}}, Brazil and {{wipe|South Africa}} (IBSA) regarding representation at the United Nations Security Council
*Brasília Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons in the Americas (2010)<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/brasilia-declaration-on-the-protection-of-refugees-and-stateless-persons-in-the-americas/7B5C8DD0A45C9C87451B76538D6D4756# The Brasilia Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons in the Americas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930162557/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/brasilia-declaration-on-the-protection-of-refugees-and-stateless-persons-in-the-americas/7B5C8DD0A45C9C87451B76538D6D4756 |date=30 September 2022 }}, published 11 December 2010, accessed 4 October 2022</ref>
*Brasília Declaration on Child Labour (2013), issued by the Third Global Conference on Child Labour – hosted in Brasília by the Brazilian Government<ref>ILO. [https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/BrasiliaConference/lang--en/index.htm III Global Conference on Child Labour - Brasilia, 8-10 October 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001030029/https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/BrasiliaConference/lang--en/index.htm |date=1 October 2022 }}, accessed 29 September 2022</ref>
*Brasília Declaration of Judges on Water Justice (2018), adopted in 2018 during the Conference of Judges and Prosecutors on Water Justice at the 8th World Water Forum, described as "a landmark in [the] development of water justice jurisprudence"<ref>Naik, G. D., [https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/202006/procedural-water-justice-and-brasilia-declaration-right-information-participation-and-access-justice Procedural Water Justice and the Brasília Declaration - Right to Information, Participation, and Access to Justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930155314/https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/202006/procedural-water-justice-and-brasilia-declaration-right-information-participation-and-access-justice |date=30 September 2022 }}, [[Organization:International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]], published 26 June 2020, accessed 29 September 2022</ref>
*The 15th Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas, meeting in Brasília in 2022, issued a Declaration condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>Caldero, R., [https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/brazil/without-brazils-support-american-defense-ministers-reject-ukraines-war/ Without Brazil’s support, American defense ministers reject Ukraine’s war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004093602/https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/brazil/without-brazils-support-american-defense-ministers-reject-ukraines-war/ |date=4 October 2022 }}, ''The Rio Times'', published 29 July 2022, accessed 4 October 2020</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Brasilia aerea setorbancariosul.jpg|thumb|South Banking Sector]]
[[File:Brasilia aerea torredetveixomonumental.jpg|thumb|South Hotel Sector]]
[[File:Brasília Product Exports (2020).svg|thumb|Brasília products treemap, 2020]]

The major roles of construction and of services (government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services) in Brasilia's economy reflect the city's status as a governmental rather than an industrial center.

Industries connected with construction, food processing, and furnishings are important, as are those associated with publishing, printing, and computer software. The [[Finance:Gross domestic product|gross domestic product]] (GDP) is divided in Public Administration 54.8%, Services 28.7%, Industry 10.2%, Commerce 6.1%, Agrobusiness 0.2%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdf.df.gov.br/045/04501022.asp |title=GDP – Division – Federal District |publisher=Gdf.df.gov.br |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202195724/http://www.gdf.df.gov.br/045/04501022.asp |archive-date=2 December 2009 }}</ref>

Besides being the political center, Brasilia is an important economic center. In 2018, it has the third highest GDP of cities in Brazil, R$254 billion reais,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/2020/12/16/brasilia-tem-terceiro-maior-pib-entre-cidades-do-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml |title=GDP 2018 |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519185947/https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/2020/12/16/brasilia-tem-terceiro-maior-pib-entre-cidades-do-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> representing 3.6% of the total Brazilian GDP. Most economic activity in the federal capital results from its administrative function.

Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445/ |title=Brasília UNESCO |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220137/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the government in Brasilia has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.

According to Mercer's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, Brasilia ranks 45th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2012, up from the 70th position in 2010, ranking behind São Paulo (12th) and Rio de Janeiro (13th).

===Industries===

Industries in the city include construction (Paulo Octavio, Via Construções, and Irmãos Gravia among others); food processing (Perdigão, Sadia); furniture making; [[Physics:Recycling|recycling]] (Novo Rio, Rexam, Latasa and others); pharmaceuticals (União Química); and graphic industries. The main agricultural products produced in the city are coffee, [[Biology:Guava|guava]]s, [[Biology:Strawberry|strawberries]], oranges, [[Biology:Lemon|lemon]]s, [[Biology:Papaya|papaya]]s, [[Biology:Soybean|soybean]]s, and [[Biology:Mango|mango]]es. It has over 110,000 cows and it exports wood products worldwide.

