View source for Engineering:Cessna 402

{{Short description|American light twin-engine aircraft}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name= Cessna 401 & 402 <!-- avoid stating manufacturer (it's stated 3 lines below) unless name used by other aircraft manufacturers -->
 |image= File:PH-MAZ Directie Noordzee (cropped).jpg
 |caption= Rijkswaterstaat Cessna 402
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type= Corporate transport and airliner
 |national origin = {{wipe|United States}}<!-- Use the main nation (ie. UK), not constituent country (England); don't use "EU". List collaborative programs of only 2 or 3 nations; for more than 3, use "Multi-national:. -->
 |manufacturer= Cessna
 |designer= <!--Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
 |first flight= August 26, 1965
 |introduction   = 1967
 |retired= <!--Date the aircraft left service. If vague or more than a few dates, skip this -->
 |status= <!--In most cases, redundant; use sparingly-->
 |primary user=Cape Air <!-- list only one user; for military aircraft, this is a nation or a service arm. Please DON'T add those tiny flags, as they limit horizontal space. -->
 |more users= <!--Limited to three in total; separate using <br> -->
 |produced= 1966–1985<!--Years in production (eg. 1970-1999) if still in active use but no longer built -->
 |number built=
 |developed from = [[Engineering:Cessna 411|Cessna 411]]<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977">Plane and Pilot: ''1978 Aircraft Directory'', page 92. Werner & Werner Corp, Santa Monica CA, 1977. {{ISBN|0-918312-00-0}}</ref><!--The aircraft which formed the basis for this aircraft-->
 |variants with their own articles = <!--Variants OF this aircraft-->
}}
|}

The '''Cessna 401''' and '''402''' are a series of 6 to 10 seat, light twin-piston engine [[Engineering:Aircraft|aircraft]].<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/><ref name=Foster1992>Montgomery, MR & Gerald Foster: ''A Field Guide to Airplanes, Second Edition'', page 108. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. {{ISBN|0-395-62888-1}}</ref> All seats are easily removable so that the aircraft can be used in an all-cargo configuration.<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/> Neither the Cessna 401 nor the 402 were pressurized, nor were they particularly fast for the installed power. Instead, Cessna intended them to be inexpensive to purchase and operate.<ref name=Foster1992/>

==Design==
[[File:Cessna 402B..., Tridente AN0974089.jpg|thumb|Cabin]]

The Cessna 401 and 402 were developed to be non-pressurized twin engine piston aircraft.  Their goal was to be a workhorse, useful to  cargo and small commuter airlines among other users.

The Cessna 401 and 402 were developments of the [[Engineering:Cessna 411|Cessna 411]].<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/>  One goal for the Cessna 401/402 was to improve upon the very bad single engine handling of the Cessna 411.<ref name="Used-Guide">Aviation Consumer's Used Aircraft Guide vol 2</ref>  Another goal was to avoid using the somewhat expensive and maintenance prone geared engines of the Cessna 411.<ref name="Used-Guide"/>

Cessna 401s and 402s are powered by {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} turbocharged Continental engines with three-bladed, constant speed, fully feathering propellers. On later models cruise power was limited to 75% to reduce cabin noise. Some aircraft have a propeller synchrophaser to reduce cabin noise and vibration.<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/>

==Development==
The FAA granted certification to the Cessna 401 in October 1968 and the 402 in January 1969.<ref name=twinandturbine23Sep2015>{{cite magazine |url= http://twinandturbine.com/article/cessna-402-cabin-class-twin/ |title= The Cessna 402: A Versatile Cabin-Class Twin |magazine= Twin and Turbine |author= Leroy Cook |date= Sep 23, 2015 |access-date= January 16, 2018 |archive-date= January 16, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135426/http://twinandturbine.com/article/cessna-402-cabin-class-twin/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
The original Cessna 402 was introduced in 1967.  A version without the large cargo door called the Cessna 401 was produced at the same time.<ref name="Used-Guide"/>
In 1969, the 402's nose was stretched for added baggage space.  This model was renamed the 402A.  The 401 kept the original nose.<ref name="Used-Guide"/>
In 1970, various minor changes were made.  Also, optional larger fuel tanks, of {{convert|184|USgal|L}}, became available.  This model was called the 402B.<ref name="Used-Guide"/>
By 1971, sales of the 401 had slowed to only 21 planes, so the model was discontinued.<ref name="Used-Guide"/>

Between 1971 and 1977, many changes were made to the airframe, including an optional engine fire extinguisher (1971), simpler exhaust system (1972), enlarged passenger windows (1973), equipment for flight into known icing conditions (1975), and an optional flushing toilet (1977).<ref name="Used-Guide"/>

In 1976, the very similar [[Engineering:Cessna 421|Cessna 421]] was produced with a new wing, no tip tanks, and a simpler fuel system. The [[Engineering:Cessna 414|Cessna 414]] was given a clean wing in 1978.

