View source for Engineering:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero

{{Infobox SCOTUS case
  |Litigants=Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
  |ArgueDate=December 8
  |ArgueYear=1975
  |DecideDate=June 17
  |DecideYear=1976
  |FullName= Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors et al. v. Flores de Otero 
  |USVol=426
  |USPage=572
  |ParallelCitations=96 S. Ct. 2264; 49 L. Ed. 2d 65
  |Prior=
  |Subsequent=
  |Holding= State law that excluded [[Biography:Alien (law)|aliens]] from the practice of [[Engineering:Civil engineering|civil engineering]] was declared unconstitutional on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause.
  |Majority=Blackmun
  |JoinMajority=Burger, White, Powell, O'Connor, Brennan, Stewart
  |Dissent=Rehnquist
  |JoinDissent = 
  |LawsApplied=U.S. Const. amend. XIV
}}

'''''Examining Board v. Flores de Otero''''', 426 U.S. 572 (1976), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated a state law that excluded [[Biography:Alien (law)|aliens]] from the practice of [[Engineering:Civil engineering|civil engineering]]. The Court invalidated the law on the basis of equal protection using a [[Social:Strict scrutiny|strict scrutiny]] standard of review.<ref>{{ussc|name=Examining Board v. Flores de Otero|volume=426|page=572|pin=|year=1976}}.</ref><ref>Varat, J.D. et al.  ''Constitutional Law Cases and Materials, Concise Thirteenth Edition.''  Foundation Press, New York, NY: 2009, p. 667</ref>

==Prior history==
A Puerto Rico law permits only United States citizens to practice privately as civil engineers. Appellees are alien civil engineers residing in Puerto Rico, one of whom (Flores de Otero) was denied a license under this law, and the other of whom (Perez Nogueiro) was granted only a conditional license to work for the Commonwealth.  Each appellee brought suit for declaratory and injunctive relief against appellant Examining Board and its members in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, claiming jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) and alleging that the statute's citizenship requirement violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

==See also==
*List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 426

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{caselaw source
 | case = ''Examining Board v. Flores de Otero'', {{ussc|426|572|1976|el=no}}
 | courtlistener =
 | findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/426/572.html
 | googlescholar = 
 | justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/426/572/
 | loc =
 | oyez =https://www.oyez.org/cases/1975/74-1267
 }}


[[Category:Civil engineering]]



{{Sourceattribution|Examining Board v. Flores de Otero}}