View source for Engineering:Cygnus (spacecraft)

{{short description|Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name                 = Cygnus
| image                = Cygnus Enhanced spacecraft.jpg
| image_size           = 300px
| image_alt            = The Enhanced variant of Cygnus is seen approaching the ISS.
| image_caption        = Cygnus spacecraft approaching the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] for the [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-12|NG-12]] mission
 
| manufacturer         = [[Company:Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman]]
| designer             = 
| country              = {{wipe|United States}}
| operator             = Northrop Grumman
| applications         = [[Astronomy:International Space Station|ISS]] resupply

<!--Specifications-->
| spacecraft_type      = Uncrewed cargo vehicle
| spacecraft_bus       = 
| constellation        = 
| design_life          = 1 week to 2 years <ref name="faa-accst2012" />
| launch_mass          = 6,600 kg 
| dry_mass             = 3,400 kg
| payload_capacity     = 3,000 kg
| crew_capacity        = 
| length           = 5.1 m
| diameter = 3.07 m
| volume               = 18.9 m<sup>3</sup>
| power                = 3.5 kW
| batteries            = 
| equipment            = 
| orbits               = 
<!--Production-->
| status               = In service
| built                = 21
| orders               = 5
| launched             = 20
| operational          = 1
| retired              = 18
| failed               = 
| lost                 = 1
| first                = 18 September 2013
| last                 = 30 January 2024
| derivedfrom      = 
| derivatives          = 
| subsatellites        = 
| subsatellite_of      = 
| flown_with           = <!--other non-derived or non-subsatellite craft (e.g. Gemini Target Vehicle, Apollo Lunar Module)-->

<!--insignia-->
| insignia             = 
| insignia_size        = 
| insignia_alt         = 
| insignia_caption     =

<!--image at bottom of infobox-->
| bottom_image         = 
| bottom_image_size    = 
| bottom_image_alt     = 
| bottom_image_caption =

| previous             =
| next                 =
}}
{{Private spaceflight}}
'''Cygnus''' is an [[Engineering:Expendable launch system|expendable]] American [[Engineering:Cargo spacecraft|cargo spacecraft]] developed by [[Company:Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital Sciences Corporation]] but manufactured and launched by [[Company:Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Space Systems]] as part of [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|Commercial Resupply Services]] (CRS) program. It is usually launched by Northrop Grumman's [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)|Antares rocket]] from the [[Organization:Wallops Flight Facility|Wallops Flight Facility]], although three flights were on [[Company:United Launch Alliance|ULA]]'s [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] and three are planned for [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]'s [[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]], in both cases launching from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. It transports supplies to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS) following the retirement of the American [[Engineering:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]]. Since August 2000, [[Astronomy:Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station|ISS resupply missions]] have been regularly flown by the {{wipe|Russia}}n [[Engineering:Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft, as well as by the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European]] [[Engineering:Automated Transfer Vehicle|Automated Transfer Vehicle]], and the Japanese [[Engineering:H-II Transfer Vehicle|H-II Transfer Vehicle]]. With the Cygnus spacecraft and the [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon|SpaceX Dragon]], NASA seeks to increase its partnerships with domestic commercial aviation and aeronautics industry.<ref name="space-081223" />

''Cygnus'' is the [[Social:Latin|Latin]]ized [[Social:Greek language|Greek]] word for [[Biology:Swan|swan]] and a northern [[Astronomy:Cygnus (constellation)|constellation]].

== Development ==
[[File:Bolden in-front of Cygnus.JPG|left|thumb|The NASA Administrator Charles Bolden (third from left) in front of the Cygnus spacecraft in May 2012.]]
With [[Company:Rocketplane Kistler|Rocketplane Kistler]] unable to meet funding obligations for its K-1 launch vehicle under the terms of the COTS agreement, NASA decided on 18 October 2007 to terminate its contract with Rocketplane Kistler and re-award its contract after a competition.<ref name="space-071019" /> On 19 February 2008, NASA announced that it had chosen Orbital Sciences as the new winner.<ref name="nsf-20080219" /> On 23 December 2008, NASA awarded Orbital Sciences a $1.9 billion contract under the [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|Commercial Resupply Services]] (CRS) program. Under this contract, Orbital Sciences agreed to deliver up to 20 tons of cargo to the ISS through 2016 in eight Cygnus spacecraft flights.<ref name="space-081223" />