The Federal District, where Brasilia is located, has a GDP of R$133,4&nbsp;billion (about US$64.1&nbsp;billion), about the same as Belarus according to [[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]]. Its share of the total Brazilian GDP is about 3.8%.<ref name=GDF>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |title=Comparing Brazilian states with countries |publisher=Economist.com |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210115526/http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |archive-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Federal District has the largest [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] income of Brazil US$25,062, slightly higher than Belarus.<ref name=GDF/>

The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including [[Social:Hotel|accommodation]], Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paranoá.

==Culture==
[[File:Complexo Cultural interior.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cultural Complex of the Republic]]

As a venue for political events, music performances and movie festivals, Brasilia is a cosmopolitan city, with around 124 embassies, a wide range of restaurants and a complete infrastructure ready to host any kind of event. Not surprisingly, the city stands out as an important business/tourism destination, which is an important part of the local economy, with dozens of hotels spread around the federal capital. Traditional parties take place throughout the year.

In June, large festivals known as "festas juninas" are held celebrating Catholic saints such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. On 7 September, the traditional Independence Day parade is held on the Ministries Esplanade. Throughout the year, local, national, and international events are held throughout the city. Christmas is widely celebrated, and New Year's Eve usually hosts major events celebrated in the city.<ref>[http://nichecreator.com/Brasilia Brasília] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507063453/http://nichecreator.com/Brasilia |date=7 May 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

The city also hosts a varied assortment of art works from artists like Bruno Giorgi, Alfredo Ceschiatti, Athos Bulcão, Marianne Peretti, Alfredo Volpi, Di Cavalcanti, Dyllan Taxman, Victor Brecheret and Burle Marx, whose works have been integrated into the city's architecture, making it a unique landscape. The cuisine in the city is very diverse. Many of the best restaurants in the city can be found in the Asa Sul district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelbite.co.uk/destinations/city-guide/guides/what-do/what-do-in-brasilia-$447179.htm |title=Culture in Brasília |publisher=Travelbite.co.uk |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220141939/http://www.travelbite.co.uk/destinations/city-guide/guides/what-do/what-do-in-brasilia-%24447179.htm |archive-date=20 December 2011 }}</ref>

The city is the birthplace of Brazilian rock and place of origin of bands like: Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial, Aborto Elétrico, Plebe Rude and Raimundos. Brasilia has the Rock Basement Festival which brings new bands to the national scene. The festival is held in the parking Brasilia National Stadium Mané Garrincha.
[[File:Teatro Nacional Cláudio Santoro - Brasilia - DSC00311.JPG|thumb|Cláudio Santoro National Theater]]

Since 1965, the annual Brasilia Festival of Brazilian Cinema is one of the most traditional cinema festivals in Brazil, being compared only to the Brazilian Cinema Festival of Gramado, in Rio Grande do Sul. The difference between both is that the festival in Brasilia still preserves the tradition to only submit and reward Brazilian movies.

The International Dance Seminar in Brasilia has brought top-notch dance to the Federal Capital since 1991. International teachers, shows with choreographers and guest groups and scholarships abroad are some of the hallmarks of the event. The Seminar is the central axis of the DANCE BRAZIL program and is promoted by the DF State Department of Culture in partnership with the Cultural Association Claudio Santoro. [http://www.seminario.dancebrasil.art.br/]

Brasilia has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, ''The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy'', by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalyptical story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm |title=Dom Bosco – Brasília |publisher=Infobrasilia.com.br |date=21 April 1965 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412115640/http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}</ref> According to Don Bosco's prophecy:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ginasant/3383018251/ |title=Dom Bosco – Brasília |publisher=Flickr.com |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824041650/http://www.flickr.com/photos/ginasant/3383018251/ |archive-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Between parallels 15 and 20, around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land". Brasilia lies between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake (Paranoá Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasilia's patron saint.