In 1979, the 402s received a new wing, with a {{convert|5|ft}} greater span. The landing gear was replaced, using the simpler system from the [[Engineering:Cessna 414|Cessna 414]]. The landing gear track was also increased by {{convert|4|ft}}. The engines' output was boosted to {{cvt|325|hp|kW}} each and max gross weight increased to {{convert|6850|lb|kg}}, creating a much more useful airplane. Fuel capacity was increased to {{convert|213|USgal|L}}. Even with the weight increase, single-engine performance improved and the stall speed decreased by a couple of knots. After this change, the plane was named the Cessna 402C.<ref name=twinandturbine23Sep2015/><ref name="Used-Guide"/>

Production stopped after the 1985 model year.

===Modifications===
In 1969, American Jet Industries began work on a turboprop-powered conversion of the Cessna 402, named the '''Turbo Star 402''', using Allison 250-B17 engines.<ref name=JAWA1977>{{cite book |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977–78 |publisher=Jane's Yearbooks |location=London |page= 398}}</ref> The prototype flew on 10 June 1970.<ref name=JAWA1977/> Further modifications providing increased fuel capacity, higher gross weight, and lower minimum control speed were carried out in 1974 and the modification was re-certified.<ref name=JAWA1977/> Scenic Airlines of Las Vegas purchased rights to the design in 1977.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |year=1989 |page= 793}}</ref>

The Cessna 402C may be outfitted with vortex generators to increase maximum allowable takeoff weight to {{convert|7210|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, with a zero-fuel weight of {{convert|6750|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microaero.com/CS_PDF/Cessna/402C-CS.html|title=Cessna 402C - Micro Vortex Generator Kit ( Micro VGs)|website=microaero.com|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

Another modification for the 402C increases the maximum landing weight to {{convert|7200|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, which allows commercial operators to fly with an increased payload on shorter routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroacoustics.com/files/402capexl.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717180216/http://www.aeroacoustics.com/files/402capexl.htm|url-status=dead|title=AeroAcoustics Aircraft Systems Aircraft Payload Extender APE XL for 4…|date=17 July 2012|archive-date=17 July 2012|website=aeroacoustics.com|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

Hendrik Venter of DMI engineering created the Falcon 402: a converted Cessna 402 fitted with a single Walter M601D turboprop in the nose and replacing the two piston engines in the wings with new fuel tanks. The nose was lengthened in order to correct the centre of gravity. It has an increased payload and top speed and can use shorter runways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pilotspost.co.za/arn0000863|title=Pilot's Post - Falcon 402 Project|website=www.pilotspost.co.za|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:The Cessna 401 (1086058217).jpg|thumb|Early models have four oval windows, a short nose and tip tanks.]]
[[File:Cessna 402C N83PB Cape Air Nantucket MA 08.06.05R edited-2.jpg|thumb|Later 402Cs have five windows, a longer nose for luggage and no tip tanks.]]

This family of aircraft was built in several versions:

;{{visible anchor|401}}
:Six to eight seat interior, intended for corporate transport. Produced 1966–1972. The replacement for the 401 in the corporate transport role was the 402 Businessliner variant. [[Engineering:Type certificate|Certified]] 20 September 1966.<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=153|title = The Cessna 411, 401 & 402|access-date = 2008-08-09|last = Demand Media, Inc|year = 2008}}</ref><ref name=TCDS>{{cite web|url = https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/A5C47D165AF0956586258518006BA0EB?OpenDocument&Highlight=a7ce|title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. A7CE|access-date = 2008-08-10|last = Federal Aviation Administration|date = March 2007}}</ref>
;401A
:A 401 with minor changes. Certified 29 October 1968.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991>{{cite book |last=Simpson |first= R.W.|title= Airlife's General Aviation|year=1991 |publisher= Airlife Publishing|location= England |isbn=1-85310-194-X|page= 108}}</ref>
;{{visible anchor|401B}}
:A 401A with minor changes, later replaced by the 402B. Certified 12 November 1969.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991/>
;402
:A 401 with either a utility (for freight) or nine-seat commuter use. Certified 20 September 1966.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991/>
;402A
:A 402 with a baggage compartment in lengthened nose and an optional crew entry door. Certified 3 January 1969.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991/>
;402B Utiliner/Businessliner
:402A with minor changes, from 1972 had increased cabin volume and five windows each side. Certified 12 November 1969.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991/>
:*Utiliner version has a ten-seat interior intended for commuter airline operations.<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/>
:*Businessliner version has a six to eight-seat interior with executive seating intended for corporate transport.<ref name="Plane and Pilot 1977"/>
;{{visible anchor|402C Utiliner/Businessliner}}
:402B with Continental TSIO-520-VB 325 hp engines, increased takeoff weight, longer wingspan without main tip tanks and hydraulic instead of electric landing gear. Certified 25 September 1978.<ref name=TCDS/><ref name=Airlife1991/>

==Operators==
[[File:Cape Air Cessna 402C, N2651S@BOS,04.02.2008-497ac - Flickr - Aero Icarus.jpg|thumb|Cape Air Cessna 402Cs at Boston Logan in 2008]]

===Civilian===
The Cessna 402 has proven to be very dependable over the years, which, along with its range and passenger capacity, has made it a popular choice for many small regional airlines worldwide. The aircraft are generally flown on short, thin routes to hubs where passengers can connect to higher density routes.

