View source for Engineering:Electrical code

{{Short description|Set of electrical building wiring regulations}}
{{Electrical Wiring Sidebar}}
An '''electrical code''' is a term for a set of regulations for the design and installation of [[Engineering:Electrical wiring|electrical wiring]] in a building. The intention of such regulations is to provide standards to ensure electrical wiring systems are safe for people and property, protecting them from [[Engineering:Electrical injury|electrical shock]] and fire hazards. They are usually based on a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a national or international standards organisation.

Such wiring is subject to rigorous safety standards for design and installation. [[Software:Wire|Wire]]s and [[Engineering:Electrical cable|electrical cable]]s are specified according to the circuit operating [[Physics:Voltage|voltage]] and [[Physics:Electric current|electric current]] capability, with further restrictions on the environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals. Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building's wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. To ensure both wiring and associated devices are designed, selected and installed so that they are safe for use, they are subject to wiring safety codes or regulations, which vary by locality, country or region.

The [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) is attempting to harmonise wiring standards amongst member countries, but large variations in design and installation requirements still exist.

==Regional codes==
[[File:Architectural wiring diagram minihome.svg|thumb|Wiring layout plan for a house]]
Wiring installation codes and regulations are intended to protect people and property from electrical shock and fire hazards. They are usually based on a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a national or international standards organisation, such as the [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]].

===Australia and New Zealand===
{{Anchor|AS3000}}
In Australia and New Zealand, the AS/NZS 3000 standard, commonly known as the "wiring rules", specifies requirements for the selection and installation of electrical equipment, and the design and testing of such installations. The standard is mandatory in both New Zealand and Australia; therefore, all electrical work covered by the standard must comply.

===Europe===
In European countries, an attempt has been made to harmonise national wiring standards in an [[Organization:International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard, [[IEC 60364]] ''Electrical Installations for Buildings''. Hence national standards follow an identical system of sections and chapters. However, this standard is not written in such language that it can readily be adopted as a national wiring code. Neither is it designed for field use by electrical tradespeople and inspectors for testing compliance with national wiring standards. By contrast, national codes, such as the NEC or CSA C22.1, generally exemplify the common objectives of IEC 60364, but provide specific rules in a form that allows for guidance of those installing and inspecting electrical systems.

====Belgium====
RGIE '''(fr)''' (''Réglement Général sur les Installations Électriques'') is used for installations in Belgium. AREI '''(nl)''' (''Algemeen Reglement Elektrische Installaties'') is used for installations in Flanders, Belgium.

====France====
NF C 15-100 '''(fr)''' is used for [[Physics:Low voltage|low voltage]] installations in France

====Germany====
The VDE is the organisation responsible for the promulgation of electrical standards and safety specifications. DIN VDE 0100 is the German wiring regulations document harmonised with IEC 60364. In Germany, blue can also mean phase or switched phase.

==== Sweden ====
In Sweden, IEC 60364 is implemented through the national standard SS-436 40 000.

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Engineering:Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom}}
In the United Kingdom, wiring installations are regulated by the British Standard known as [[Engineering:BS 7671|BS 7671]] ''Requirements for Electrical Installations: IET Wiring Regulations'', which are harmonised with IEC 60364. The first edition was published in 1882. BS 7671 is an industry standard and as such is not itself statutory, however legislation in the form of [[Engineering:Building regulations in the United Kingdom|UK Building Regulations]] requires that domestic installations conform to a safe standard, and official guidance accompanying this statutory regulation points to following BS 7671 as one way to comply.

BS 7671 is also used as a national standard by [[Earth:Mauritius|Mauritius]], St Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]], Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and [[Place:Cyprus|Cyprus]].

===North America===
{{Main|Engineering:Electrical wiring in North America}}
The first electrical codes in the United States originated in New York in 1881 to regulate installations of electric lighting. Since 1897 the US [[Organization:National Fire Protection Association|National Fire Protection Association]], a private non-profit association formed by insurance companies, has published the ''[[Engineering:National Electrical Code|National Electrical Code]]'' (NEC). States, counties or cities often include the NEC in their local building codes by reference along with local differences. The NEC is modified every three years. It is a consensus code considering suggestions from interested parties. The proposals are studied by committees of engineers, tradesmen, manufacturer representatives, fire fighters, and other invitees.