''American Flagg!'', the First Comics comic book series created by Howard Chaykin, portrays Brasilia as a cosmopolitan world capital of culture and exotic romance. In the series, it is a top vacation and party destination. The 2015 Rede Globo series ''Felizes para Sempre?'' was set in Brasilia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/revista-da-tv/maria-fernanda-candido-enrique-diaz-gravam-com-fernando-meirelles-nova-serie-da-globo-em-brasilia-14750029|title=Maria Fernanda Cândido e Enrique Diaz gravam com Fernando Meirelles nova série da Globo, em Brasilia|author=Natália Castro|date=8 December 2014|publisher=Revista da TV|work=O Globo|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222005104/http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/revista-da-tv/maria-fernanda-candido-enrique-diaz-gravam-com-fernando-meirelles-nova-serie-da-globo-em-brasilia-14750029|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture and urbanism ===
[[File:BrasiliaBanNacional.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Brazilian Flag and the National Congress in spring]]

At the Square of Three Powers, Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and Brazilian structural engineer Joaquim Cardozo made buildings in the style of modern Brazilian architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.homestratosphere.com/oscar-niemeyer-design/ |title=Oscar Niemeyer |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808172617/https://www.homestratosphere.com/oscar-niemeyer-design/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Congress also occupies various other surrounding buildings, some connected by tunnels.

The National Congress building is located in the middle of the Eixo Monumental, the city's main avenue. In front lies a large lawn and reflecting pool. The building faces the Praça dos Três Poderes where the Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal Court are located. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings. In residential areas, buildings were built that were inspired in French modernist and bauhaus design.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11688-review-of-roberto-burle-marx-brazilian-modernist |title=Roberto Burle Marx - Brazilian Modernist |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528175343/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11688-review-of-roberto-burle-marx-brazilian-modernist |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although not fully accomplished, the "Brasilia utopia" has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the ''{{lang|pt|superquadras}}'') surrounded by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafés; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit.<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77841/Brasilia|title=Brasília - Britannica|date=21 September 2023|language=en|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160852/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brasilia|url-status=live}}</ref> Even these positive features have sparked controversy, expressed in the nickname "ilha da fantasia" ("fantasy island"), indicating the sharp contrast between the city and surrounding regions, marked by poverty and disorganization in the cities of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, around Brasilia.<ref name="global.britannica.com"/>

Critics of Brasilia's grand scale have characterized it as a modernist bauhaus platonic fantasy about the future:
[[File:Brasilia aerea eixo monumental.jpg|thumb|The Monumental Axis]]
[[File:Vista_aérea_da_Asa_Sul_em_direção_ao_Lago_Sul.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of South Wing (''Asa Sul'') district]]
[[File:Brasilia_aerea_torredetv1304_4713.jpg|thumb|Monumental Axis and Brasilia TV Tower]]

{{Quotation|Nothing dates faster than people's fantasies about the future. This is what you get when perfectly decent, intelligent, and talented men start thinking in terms of space rather than place; and single rather than multiple meanings. It's what you get when you design for political aspirations rather than real human needs. You get miles of jerry-built platonic nowhere infested with [[Company:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]s. This, one may fervently hope, is the last experiment of its kind. The utopian buck stops here.|author=Robert Hughes|title=''The Shock of the New''|source=Episode 4: "Trouble in Utopia", (1980)}}

====Notable structures====

The [[Engineering:Cathedral of Brasília|Cathedral of Brasilia]] in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the atheist architect Oscar Niemeyer and the structural engineer Joaquim Cardozo. This concrete-framed [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid structure]], seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens.

The cathedral's structure was finished on 31 May 1970, and only the {{convert|70|m|2|abbr=on}} diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's and Cardozo's project of Cathedral of Brasilia is based in the [[Hyperboloid|hyperboloid]] of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. There is controversy as to what these columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent, some say they are two hands moving upwards to heaven, others associate it to the chalice Jesus used in the last supper and some claim it represent his crown of thorns. The cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.

At the end of the ''Eixo Monumental'' ("Monumental Axis") lies the ''Esplanada dos Ministérios'' ("Ministries Esplanade"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/esplanada-ministerios.php|title=Esplanada dos Ministérios - map - Brasilia|website=www.aboutbrasilia.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305055530/http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/esplanada-ministerios.php|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> an open area in downtown Brasilia. The rectangular lawn is surrounded by two eight-lane avenues where many government buildings, monuments and memorials are located. On Sundays and holidays, the Eixo Monumental is closed to cars so that locals may use it as a place to walk, bike, and have picnics under the trees.

''Praça dos Três Poderes'' ([[Social:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for ''Square of the Three Powers'') is a plaza in Brasilia. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Palácio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judiciary branch, represented by the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Brasilia, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.