The largest operator of the type is Cape Air, which as of June 2019 has a fleet of 88 Cessna 402s operating in the Caribbean, [[Place:Micronesia|Micronesia]] and {{wipe|United States}}.<ref name="CapeAirAbout">{{cite web|url =https://www.capeair.com/about_us/index.html|title = About Us|access-date = 19 June 2019|last = Cape Air |year = 2019|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190331055432/https://www.capeair.com/about_us/index.html|archive-date = 31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationpros.com/article/12053433/cape-air-sustains-cessna-402-fleet-while-searching-for-replacement|title=Cape Air Sustains Cessna 402 Fleet While Searching for Replacement|website=aviationpros.com|date=April 23, 2015 |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

===Military===
[[File:SE-GYP-C402-1487.jpg|A Cessna 402C of the Swedish Coast Guard in 1981|thumb|right]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
;{{BAR}}
*Barbados Defence Force<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Daniel P. |title=Central American and Caribbean Air Forces |year=1993 |location=Tonbridge, Kent, UK |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd |isbn=0-85130-210-6|page=139}}</ref>
;{{BOL}}
* {{wipe|Bolivian Air Force}}<ref name=AirIntOct1987/> - 1 Cessna 402 in service as of December 2020.<ref>Hoyle ''Flight International'' 2020, p. 14.</ref>
* Bolivian Naval Force<ref name=AirIntOct1987>{{cite magazine|last=Siegrist|first=Martin|title=Bolivian Air Power — 70 Years On|magazine=Air International|date=October 1987|volume=33|issue=4|page= 176|issn=0306-5634}}</ref>
;{{COL}}
*{{wipe|Colombian Air Force}} - 1 Cessna 402 in service as of December 2020<ref>Hoyle ''Flight International'' 2020, p. 16.</ref>
;{{COM}}<ref name=WAF1980>{{cite magazine|last=Wheeler|first= Barry C.|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%202986.html|title=World's Air Forces 1980|magazine=Flight International|volume= 118|issue= 3726|date=4 October 1980|pages=  1330–1357 |issn=0015-3710}}.</ref>
*Comoros Police Defence Air Wing<ref>"World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, ''Aviation Week & Space Technology'', January 15, 2007.</ref>
;{{FIN}}
* {{wipe|Finnish Air Force}} two aircraft,<ref name=WAF1980/> former operator{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}
;{{HAI}}
*Haiti Air Corps<ref name=WAF1980/>
;{{HON}}
*{{wipe|Honduran Air Force}} - operated one Cessna 401 as of 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Daniel P. |title=Central American and Caribbean Air Forces |year=1993 |location=Tonbridge, Kent, UK |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd |isbn=0-85130-210-6|page=77}}</ref>
;{{IDN}}
*{{wipe|Indonesian Air Force}} - operated five Cessna 401A and two Cessna 402A. Retired in late 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tni-au.mil.id/portfolio/pesawat-cessna-401a402a-pioneer-sang-walet/ |title=Pesawat Cessna 401A/402A Pioneer Sang "Walet" |website= tni-au.mil.id |access-date= 10 January 2021|language=id}}</ref>
;{{MYS}}
* [[Organization:Royal Malaysian Air Force|Royal Malaysian Air Force]]<ref name=WAF1980/>
;{{MEX}}
*Mexican Navy<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gaines|first=Mike|title=World's Air Forces 1982|magazine=Flight International|date=6 November 1982|volume=122|issue=3835|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%202495.html|page= 1387}}</ref>
;{{NIC}}
*Contras<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Daniel P. |title=Central American and Caribbean Air Forces |year=1993 |location=Tonbridge, Kent, UK |publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd |isbn=0-85130-210-6|pages=148–149}}</ref>
;{{PRY}}
*Paraguayan Navy - One Cessna 401 in service 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Air Power Intelligence: Aviación Naval Paraguaya |magazine=International Air Power Review |date=Spring 2003 |page=14 |issn=1473-9917 |isbn=1-880588-54-4}}</ref>
;{{POR}}
*{{wipe|Portuguese Air Force}} – One 402B operated 1968–1974.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Niccoli|first=Riccardo|title=Portuguese Numerology: Serial systems used by the Aeronautica Militar and the Força Aerea Portuguesa|magazine=Air Enthusiast |issue=75|date=May–June 1998|pages=38|issn=0143-5450}}</ref>
;{{TTO}}
*Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force – One 401 operated 1986.<ref name=WAF1986>{{cite magazine |last=Hatch |first=Paul F. |title=World's Air Forces 1986 |magazine=Flight International |date=29 November 1986 |volume=130 |issue=4039 |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%203176.html |issn=0015-3710 |pages=93, 103}}</ref>
;{{VEN}}
*Venezuelan Navy<ref>''Flight International'' 30 November 1985, p. 99.</ref>
*Venezuelan National Guard – One 402C operated 1986.<ref name=WAF1986/>
}}