Since 1927, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) has produced the Canadian ''Safety Standard for Electrical Installations'', which is the basis for provincial electrical codes. The CSA also produces the [[Engineering:Canadian Electrical Code|Canadian Electrical Code]], the 2006 edition of which references [[IEC 60364]] (''Electrical Installations for Buildings'') and states that the code addresses the fundamental principles of electrical protection in Section 131. The Canadian code reprints Chapter 13 of IEC 60364, but there are no numerical criteria listed in that chapter to assess the adequacy of any electrical installation.

Although the US and Canadian national standards deal with the same physical phenomena and broadly similar objectives, they differ occasionally in technical detail. As part of the [[Finance:North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) program, US and Canadian standards are slowly converging toward each other, in a process known as harmonisation.

Mexico and Costa Rica follow the US [[Engineering:National Electrical Code|National Electrical Code]].

===South America===

Venezuela and Colombia follow the US [[Engineering:National Electrical Code|National Electrical Code]].

===India===

India is regulated by the so-called [[Engineering:Central Electricity Authority Regulations|Central Electricity Authority Regulations]] (CEAR).

==Colour coding of wiring by region==
{{Anchor|Color code}}
[[File:ElectricWireGrounded.jpg|thumb|upright|Colour-coded wires in a flexible plastic [[electrical conduit]] found commonly in modern European houses]]

In a typical electrical code some colour-coding of wires is mandatory. Many local rules and exceptions exist per country, state, or region.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Electrical Code |url=https://www.nema.org/Technical/FieldReps/Pages/National-Electrical-Code.aspx |publisher=National Electrical Manufacturers Association |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Older installations vary in colour codes, and colours may fade with insulation exposure to heat, light, and aging.

===Europe===
From 1970 European countries started a process of harmonising their wiring colours, as several countries had chosen the same colour to denote different wires. The new harmonised colours were chosen mainly because no country had used them. Colours like pink, orange and turquoise were not available as they were deemed to be too close to other colours. Even so, there were unavoidable clashes. Blue was a phase conductor in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which delayed the adoption of the new colours for several decades. But flexible cable was changed pretty much instantly following pressure from manufacturers of appliances.<ref name="historyUK">{{Cite web |title=The history of colour identification of conductors |url=https://electrical.theiet.org/wiring-matters/years/2021/84-march-2021/the-history-of-colour-identification-of-conductors/|access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="muckusmc">{{Cite web|url=https://forums.mikeholt.com/threads/wire-colour-coding-abroad.84611/ |title= Wire colour coding abroad|date= 25 February 2011}}</ref>

====Pre-harmonised European colours====

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; margin:0 0 1em;"
|+ Pre-harmonised single-phase colours by country
|-
! Country
! (L)
! Neutral (N)
! Protective earth (PE)
|-
| {{GBR}}<ref name="historyUK" /><br>{{IRL}}
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]
|-
| {{DEN}}<ref>DS/EN 60364 afsnit 514.3.1.Z1</ref>
| [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
|-
| {{SWE}}<ref name="Håkansson">{{cite book |date=2021 |first=Paul författarlänk|url=https://peallkonsult.se/ |isbn=978-91-89259-14-0 |last=Håkansson |pages=109 |title=Elektromekanik}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] <br> (L & N Interchangeable)
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
|-
| {{FRG}}<ref name="historyUK" /><ref>DIN VDE 0293-308 (Kennzeichnung der Adern von Kabeln/Leitungen und flexiblen Leitungen durch Farben)</ref><ref name="aderfarben">{{Cite web |url=http://static3.voltimum.com/sites/www.voltimum.de/files/de/others/Q/200305272874flyer_HD308.pdf |title=Informationen zur Harmonisierung der Aderfarben |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091936/http://static3.voltimum.com/sites/www.voltimum.de/files/de/others/Q/200305272874flyer_HD308.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>{{AUT}}<ref name="historyUK" />
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
|-
| {{FRA}}<ref name="muckusmc" />
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]] <br> [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
| [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]] <br> [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] <br> [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
|-
| {{NED}}
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
| [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]] <br> [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]
|-
| {{BEL}}<ref name="muckusmc" />
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] <br> [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]] <br> [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
|-
| {{SWI}}
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
| [[File:Color wire red yellow.svg|80px|Red/Yellow]]
|-
| {{POL}}<ref>{{cite tech report |author= Centralny Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy „Elektromontaż” |date= 1980-05-19 |title= Urządzenia elektroenergetyczne. Zasady doboru barw. Wymagania i badania. |url= https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/Content/11536/download/ |trans-title= Power electrical equipment. Colour selection rules. Requirements and testing. |type= Norma Branżowa [Industry Standard] |language=pl |id= BN-80/3008-03 |url-status=live |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20250730141717/https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/Content/11536/download/ |archive-date= 2025-07-30|access-date= 2025-07-30 }}</ref>
| [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]<br />[[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]<br />[[File:Color wire violett.svg|80px|Violet]]
| [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Light green]]<br />[[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
|-
| {{ITA}}<ref name="historyUK" />
| 
| 
| [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
|-
| {{USSR|name=Former Soviet Union}}<ref>{{cite web |title= Правила Устройства электроустановок|url=http://pue7.ru/pue7/punkt.php |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="muckusmc"/>
| [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
| [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
|}