By April 2010, Orbital had displayed a full-scale model of the Cygnus cargo delivery spacecraft at the National Space Symposium (NSS) in Colorado Springs, CO.<ref name="orbital-2010CRS" />

Launched on an [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)|Antares]] (renamed from Taurus II) medium-class launch vehicle or [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]], the first Cygnus flight was originally planned to occur in December 2010.<ref name="nasa-ssa20080227" />·<ref name="aw-200802" /> The Cygnus demonstration mission was successfully launched on 18 September 2013.<ref name="nasa-pr20130919" /> On 12 January 2014, the first scheduled Cygnus resupply mission arrived at the space station; the capsule carried Christmas presents and fresh fruit for the astronauts. Its arrival was delayed, first by the need to repair the station, and then by frigid weather at the launch site and solar flares that forced postponements.<ref name="nasa-pr20130919" />·<ref name="yahoonews-20140112" />

With the December 2015 launch of Orb CRS-4 on [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]], the enhanced version of Cygnus made its debut. While it was planned from the beginning to fly on the fifth mission, the [[Engineering:Cygnus CRS Orb-3|Orb CRS-3]] failure and subsequent move to Atlas V meant a delay. However, lessons learned on packing and the extra capabilities of the Atlas allowed payload to be increased to {{convert|3,500|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nsf-20150831" />

== Design ==
[[File:Standard Cygnus vs Enhanced Cygnus.png|300px|left|thumb|A scale drawing of the Standard (left) and Enhanced (right) Cygnus.]]
The Cygnus spacecraft consists of two basic components: the Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM) and the Service Module (SM). The PCM is manufactured by [[Company:Thales Alenia Space|Thales Alenia Space]] in [[Place:Turin|Turin]], (Italy). The first PCMs had an empty mass of {{cvt|1,500|kg|lb}} <ref name="earthesa" /> and a volume of {{cvt|18|m3|cuft}}.<ref name="orbital-payload" /> The service module is built by Orbital ATK and is based on their [[Engineering:GEOStar|GEOStar]] and LEOStar spacecraft buses as well as components from the development of the [[Engineering:Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn spacecraft]]. It has a gross mass of {{cvt|1,800|kg|lb}} with propulsion provided by 32 monopropellant thrusters for attitude control. The SM also carries one BT-4 main engine <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-cygnus|title = ISS: Cygnus}}</ref> burning [[Chemistry:Hypergolic propellant|hypergolic]] propellants [[Chemistry:Hydrazine|hydrazine]] and [[Chemistry:Dinitrogen tetroxide|nitrogen tetroxide]] (the propellant mass is {{cvt|800|kg|lb}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/cygnus.html|title = The Cygnus cargo ship}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NG-14 Mission Profile|url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/wp-content/uploads/NG-14-Mission-Profile-Handout_r1.pdf|access-date=November 5, 2022|publisher=Northrop Grumman}}</ref>). The service module is capable of producing up to 4&nbsp;kW of electrical power via two gallium arsenide solar arrays.<ref name="orbital-payload" /> On 12 November 2009, Dutch Space announced it would provide the solar arrays for the first Cygnus spacecraft.<ref name="sn-091112" />
[[File:Orb CRS-1 unberthing - crop.jpg|right|thumb|The Standard Cygnus being unberthed from the Harmony module.]]

The fourth and all subsequent Cygnus spacecraft are the "Enhanced" variant, as the standard version has been retired.<ref name="orbital-2011CRSBlog" /> These have a stretched {{cvt|1,800|kg}} empty weight PCM with interior volume increased by 50% to {{cvt|27|m3|cuft}} and the service module uses Orbital ATK Ultraflex solar arrays providing the same power as the previous arrays at a lower mass.<ref name="orbital-payload" />·<ref name="orbital-2011CRSBlog" /> A new upper stage built by Orbital ATK, the Castor 30XL, is used together with the enhanced Cygnus. With a more powerful upper stage and lighter solar arrays, the Cygnus payload delivered to the ISS can be increased by {{cvt|700|kg|lb}}.<ref name="nsf-20120222" />