[[File:Fotos produzidas pelo Senado (36736219051).jpg|left|thumb|Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Plaza)]]
[[File:Homologação do tombamento de obras do Niemeyer (34321040524).jpg|thumb|left|The Palácio da Alvorada]]

The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the president of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the "Alvorada" lies on a peninsula at the shore of Lake Paranoá.

The principles of simplicity and modernity that in the past characterized the great works of architecture motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landing on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m<sup>2</sup> with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor.

The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.

The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the president of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasilia. As the seat of government, the term "Planalto" is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Palácio do Planalto.

The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada. Besides the President, senior advisors also have offices in the "Planalto", including the Vice-President of Brazil and the Chief of Staff. The other Ministries are along the Esplanada dos Ministérios. The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was Oscar Niemeyer, creator of most of the important buildings in Brasilia. The idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high, and has an area of 36,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>. Four other adjacent buildings are also part of the complex.

== Education ==
[[File:Campus_Darcy_Ribeiro_(31398447555).jpg|thumb|View of the University of Brasilia]]

The city has six international schools: American School of Brasilia, Brasilia International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School.<ref>[http://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/brazil/education/international-schools-in-brazil.htm International schools in Brasília] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232434/http://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/brazil/education/international-schools-in-brazil.htm |date=2 December 2013 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school – the British School of Brasilia. Brasilia has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.

The main tertiary educational institutions are: Universidade de Brasilia – University of Brasilia (UnB) (public); Universidade Católica de Brasilia – Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB); Centro Universitário de Brasilia (UniCEUB); Centro Universitário Euroamaricano (Unieuro); {{ILL|Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal|pt}} (UDF); {{ILL|Universidade Paulista|pt}} (UNIP); and Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasilia (IESB).

==Transportation==
The average commute time on public transit in Brasilia, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 96 min. 31% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 28 min, while 61% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{convert|15.1|km|abbr=on}}, while 50% travel for over {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Brasilia-1702|title=Brasília Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901021755/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Brasilia-1702|archive-date=1 September 2017 |url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</ref>

===Airport===

[[File:Brasilia aeroportojk inauguracaoalasul.jpg|thumb|left|Brasilia International Airport (BSB)]]
[[File:Brasilia aerea aeroporto.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of the airport]]
Brasilia–Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport serves the metropolitan area with major domestic and international flights. It is the third busiest Brazilian airport based on passengers and aircraft movements.<ref name="pax"/> Because of its strategic location it is a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This results in a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in a holding pattern before landing. Following the airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers.<ref name="pax">[http://www.infraero.gov.br/upload/arquivos/movi/mov.operac.1207.pdf Airport Statistics for 2007] (PDF). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216053929/http://www.infraero.gov.br/upload/arquivos/movi/mov.operac.1207.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }}</ref> The main building's third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a food court, shops, four movie theaters with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Brasilia Airport has 136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the central area of Brasilia, outside the metro system. The area outside the airport's main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services that connect the airport to Brasilia's central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/travel/airport.html |title=Brasilia International Airport – facts |publisher=Aboutbrasilia.com |date=4 January 2007 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325062139/http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/travel/airport.html |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The airport is serviced by domestic and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers. In 2012, Brasilia's International Airport was won by the InfraAmerica consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake each.<ref>[http://export.gov/brazil/build/groups/public/@eg_br/documents/webcontent/eg_br_063331.pdf Brazilian Airport Privatization – Second Round Concessions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507044503/http://export.gov/brazil/build/groups/public/@eg_br/documents/webcontent/eg_br_063331.pdf |date=7 May 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to 40&nbsp;million passengers a year.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304311204579506002107709102 Brazil Opens First Expansion at a Privately Operated Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314043812/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304311204579506002107709102 |date=14 March 2016 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

In 2014 the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totaling 28 in all. This was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The group invested R$750&nbsp;million in the project. In the same year, the number of parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport's entrance has a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was created on Terminal 1's third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasilia's airport from approximately 15&nbsp;million passengers per year to 21&nbsp;million by 2014.<ref>[http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/noticia/inframerica-group-will-invest-r-750-million-brasilias-airport-world-cup Inframerica Group will invest R$ 750 million in Brasilia's Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507040150/http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/noticia/inframerica-group-will-invest-r-750-million-brasilias-airport-world-cup |date=7 May 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> Brasília Air Force Base - ALA1, one of their most important bases of the {{wipe|Brazilian Air Force}}, is located in Brasília.