====Post-harmonised European colours====

[[File:CENELEC.svg|thumb|CENELEC affiliated countries]]
As of March 2011, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) requires the use of green/yellow striped cables as protective conductors, blue as neutral conductors and brown as [[Engineering:Single-phase electric power|single-phase]] conductors.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Cable Colour Code for Electrical Installations |url=https://elise.ema.gov.sg/safety/about.html#2 |publisher=Energy Market Authority |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; margin:0 0 1em;"
|+ Harmonised single-phase colours
|-
! (L)
! Neutral (N)
! Protective earth (PE)
|-
| [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]]
| [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; margin:0 0 1em;"
|+ Harmonised three-phase colours
|-
! L1
! L2
! L3
! Neutral (N)
! Protective earth (PE)
|-
| [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]
| [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|}

The use of striped green/yellow for earth conductors was adopted for its distinctive appearance to reduce the likelihood of dangerous confusion of safety earthing (grounding) wires with other electrical functions, especially by persons affected by red–green [[Medicine:Color blindness|colour blindness]].

==== Sweden ====
In Sweden there is a notable exception for blue, where while the colour normally is used for neutral, it may be used as connecting wire between switches and between switch and fixture, as well as phase wire in a two-phase circuit, all under the condition that no neutral wire is used in the particular circuit.<ref>[https://www.sis.se/produkter/elektroteknik-24c2329a/allmant/ss4364000elektronisktformat/ SS-436 40 000 section 514.3. (Swedish)]</ref><ref>[https://www.elinstallatoren.se/2020/03/far-jag-anvanda-bla-ledare-som-tandtrad/ Cecilia Axelsson (Swedish)]</ref>

====United Kingdom====
In the UK it is fairly common practice to use three-core cable with three-phase coloured insulation for part of the wiring of two-way lighting switches. To avoid confusion the accepted practice is to add coloured sleeves to the ends in brown or blue as appropriate to communicate how the wires are being used.<ref>Bill Atkinson, Roger Lovegrove, Gary Gundry, ''Electrical Installation Designs'', pp. 111–112, John Wiley & Sons, 2013 {{ISBN|1119992842}}.</ref>

===United States===
The United States [[Engineering:National Electrical Code|National Electrical Code]] requires a bare copper, or green or green/yellow insulated protective conductor, a white or grey neutral, with any other colour used for single phase. The NEC also requires the high-leg conductor of a [[Engineering:High-leg delta|high-leg delta]] system to have orange insulation, or to be identified by other suitable means such as tagging. Prior to the adoption of orange as the suggested colour for the high-leg in the 1971 NEC, it was common practice in some areas to use red for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=National Fire Protection Association |title=National Electrical Code 1968 a USA Standard |date=January 1, 1968 |publisher=National Fire Protection Association; NFPA No. 70-1968 USAS C1-1968 edition |edition=1968 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>

The introduction of the NEC clearly states that it is not intended to be a design manual, and therefore creating a colour code for ungrounded or "hot" conductors falls outside the scope and purpose of the NEC. However, it is a common misconception that "hot" conductor colour-coding is required by the Code.

In the United States, colour-coding of three-phase system conductors follows a de facto standard, wherein black, red, and blue are used for three-phase 120/208-volt systems, and brown, orange or violet, and yellow are used in 277/480-volt systems. (Violet avoids conflict with the NEC's high-leg delta rule.) In buildings with multiple voltage systems, the grounded conductors (neutrals) of both systems are required to be separately identified and made distinguishable to avoid cross-system connections. Most often, 120/208-volt systems use white insulation, while 277/480-volt systems use grey insulation, although this particular colour code is not currently an explicit requirement of the NEC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Color Coding Chart |url=https://www.conwire.com/about/technical-info/ |publisher=Conwire |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Some local jurisdictions do specify required colour coding in their local building codes, however.