During nominal CRS missions, Cygnus maneuvers close to the International Space Station, where the Canadarm2 robotic arm grapples the spacecraft and berths it to a [[Engineering:Common Berthing Mechanism|Common Berthing Mechanism]] on the Harmony module in a similar fashion to the Japanese [[Engineering:H-II Transfer Vehicle|H-II Transfer Vehicle]] and the retired [[Engineering:SpaceX Dragon|SpaceX Dragon]],<ref name="orbital-payload" /> but not the other active American CRS [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] vehicle, which docks autonomously. For typical missions, Cygnus remains berthed for about 30 days.<ref name="nasa-report201007" />·<ref name="orbital-aonepreflight" /> Unlike Dragon 2 and the earlier Dragon, Cygnus does not provide cargo return capability. However, it can be loaded with obsolete equipment and trash for destructive reentry like the Russian [[Engineering:Progress (spacecraft)|Progress vehicles]].<ref name="esa-hsocou029" />

An earlier proposed version of Cygnus would have replaced the PCM with the Unpressurized Cargo Module (UCM), based on NASA's ExPRESS Logistics Carrier, and would have been used to transport unpressurized cargo, such as [[Engineering:Orbital replacement unit|ISS Orbital Replacement Units]].<ref name="nasa-ssa20080227" />·<ref name="wired-20080202" /> Another proposed variant would have replaced the PCM with the Return Cargo Module (RCM), which would have allowed Cygnus to return cargo to Earth.<ref name="nasa-ssa20080227" />·<!-- One proposed variant would have added a robotic arm to the Cygnus spacecraft. Such a variant would be a [[Engineering:Space tug|space tug]] suitable for supporting the International Space Station, other space stations and propellant depots.<ref name="nasaflight" />{{Better source|reason=A forum post is not a good enough reference|date=March 2012}}-->
{{Clear}}

In August 2023, Northrop Grumman announced a further enlarged Mission B version of Cygnus, with a {{cvt|1.5|m|ft}} stretch to the payload module and payload mass increased to {{cvt|5,000|kg|lb}}. This version is expected to enter service with the NG-23 mission in 2025 (the first to use the new Antares 330 launch vehicle).<ref name="mission-b">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=Northrop Grumman planning Cygnus upgrades |url=https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-planning-cygnus-upgrades/ |website=SpaceNews |access-date=3 August 2023 |date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

===Lunar Gateway module variant===
In August 2019, NASA decided to sole source its design for the Minimal Habitation Module (Habitation and Logistics Outpost, or HALO) of the [[Astronomy:Lunar Gateway|Lunar Gateway]] to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, which offered a minimalist {{cvt|6.1|m|ft}} by {{cvt|3|m|ft}} design based directly on the Enhanced Cygnus, as well as a larger {{cvt|7|m|ft}} by {{cvt|4.4|m|ft}} design<ref name="SN 23July2019" /><ref name="Arc July2019">{{cite web|last=Messier|first=Doug|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/07/23/nasa-awards-contract-to-northrop-grumman-for-lunar-gateway-habitat-module/|title=NASA Awards Contract to Northrop Grumman for Gateway Habitat Module|work=Parabolic Arc|date=23 July 2019|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> having radial docking ports, body-mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennas added on the outside. Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems opted to build the minimalist design, which offered the advantage of component compatibility and expedited testing of life support systems on existing Cygnus spacecraft.<ref name="SFN20200610">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/09/nasa-signs-gateway-habitat-design-contract-with-northrop-grumman/|title=NASA signs Gateway habitat design contract with Northrop Grumman|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=9 June 2020|access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="NSF07082020">{{cite web |last1=Gebhardt |first1=Chris |title=Northrop Grumman outlines HALO plans for Gateway's central module |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/northrop-halo-plans-gateway/ |website=NASASpaceflight.com |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>  On 5 June 2020, NASA awarded Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems a $187 million contract to complete the preliminary design of HALO. NASA will sign a separate contract with Northrop for the fabrication of the HALO, and for integration with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), being built by Maxar.<ref name="SFN20200610"/><ref name="NSF07082020"/>

== Missions ==
List includes only missions that have flown and six planned missions. {{asof|January 2024}} two missions are currently planned to be launched on the [[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]] rocket from SLC-40, and three from Wallops on an Antares 330. Cygnus is the only cargo freighter to launch on four different orbital launchers, that is, [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)|Antares 100 series]], [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]], [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)|Antares 200 series]] and [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]] rockets.<ref name="aspce-20220812">{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Ben |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2022/08/12/new-antares-rocket-targets-net-mid-2024-launch-major-performance-increase/ |title=Antares 330 Targets NET Mid-2024 Launch, SpaceX to Fly Three Cygnus Missions |work=AmericaSpace |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