==Accident==
American R&B singer Aaliyah died along with eight others, including the pilot, two hairstylists, a makeup artist, a bodyguard, and three record label professionals, when a Cessna 402B [[Engineering:Aircraft registration|registered]] N8097W, crashed shortly after takeoff on August 25, 2001, around 6:50{{nbsp}}p.m. local time, in Marsh Harbour, Abaco Islands, The Bahamas. The main cause of the crash was determined to be an improperly loaded aircraft, which was approximately {{convert|700|lb|kg}} over its [[Engineering:Maximum takeoff weight|maximum takeoff weight]], with a center of gravity well aft of the envelope.<ref name="ntsb">{{cite web |url = https://www.ntsb.gov/about/employment/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief2.aspx?ev_id=20010907X01905&ntsbno=MIA01RA225&akey=1 |title = NTSB Identification: MIA01RA225 |date = 2001-08-25 |author = NTSB |access-date = 2007-09-26 }}</ref> Investigators discovered that the pilot, Luis Morales III, was unlicensed at the time of the crash and had traces of [[Biology:Cocaine|cocaine]] and [[Chemistry:Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] in his system.<ref>Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448503/pilot-aaliyahs-plane-had-ben-caught-with-cocaine.jhtml "Pilot Of Aaliyah's Plane Had Been Caught With Cocaine, Was Not Authorized To Fly: Luis Morales' pilot's license should have been revoked under FAA rules".] ''MTV.com'', August 29, 2001. Retrieved 21 September 2013.</ref><ref>Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448402/aaliyah-killed-plane-crash.jhtml "Aaliyah Killed In Plane Crash"]. ''MTV.com'', August 26, 2001. Retrieved 21 September 2013.</ref> Aaliyah's family later filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Blackhawk International Airways, which was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|title=Aaliyah's Parents Settle Crash Lawsuit|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,626474,00.html|work=People|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>

==Specifications (402C Businessliner)==
[[File:Cessna 402C 3-view line drawing.svg|frameless|right|3-view line drawing of the Cessna 401C]]
[[File:Cessna 402B..., Tridente AN0978709.jpg|thumb|Flight deck]]

{{Aircraft specs
|prime units?=kts
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=Two pilots
|capacity=Six passengers
|length m=
|length ft=36
|length in=4+1/2
|length sigfig=4
|span m=
|span ft=44
|span in=1+1/2
|span sigfig=4
|height m=
|height ft=11
|height in=5+1/2
|height sigfig=3
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=225.8
|airfoil=NACA 23018 (root) NACA 23015 (tip)
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=4077
|gross weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=6850
|fuel capacity={{convert|206|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}} usable fuel
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=Continental TSIO-520-VB
|eng1 type=air-cooled turbocharged flat-six engines
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=325<!-- prop engines -->

|prop blade number=3<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=McCauley 0850334-34 constant speed propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->

<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|never exceed speed kts=231
|never exceed speed note=([[Physics:Calibrated airspeed|CAS]]) 
|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=231
|max speed note=at {{convert|16000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=142
|cruise speed note=at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (econ cruise)
|stall speed kts=68
|stall speed note= (flaps down, power off) (CAS)
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=1273
|range note= at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, econ cruise
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=26900
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1450
|more performance=*'''Takeoff distance to 50 ft (15m):''' {{convert|2195|ft|m|abbr=on}}
*'''Landing distance from 50 ft (15m):''' {{convert|2485|ft|m|abbr=on}}

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Engineering:Piper PA-31 Navajo|Piper PA-31 Navajo]]
|lists=
* [[Engineering:List of civil aircraft|List of civil aircraft]]
|see also=
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |title=World Air Forces 2021 |work=Flight International |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75057 |year=2020 |access-date=2 December 2020}}
*{{cite journal|title=Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation|journal=Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date=n.d. |issue=2 |pages=154–162 |issn=0143-5450}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar0732.pdf |title= Teardown Evaluation of a 1979 Cessna 402C Model Airplane |date= May 2007 |publisher= Federal Aviation Administration}}


[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cessna 402}}