===Road transport===
[[File:Hora_mágica_no_lago_Paranoá_e_Ponte_JK_em_Brasília.jpg|thumb|The Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge]]
Like most Brazilian cities, Brasilia has a good network of taxi companies. Taxis from the airport are available outside the terminal, but at times there can be quite a queue of people. Although the airport is not far from the downtown area, taxi prices do seem to be higher than in other Brazilian cities. Booking in advance can be advantageous, particularly if time is limited, and local companies should be able to assist airport transfer or transport requirements.

The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasilia. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and [[Engineering:Structural engineer|structural engineer]] Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eswp.com/bridge/awards.htm |title=Bridge Awards |publisher=Eswp.com |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717071219/http://www.eswp.com/bridge/awards.htm |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to "...outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation". It consists of three {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall asymmetrical steel arches that crisscross diagonally. With a length of 1,200&nbsp;m (0.75 miles), it was completed in 2002 at a cost of US$56.8&nbsp;million. The bridge has a pedestrian walkway and is accessible to bicyclists and skaters.

[[File:Rodoviária do Plano Piloto.jpg|thumb|Central Bus Station]]

The main bus hub in Brasilia is the Central Bus Station, located in the crossing of the Eixo Monumental and the Eixão, about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Three Powers Plaza. The original plan was to have a bus station as near as possible to every corner of Brasilia. Today, the bus station is the hub of urban buses only, some running within Brasilia and others connecting Brasilia to the satellite cities. In the original city plan, the interstate buses would also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Brasilia (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária) located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Saída Sul (South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall with its metro station, and is also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the Federal District.

===Metro===
[[File:TUE_Série_2000_(Metrô_DF).jpg|thumb|Federal District Metro]]
There is no passenger rail service in Brasilia, but the Expresso Pequi rail line is planned to link Brasilia and Goiânia. A 22&nbsp;km [[Engineering:Light rail|light rail]] line is planned, estimated to cost between 1&nbsp;billion reais (US$258&nbsp;million) and 1.5&nbsp;billion reais with capacity to transport around 200,000 passengers per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/infrastructure/brasilia-to-start-works-for-us260mn-light-rail-this-year1/|title=Brasília to start works for US$260mn light rail this year|website=BNAmericas|date=2 April 2019|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003091243/https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/infrastructure/brasilia-to-start-works-for-us260mn-light-rail-this-year1/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Federal District Metro is Federal District's underground metro system. The system has 24 stations on two lines, the Orange and Green lines, along a total network of {{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}}, covering some of the Federal District. Both lines begin at the Central Station and run parallel until the Águas Claras Station. The Federal District Metro is not comprehensive so buses may provide better access to the center. The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, and the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.df.gov.br/ |title=Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal|publisher=Metro.df.gov.br |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209075925/http://www.metro.df.gov.br/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A high-speed railway was planned between Brasilia and [[Place:Goiânia|Goiânia]], the capital of the state of Goias, but it will probably be turned into a regional service linking the capital cities and cities in between, like Anápolis and Alexânia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fábio Amato Do G1, em Brasília |url=http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2012/06/estudo-vai-apontar-viabilidade-de-trem-entre-brasilia-anapolis-e-goiania.html |title=G1 - Estudo vai apontar viabilidade de trem entre Brasília, Anápolis e Goiânia - notícias em Distrito Federal |publisher=G1.globo.com |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015213355/http://g1.globo.com/distrito-federal/noticia/2012/06/estudo-vai-apontar-viabilidade-de-trem-entre-brasilia-anapolis-e-goiania.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sport==

The main stadiums are the Brasilia National Stadium Mané Garrincha (which was re-inaugurated on 18 May 2013), the Serejão Stadium (home for Brasiliense) and the Bezerrão Stadium (home for Gama).

Brasilia was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, for which Brazil was the host nation. Brasilia hosted the opening of the Confederations Cup and hosted 7 World Cup games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/arena/brasilia |title=Brasilia National Stadium |publisher=Government of Brazil |access-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905002247/http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/arena/brasilia |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref> Brasilia also hosted the football tournaments during the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro.

Brasilia is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports, sports that may be practiced with [[Engineering:Hang gliding|hang gliding]] or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of the city's dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets", which is also the name for a maneuver quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Brasilia hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the second stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.