Each mission is named for a notable member of the Human spaceflight community, often but not exclusively former NASA astronauts.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; font-size:97%;" width="99%"
|+Cygnus spacecraft missions
|- class="is-sticky"
! #
! Mission
! Patch
! Payload
! Variant
! Launch date
! Rocket
! Payload mass
! Outcome
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 0
| rowspan=2 | Cygnus Mass Simulator
| rowspan=2 | 
| Cygnus Payload Simulator
| style="text-align:center;" | N.A.
| style="text-align:center;" | 21 April 2013, 21:00:00 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Scheduled launches|Antares 110]]
|
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="sfn-20130809wls" />·<ref name="sfn-20130421" />
|-
| colspan=7 | First Antares launch, demonstrated Antares's performance and capability to place its payload on a precise target orbit.<ref name="nsf-20130428" />
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 1
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus Orb-D1|Orb-D1]]<br />''G. David Low''
| rowspan=2 | 
| Cygnus 1<br />Orbital&nbsp;Sciences COTS&nbsp;Demo&nbsp;Flight
| style="text-align:center;" | Standard
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 September 2013, 14:58:00 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Scheduled launches|Antares 110]]
| {{cvt|1,299|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="sfn-13050" />·<ref name="space-23887" />·<ref name="sfn-20130809wls" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | First Cygnus mission, first mission to rendezvous with ISS, first mission to berth with ISS, second launch of Antares. Mission Directors: Mike Orlowski (lead) and Ken Peek. The rendezvous between the new Cygnus cargo freighter and the International Space Station was delayed due to a computer data link problem,<ref name="washingtonpost-20130922" /> but the issue was resolved and berthing followed shortly thereafter.<ref name="nsf-20130928" />
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 2
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus Orb-1|Orb-1]]<br />''C. Gordon Fullerton''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 1 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital-1
| style="text-align:center;" | Standard
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 January 2014, 18:07:05 UTC
| Antares 120
| {{cvt|2,780|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="space-23887" />·<ref name="sfn-20130809wls" />·<ref name="orbital-muorb-1" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | First Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) mission for Cygnus, first Antares launch using the Castor 30B upperstage.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 3
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus Orb-2|Orb-2]]<br />''[[Biography:Janice E. Voss|Janice E. Voss]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 2 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;Sciences CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;2
| style="text-align:center;" | Standard
| style="text-align:center;" | 13 July 2014, 16:52:14 UTC
| Antares 120
| {{cvt|3,293|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="sfn-20130809wls" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | Second Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) mission for Cygnus.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 4
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus Orb-3|Orb-3]]<br />''[[Biography:Deke Slayton|Deke Slayton]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 3 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;Sciences CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;3
| style="text-align:center;" | Standard
| style="text-align:center;" | 28 October 2014, 22:22:38 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Scheduled launches|Antares 130]]
| {{cvt|4,883|lb}}
| {{Failure}}
| <ref name="sfn-20131221wls" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | First Antares launch to use Castor 30XL upperstage, delayed due to boat in launch safe zone. Second takeoff attempt suffered a catastrophic anomaly resulting in an explosion shortly after launch. Contents of the cargo included food and care packages for the crew, parts, experiments, and the [[Engineering:Arkyd-3|Arkyd-3]] Flight Test (Non-optical) Satellite from [[Company:Planetary Resources|Planetary Resources]].
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 5
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-4|OA-4]]<br />''Deke Slayton II''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 4 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;4
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 6 December 2015, 21:44:57 UTC
| [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] 401
| {{cvt|7,746|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="space-27962" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812a" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | First Enhanced Cygnus mission; Orbital Sciences contracted with [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]] to launch this Cygnus on an [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] rocket from {{wipe|Cape Canaveral Air Force Station}}.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 6
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-6|OA-6]]<br />''Rick Husband''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 6 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;6
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 23 March 2016, 03:05:52 UTC
| [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] 401
| {{cvt|7,758|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="space-27962" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812a" />·<ref name="sn-20150812" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 | Second mission to fly on an Atlas V. Orbital Sciences had an option with United Launch Alliance to conduct a third Cygnus launch on an Atlas V rocket if necessary.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 7
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-5|OA-5]]<br />''Alan Poindexter''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 5 Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;5
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 October 2016, 23:45:36 UTC
|Antares 230
| {{cvt|5,163|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="spacenews" />·<ref name="nasagov" />·<ref name="blogs" />
|-
| colspan=7 | The Antares 230 rocket carrying Cygnus lifted off at 23:45:36 UTC, 17 October 2016. Successful rendezvous was achieved on 23 October 2016 at 14:53 UTC.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 8