=={{Anchor|Color code|Colour code|Colour codes}}Color codes==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; margin:0 0 1em;"
|+ Standard{{efn|The colors in this table represent the most common and preferred standard colors for wiring; however others may be in use, especially in older installations.}} wire insulation colours for alternating current
|-
! Standard<br>Region or country
! Phases (L, L1/L2/L3)
! Neutral (N)
! Protective earth/ground (PE)
|-
| [[IEC 60446|IEC&nbsp;60446]] {{awrap|(now part of [[IEC 60445|IEC&nbsp;60445]])}}
* European Union from April 2004
* [[Engineering:Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom#Wiring colors|United Kingdom]] from April 2004 (BS&nbsp;7671)
* Switzerland from 2005
* Argentina
* Hong Kong from July 2007
* Singapore from March 2009
* Russia from 2009 {{awrap|(GOST R 50462)}}
* Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan
* South Korea from January 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kec.kea.kr/ebook/2021/book1_1/index.html |title=Korea Electro-technical Code |work=Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917055122/http://kec.kea.kr/ebook/2021/book1_1/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Australia and New Zealand{{efn|name=iecasnzs|Australian and New Zealand wiring standards allow both Australian and European color codes.}}
* Italy
| [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]<ref>Switzerland before 2005 also red and white for phases.</ref>
'''Prohibited:''' [[File:Color wire green yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
| [[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Light Blue]]{{efn|Sweden allow the use of blue for other purposes in circuits without a neutral, for instance two-phase with ground.}}
[[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Dark Blue]]<ref>Switzerland blue or light&nbsp;blue for neutral conductors</ref>
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|-
| rowspan=5 | AS/NZS&nbsp;3000:2018
* Australia and New Zealand{{efn|name=iecasnzs}}
| '''Installation wiring:''' (section 3.8.1)
[[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] ''recommended'' for single phase
<br>[[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Dark Blue]]{{efn|name=asnzsblue}} ''recommended'' for multiphase
<br>While light blue is prohibited from use for active function, dark blue is recommended for L3.
<br>[[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]] ''usually'' used for "Switched Line" <ref>{{cite book |date=2007 |title=AS/NZS 3000 "Wiring Rules", Table 3.4, CONDUCTOR COLOURS FOR INSTALLATION WIRING, "Function: Active: Any colour other than green, yellow, green/yellow, black or light blue."|no-pp=y}}</ref>

To designate any phase, the below colours are '''prohibited''':