Brasilia is the site of the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet which hosted the Grande Prêmio Presidente Emílio Médici, a non-championship round of the 1974 Formula One Grand Prix season, which was won by Emerson Fittipaldi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-03 |title=Emerson Fittipaldi venceu única corrida de Fórmula 1 disputada em Brasília, há 45 anos |url=https://ge.globo.com/motor/formula-1/blogs/f1-memoria/post/2019/02/03/emerson-fittipaldi-venceu-unica-corrida-de-formula-1-disputada-em-brasilia-ha-45-anos.ghtml |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> An IndyCar race<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course details take shape for Brasilia Indy 300 |url=https://www.indycar.com/News/2014/11/11-6-Head-of-Brasilia-circuit-visits-IMS-Museum |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=IndyCar.com}}</ref> was cancelled at the last minute in 2015 due to financial concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-31 |title=Brasilia government forced IndyCar race cancellation in money worry |url=https://www.autosport.com/indycar/news/brasilia-government-forced-indycar-race-cancellation-in-money-worry-5018689/5018689/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.autosport.com |language=en}}</ref> The track, which has been closed since 2015, is being renovated for the end of 2023 after a deal was struck with Banco de Brasília and Terracap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=Renata Lu Rodrigues |date=2022-05-12 |title=BRB assume o autódromo e vai investir R$ 60 milhões na reforma |url=https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2022/05/12/brb-assume-o-autodromo-e-vai-investir-r-60-milhoes-na-reforma/agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Agência Brasília |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Ibaneis promete para 2024 reinauguração do Autódromo de Brasília, fechado desde 2014 |url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasilia/governador-do-df-diz-que-ano-que-vem-inaugura-autodromo-fechado-desde-2014-na-capital-05122023 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=R7.com |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ventania |first=Afonso |date=2023-11-06 |title=Giro alto nas obras do Autódromo de Brasília |url=https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/brasilia/giro-alto-nas-obras-do-autodromo-de-brasilia/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Jornal de Brasília |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

The city is also home to Uniceub BRB, one of Brazil's best basketball clubs, who became NBB champion in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The club hosts some of its games at the 16,000 all-seat Nilson Nelson Gymnasium. Brasília attempted to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, but withdrew its application.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memória E. C. » Pela quarta vez, Brasil tenta receber os Jogos Olímpicos » Arquivo |url=https://ge.globo.com/platb/memoriaec/2009/09/30/pela-quarta-vez-brasil-tenta-receber-os-jogos-olimpicos/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ge.globo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veja oito tentativas frustradas de Brasília para se tornar polo esportivo |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/ultimas-noticias/2015/02/11/veja-as-oito-tentativas-frustradas-de-brasilia-de-se-tornar-polo-esportivo.htm |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> In Tennis, Brasília is host to the Aberto da República,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espíndola |first=Lucas |date=2023-11-08 |title=Aberto da República traz três tenistas top 100 para Brasília |url=https://distritodoesporte.com/aberto-da-republica-traz-tres-tenistas-top-100-para-brasilia/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Distrito do Esporte |language=pt-BR}}</ref> and formerly hosted the Aberto de Brasília.<gallery widths="200">
File:Estadio Nacional Mané Garrincha - Brasilia (14911413223).jpg|Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha
File:Brasília Ginásio Nilson Nelson 2009.jpg|Nilson Nelson Gymnasium
File:Autódromo de Brasília.jpg|Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Place:List of purpose-built national capitals|List of purpose-built national capitals]]

'''Purpose-built Brazilian state capitals'''
* Aracaju
* Belo Horizonte
* Boa Vista
* [[Place:Palmas, Tocantins|Palmas]]
* Teresina

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140607024959/http://www.brasilia.df.gov.br/ Regional Administration of Brasilia website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625040004/http://df.gov.br/ Government of the Federal District website]
* {{OSM relation|2758138}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/brasilia/VALybi8YVtNuLQ Explore Brasilia in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts & Culture]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.bsb.aero/en/o-aeroporto/a-inframerica/ |title=The airport: About Inframerica |publisher=Aeroporto de Brasíla |year=2020}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Brasília
|list =
{{Modern architecture}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brasilia}}
[[Category:Capitals in South America]]
[[Category:Planned capitals]]
[[Category:Urban design]]

{{Sourceattribution|Brasília}}