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-7|OA-7]]<br />''[[Biography:John Glenn|John Glenn]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 7 Patch.svg|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;7
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 April 2017, 15:11:26 UTC
| [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] 401
| {{cvt|7,443|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="sfnow20170604" /><ref name="orb-manifest2013" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812a" />·<ref name="sn-20150812" />·<ref name="sfn-20161104" />
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 9
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-8E|OA-8E]]<br />''Gene Cernan''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 8E Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;8
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 12 November 2017, 12:19:51 UTC
| Antares 230
| {{cvt|7,359|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="sfnow-schedule" /><ref name="orb-manifest2013" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812" />·<ref name="orbatkpr-20150812a" />·<ref name="sn-20150812" />
|-
| colspan=7 | 11 November 2017, launch was scrubbed just before launch when a general aviation aircraft entered the hazard zone and did not respond to calls.<ref name="insider" />
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 10
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus OA-9E|OA-9E]]<br />''J.R. Thompson''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 9E Patch.png|75px]]
| Orbital&nbsp;ATK CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;9
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 21 May 2018, 08:44:06 UTC
| Antares 230
| {{cvt|7,385|lb}}
| {{Success}}
| <ref name="flightnow"/><ref name="flightnow2"/>
|-
| colspan=7 |It became the first time a commercial vehicle performed ISS reboosting when, at 20:25 UTC on July 10, 2018 , Cygnus’s main engine was fired for about 50 seconds. Although it was just a reboost test, it raised the altitude by about 295 feet, according to NASA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/iss/northrop-grummans-oa-9-cygnus-leaves-international-space-station/|title = Northrop Grumman's OA-9 Cygnus leaves International Space Station|date = 15 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 11
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-10|NG-10]]<br />''John Young''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-10 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop&nbsp;Grumman CRS&nbsp;Flight&nbsp;10
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 November 2018, 09:01:31 UTC
| Antares 230
| {{cvt|7,386|lb}}
| {{success}}
| <ref name="sn-20150817" />·<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 12
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-11|NG-11]]<br />''Roger Chaffee''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-11 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 11
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 April 2019, 20:46:07 UTC
| Antares 230
| {{cvt|7,575|lb}}
| {{success}}
|<ref name="flightnow3" />
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 13
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-12|NG-12]]<br />''Alan Bean''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-12 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 12
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 2 November 2019, 13:59:47 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8,221|lb}}
| {{success}}
| 
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 14
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-13|NG-13]]<br />''Robert H. Lawrence''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-13 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 13
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 February 2020, 20:21:01 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8,009|lb||abbr=}}
| {{success}}
|<ref name="NG-13"/>
|-
| colspan=7 | 9 February 2020, launch was scrubbed due to a ground support issue.<ref name="cargolaunch"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 15
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-14|NG-14]]<br />''Kalpana Chawla''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-14 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 14
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 3 October 2020, 01:16:14 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|7,624|lb}}
| {{success}}
|<ref name="NG-14"/>
|-
| colspan=7 | 1 October 2020, launch delayed at 11:00 due to boat in range<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/virginia/2020/10/01/nasa-wallops-island-canceled-rocket-launch-cygnus-ng-14-mission-international-space-station-iss/3564105001/ |title=NASA Wallops scrubs NG-14 mission rocket launch toward ISS Thursday |author=Powers, Kelly |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020|website=The Daily Times}}</ref>
1 October 2020, launch was scrubbed due to a ground support issue<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/antares-cygnus-ng14-nasa-cargo-launch-abort|title=Northrop Grumman aborts launch of Antares rocket carrying NASA cargo minutes before liftoff|publisher=Space.com|author=Malik, Tariq |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 16
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-15|NG-15]]<br />''[[Biography:Katherine Johnson|Katherine Johnson]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-15 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 15
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 20 February 2021, 17:36:50 UTC 
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8,400|lb}}
| {{Success}}
|
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 17
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-16|NG-16]]<br />''[[Biography:Ellison Onizuka|Ellison Onizuka]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-16 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 16
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 10 August 2021, 22:01:05 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8,208|lb}}
| {{Success}}
|<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-invites-media-to-northrop-grumman-s-august-launch-from-virginia |title=NASA Invites Media to Northrop Grumman's August Launch from Virginia |work=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=7 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 18