[[File:Color wire green yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]] [[File:Color wire green prohibited.svg|80px|Green]] [[File:Color wire yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Yellow]] [[File:Color wire light blue prohibited.svg|80x80px|Light Blue]]{{efn|name=asnzsblue|Australian-standard phase colors conflict with IEC 60446 colors, where IEC-60446 supported ''neutral'' color (blue) is an allowed ''phase'' color in the Australia/New Zealand standard. Care must be taken when determining the system used in any existing wiring.}} [[File:Color wire black prohibited.svg|80px|Black]]<br>
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
[[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Light Blue]]{{efn|name=nzblack|Use of light blue for Neutral may cause confusion with dark blue for L3. In New Zealand domestic installations, the only permitted color for Neutral is black.}}
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]<br>[[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]] (before 1980)<br>[[File:Color wire bare copper.svg|80px|Bare copper]] (before 1966)
|-
| '''Cable identification colours:{{efn|name=asnzsnocombine|Australian and NZ cable identification colours and European cable identification colours should not be combined within the same wiring enclosure.}}''' (section 3.8.3.4)<br>'''Multiphase cables'''<br>[[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Dark Blue]]{{efn|name=asnzsblue}} Current AS/NZS cables
| <br><br>[[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| <br><br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|-
| [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]  [[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]] European cables
| [[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Light Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|-
| '''Single-phase cables'''<br>[[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] Current AS/NZS flexible cords, flexible cables and equipment wiring, and European cables
| <br>[[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Light Blue]]
| <br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|-
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] Superseded AS/NZS flexible cords
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]
|-
* [[Engineering:Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom#Wiring colours|United Kingdom]] until April 2006 (BS&nbsp;7671)
* India, Pakistan
* Hong Kong prior to 2009
* Malaysia and Singapore prior to February 2011
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]<br>[[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]] (before 1977)
|-
| {{awrap|ABNT NBR 5410}}
* Brazil
| Local rules may specify colours to be used for phases.
To designate any phase, the below colours are '''prohibited''':
[[File:Color wire green yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]] [[File:Color wire green prohibited.svg|80px|Green]] [[File:Color wire yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Yellow]]{{efn|name=bryellow|For safety reasons, yellow should not be used when green/yellow striped cables are present.}} [[File:Color wire light blue prohibited.svg|80px|Light Blue]]<br>
| [[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]<br>[[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]
|-
| SABS SANS&nbsp;10142-1
* South Africa
| To designate any phase, the below colours are '''prohibited''':
[[File:Color wire green yellow prohibited.svg|80px|Yellow]] [[File:Color wire green prohibited.svg|80px|Green]] [[File:Color wire black prohibited.svg|80px|Black]]<br>
| [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] || [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]<br>[[File:Color wire bare copper.svg|80px|Bare copper]]
|-
| {{awrap|GB 50303-2015}}
* China (PRC)
| [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]] [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]] [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
| [[File:Color wire light blue.svg|80px|Light Blue]]
| [[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
|-
| {{awrap|JIS C 0446}}
* Japan
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
See :ja:識別標識 (電線) for details
| [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:National Electrical Code|NEC]] (NFPA&nbsp;70)
* United States{{efn|name=noram|Canadian and American wiring practices are very similar, with ongoing harmonisation efforts.}}
* Mexico (NOM-001)
* Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Nicaragua,<br>El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica,<br>Panama, Dominican Republic, Colombia,<br>Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfpa.org/NEC/NEC-adoption-and-use/NEC-adoption-and-use-in-Latin-America|title=NEC adoption and use in Latin America|access-date=2024-10-02|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001144145/https://www.nfpa.org/NEC/NEC-adoption-and-use/NEC-adoption-and-use-in-Latin-America|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| '''{{awrap|120, 208, or 240&nbsp;V}}'''<br>[[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]]
'''{{awrap|277, or 480&nbsp;V}}'''<br>[[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] [[File:Color wire orange.svg|80px|Orange]] [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]]
<br>{{color box|#B5A642}} metallic brass
| '''{{awrap|120, 208, or 240&nbsp;V}}'''<br>[[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]
'''{{awrap|277, or 480&nbsp;V}}'''<br>[[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]<br>{{color box|silver}} metallic silver
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]<br>[[File:Color wire bare copper.svg|80px|Bare copper]] no insulation<br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]] for isolated systems
|-
| '''Flexible cable {{awrap|(e.g., [[Physics:Extension cord|extension]], power, and lamp cords)}}'''
'''120 V'''<br>[[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] {{color box|#B5A642}} metallic brass

'''split-phase 240 V'''<br>[[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]]
| [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]<br>{{color box|silver}} metallic silver
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]<br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Engineering:Canadian Electrical Code|CE Code]] (CSA&nbsp;C22.1)
* Canada<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=C22.1-15—Canadian Electrical Code, Part I: Safety Standard for Electrical Installations |publisher=Canadian Standards Association|edition=23rd |isbn=978-1-77139-718-6 |page=Rules 4-038, 24-208(c) |no-pp=y}}</ref>{{efn|name=noram}}
| [[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] for single-phase systems
[[File:Color wire red.svg|80px|Red]] [[File:Color wire black.svg|80px|Black]] [[File:Color wire blue.svg|80px|Blue]] for three-phase systems
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Color wire white.svg|80px|White]]<br>[[File:Color wire grey.svg|80px|Grey]]
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]<br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]]<br>[[File:Color wire bare copper.svg|80px|Bare copper]] no insulation
|-
| [[File:Color wire orange.svg|80px|Orange]] [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] for isolated single-phase systems
[[File:Color wire orange.svg|80px|Orange]] [[File:Color wire brown.svg|80px|Brown]] [[File:Color wire yellow.svg|80px|Yellow]] for isolated three-phase systems
| [[File:Color wire green.svg|80px|Green]]<br>[[File:Color wire green yellow.svg|80px|Green/Yellow]] for isolated systems
|-
| colspan=4 | Boxes (e.g., {{color box|purple}} translucent purple) denote markings on wiring terminals.
{{Notelist}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Engineering:Electrical wiring|Electrical wiring]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electrical safety]]

{{Sourceattribution|Electrical code}}