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-17|NG-17]]<br />''Piers Sellers''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-17 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 17
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 19 February 2022, 17:40:03 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8,049|lb}}
|  {{success}}
|
|-
| colspan=7 |Performed the first operational limited reboost of ISS by a commercial vehicle on 25 June 2022 after it was aborted after few seconds on 20 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-station-cygnus-ng-17-cargo-ship-launch|title=Northrop Grumman rocket launches Cygnus cargo ship on 2-day trip to space station|website=Space.com|date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule of ISS flight events (part 2) |url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=32006.msg2376422#msg2376422 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=forum.nasaspaceflight.com}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 19
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-18|NG-18]]<br />''[[Biography:Sally Ride|Sally Ride]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-18 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 18
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 7 November 2022, 10:32:42 UTC
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8173|lb}}
| {{success}}
|<ref name="NG-18 launch confirm">{{cite web |last=Garner|first=Rob| title=Liftoff of Northrop Grumman's CRS-18 Antares Rocket – NASA's Northrop Grumman CRS-18 Commercial Resupply Mission | website=NASA Blogs | date=7 November 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/ng-crs-18/2022/11/07/liftoff-of-northrop-grummans-crs-18-antares-rocket/ | access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=sfn_ls>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |title=Launch Schedule |work=Spaceflight Now |date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=NG-18>{{cite web|last=Mars|first=Kelli|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/overview-for-northrop-grummans-18th-commercial-resupply-mission|title=Overview for Northrop Grumman's 18th Commercial Resupply Mission|date=November 2022|publisher=NASA|access-date=8 November 2022|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107040747/https://www.nasa.gov/content/overview-for-northrop-grummans-18th-commercial-resupply-mission/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | 6 November 2022, scrubbed due to fire alarm in mission control.<ref name="NASA November scrub">{{cite web |last=Garner|first=Rob| title=Today's Launch Postponed – NASA's Northrop Grumman CRS-18 Commercial Resupply Mission | website=NASA Blogs | date=6 November 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/ng-crs-18/2022/11/06/todays-launch-postponed/ | access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 20
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-19|NG-19]]<br />''Laurel Clark''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-19 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 19
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 2 August 2023, 00:31:14 UTC<ref name=sfn_ls />
| [[Engineering:Antares (rocket)#Antares 200 series|Antares 230+]]
| {{cvt|8345|lb}}
| {{Success}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-03 |title=Northrop Grumman Launch Marks 10 Years of ISS Resupply Missions |url=https://airspacenews.net/northrop-grumman-launch-marks-10-years-of-iss-resupply-missions/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | 
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 21
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-20|NG-20]]<br />''Patricia “Patty” Hilliard Robertson''
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Cygnus NG-20 Patch.png|75px]]
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 20
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 30 January 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-northrop-grumman-spacex-space-station-launch/ |title=NASA Invites Media to Northrop Grumman, SpaceX Space Station Launch |date=6 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=NASA}}</ref>
| [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]] ♺, [[Engineering:List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters#B1077|B1077.10]]
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 | First mission to fly on a Falcon 9.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 22
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Cygnus NG-21|NG-21]]<br />''TBA''
| rowspan=2 | ''TBA''
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 21
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | March 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7070 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - CRS NG-21 |access-date=6 December 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]]
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 23
| rowspan=2 | NG-22<br />''TBA''
| rowspan=2 | ''TBA''
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 22
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | July 2024<ref>{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7071 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - CRS NG-22 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| [[Engineering:Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9 Block 5]]
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 24
| rowspan=2 | NG-23<br />''TBA''
| rowspan=2 | ''TBA''
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 23
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | June 2025<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7072 |title=Antares 330 - CRS NG-23 |date=30 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| Antares 330
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 | First flight of the Antares 330.
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 25
| rowspan=2 | NG-24<br />''TBA''
| rowspan=2 | ''TBA''
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 24
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | January 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7075 |title=Antares 330 - CRS NG-24 |date=30 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| Antares 330
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 25
| rowspan=2 | NG-25<br />''TBA''
| rowspan=2 | ''TBA''
| Northrop Grumman CRS Flight 25
| style="text-align:center;" | Enhanced
| style="text-align:center;" | 2026<ref>{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7076 |title=Antares 330 - CRS NG-25 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}</ref>
| Antares 330
| TBA
| TBA
|
|-
| colspan=7 |
|}

In March 2022, NASA ordered six additional flights, Cygnus NG-20 to NG-25, to resupply the ISS through 2026.<ref name="March2022orders">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-orders-additional-cargo-flights-to-space-station|title=NASA Orders Additional Cargo Flights to Space Station|publisher=NASA|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Engineering:Space Shuttle retirement|Space Shuttle retirement]]
* [[Engineering:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles|Comparison of space station cargo vehicles]]

== References ==
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<ref name="orbital-aonepreflight">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHQFpYHmbOE&t=32m20s  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pHQFpYHmbOE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Antares A-ONE Pre-flight Briefing |date=16 April 2013 |quote=Typical mission will be about 30 days, including the rendezvous, the time aboard station, the time to de-orbit. We could extend that to 60 or 90 at NASA's request, however once we separate from the space station, the spacecraft itself, depending on its fuel load could probably fly easily for another year, in terms of what the components are certified for. |publisher=NASA |access-date=22 April 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

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<ref name="spacenews">{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=13 September 2016|title=Antares return to flight now planned for early October|url=http://spacenews.com/antares-return-to-flight-now-planned-for-early-october/|newspaper=spacenews.com|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="nasagov">{{cite web |title=Orbital ATK Launch Updates| url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/orbital.html| author=NASA| date=30 March 2015| access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="blogs">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/10/23/cygnus-attached-to-stations-unity-module/|title=Cygnus Attached to Station's Unity Module {{!}} Space Station|website=blogs.nasa.gov|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507123702/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/10/23/cygnus-attached-to-stations-unity-module/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="insider">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/orbital-sciences-corp/antares-oa-8-launch-scrubbed |title=Antares OA-8 Launch Scrubbed |publisher=SpaceFlight Insider |date=11 November 2017 |first1=Lloyd |last1=Campbell|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111212758/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/orbital-sciences-corp/antares-oa-8-launch-scrubbed/|archive-date= 11 November 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="flightnow">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/21/antares-rocket-launch-kicks-off-space-stations-next-commercial-cargo-delivery/ |title=Antares rocket launch kicks off space station's next commercial cargo delivery|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="flightnow2">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/07/15/cygnus-cargo-ship-released-from-space-station-heads-for-extended-mission/ |title=Cygnus cargo ship released from space station, heads for extended mission |publisher=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="flightnow3">{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/17/ng-11-mission-status-center/|title=Live coverage: Countdown begins for Antares launch from Virginia – Spaceflight Now |last=Clark|first=Stephen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

<ref name="cargolaunch">{{cite web|url= https://www.space.com/northrop-grumman-cygnus-ng-13-launch-abort.html |title=Northrop Grumman aborts Cygnus cargo launch to space station |publisher=Space.com |date=9 February 2020 |first1=Meghan |last1=Bartels |first2=Tariq |last2=Malik}}</ref>

<ref name="NG-13">{{cite web |last1=Yan |first1=Isabelle |title=Latest Weather Update for Northrop Grumman's CRS-13 Launch: 85% Favorable |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/northropgrumman/category/northrop-grumman/crs-13/ |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |access-date=14 February 2020 |date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="NG-14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-space-toilet-launches-on-antares-cygnus-ng-14 |author=Gohd, Chelsea|title=Antares rocket launches new astronaut toilet and more to space station for NASA|website=Space.com |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130417064631/http://www.orbital.com/antares-cygnus/ Orbital Sciences news page for Cygnus]
* [https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/nasa-commercial-resupply-mission-update/ NASA Commercial Resupply Mission Update : Northrop Grumman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716214802/https://www.thalesaleniaspace-issmodules.com/cygnus Thales Alenia Space page for Cygnus]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF2u2FsKt8g Computer animation of the Standard Cygnus delivering cargo to the ISS - Youtube]

{{Cygnus spaceflights}}
{{Cargo spacecraft}}


[[Category:Cygnus (spacecraft)| ]]
[[Category:Cargo spacecraft]]
[[Category:Supply vehicles for the International Space Station]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cygnus (spacecraft)}}