View source for Engineering:Félix I

{{Short description|Brazilian space project}}
{{Infobox event
| title                    = Félix I
| type                     = Experiment of the Brazilian Army Technical School
| participants             = Graduates of the 1958 Brazilian Army Technical School
| outcome                  = Project cancelled due to media and popular pressure. 
}}
'''Félix I''' (officially "'''F-360-BD'''") was a Brazilian Army Technical School project led by Lieutenant Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.

==History==
===Origins===
The project, with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a [[Engineering:Sounding rocket|sounding rocket]], something unheard of in Brazil at the time.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=95-96}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later {{ill|Sonda I|pt|Sonda I}}.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=96}}

The rocket had an outer diameter of 400&nbsp;mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350&nbsp;kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder,{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=96-97}} reaching a maximum speed of 1.950&nbsp;m/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=101}} Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal,{{efn|In 1951, as an artillery officer, Manoel dos Santos Lage designed, built and launched, as part of the Army Technical School, Brazil's first single-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=68}} In 1958 he was responsible for the first Brazilian two-stage rocket.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 4 de janeiro de|1958|p=67}}}} head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite launch vehicle.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=97}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} The project also had the collaboration of scientists Carlos Chagas Filho and César Lattes.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=98-99}} Carlos Chagas Filho was responsible for the idea of choosing a cat, because he was interested in observing how these animals reacted under laboratory conditions.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}}

The project, which aimed to test a guided missile costing Cr$600,000,{{efn|About $1500.{{sfn|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958|p=12}}}} was nicknamed "Felix I" by the Rio de Janeiro press after they discovered their intention to launch a cat, Flamengo, into space. Originally they planned for the rocket to reach the 300&nbsp;km mark, but this was abandoned due to difficulties in the calculations.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=97}}{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}}{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=12}} The final decision was that the class of 1958 would develop a rocket that reached an apogee of 120&nbsp;km and the class of 1950 would work on one that reached 300&nbsp;km, with the ultimate goal of developing a [[Engineering:Thor (rocket family)|Thor-type]] rocket that would reach orbits greater than 500&nbsp;km by June 1960.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=98}}{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}

Initially the rocket was to be launched in 1957, but it was delayed twice and by December 1958 they hoped to launch in early January 1959.{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}

====Flight plan====
The rocket would be launched from a base in Cabo Frio. Its accelerometer would be connected to a transmitter at a frequency of 73 Mc/s.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=99}} César Lattes was responsible for building three transmitters and the instruments aimed at cosmic ray detection;{{efn|Cosmic-ray instruments posed a miniaturization challenge.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=111}}}} Lieutenant-Colonel Carlos Alberto Braga Coelho built the electronics of the rocket; Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF) developed the instruments for monitoring the cat's health; and astronomer Mário Ferreira Dias, from the Valongo Observatory, developed the calculations related to the flight.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=100}}

The combustion chamber was built by the Army War Arsenal in company with the students of the Armaments Course, with the carbon steel plate produced by the [[Company:Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional|Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional]]. The rocket was painted silver with red stripes in a spiral, to help the visibility of the rocket in flight, as the process would be monitored by the National Observatory.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=101}}

The rocket thrust was predicted to be 1,920 kgf with 6G of acceleration, 19.3s of combustion, and a final velocity of 1,960&nbsp;m/s. The propellant, developed by the Army Technical School, was called "BD 1000C Gunpowder".{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=103}} The rocket would carry a 180-kilogram payload of gunpowder to reach the [[Astronomy:Ionosphere|ionosphere]].{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}

The [[Engineering:Payload fairing|payload fairing]], with a final mass of 30&nbsp;kg, would contain an acrylic chamber for the cat, as well as the other instruments for the mission. The chamber, with the return speed estimated at 1,800&nbsp;m/s,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=107}} would initially be rescued by two <math>4.5 m^2</math> air braking devices, and would be followed by a 68&nbsp;kg parachute developed by the Army Air Ground Division Core, open at an altitude of 5,000 meters,{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=105}} all in an automatic way.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=107, 111}} The cat would have four hours of oxygen{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=108}} and would be placed face up on a nylon mattress. The flight would last 40 minutes, falling into the sea 30 kilometers from the launch pad, off Angra dos Reis, and would be rescued by the Brazilian Navy. Rescuing the cat alive was considered the greatest challenge of the project.{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|pp=1-2}} Finally, the flight date would be analyzed by César Lattes.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=112}}

If the mission was successful, the future rockets would be made available to the National Nuclear Energy Council and the {{ill|Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute|pt|Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho|lt=Biophysics Institute}} for scientific research.{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 29 de outubro de|1958|p=14}}

===Flamengo===

Flamengo,{{efn|Name in reference to Associação Atlética Flamengo.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}}} the tomcat of Lieutenant-Colonel Lage's daughters, was one of the twelve candidates for the flight. He was the leading candidate and would only be released if he was in good health on the day of the flight{{sfn|''Diário de Pernambuco'', 19 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}} and his presence on the flight was already confirmed in December 1958.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}} But in October 1958, the Diário do Paraná announced that Carlos Chagas Filho would replace the animal with an [[Biology:Amoeba|amoeba]], arguing that a microscopic animal would be of greater scientific use in the study of cosmic rays.{{sfn|''Diario do Paraná'', 28 de outubro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''Diario do Parana'', 5 de novembro de|1958|p=1}} Despite this, Colonel Lage kept the cat in the project{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=110}} and when asked in 1959 about the reason for launching the cat, he replied: "... the recovery of this cat, alive, will be an extraordinary achievement".{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}}{{efn|Original: "... a recuperação desse gato, vivo, será um feito extraordinário".}} On 19 December 1958 the cat posed for the media inside the Technical School.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de dezembro de|1958|p=7}} If the launch had taken place, it would have been Latin America's first living being in space.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=50}}

===Controversy===
Carlos Chagas Filho, when the experiment began to gain visibility in the media, renounced any renewed interest in sending a cat on the mission and the possibility of any scientific learning, besides citing that the acrylic capsule would face difficulties with drastic temperature changes.{{sfn|Silva|2020|p=110}}{{sfn|''Diario do Parana'', 5 de novembro de|1958|p=1}}

In addition to the disagreement with Carlos Chagas Filho, the project team received protests from the "North American Feline Society," something that the project manager disregarded, believing in the safety of the vehicle. The {{ill|International Union Society for the Protection of Animals|pt|Sociedade União Internacional Protetora dos Animais|lt=SUIPA}} also opposed the use of the cat.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 31 de outubro de|1958|p=4}} Members of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and other experts were also skeptical of Flamengo's chances of survival, and Leo Rosen, vice president of SUIPA, also reiterated the group's position against the experiment{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=15}} SUIPA also sent an appeal and a petition, signed by, among others, Rachel de Queiroz and Carlos Drummond de Andrade, to the Commander of the Army Technical School and to the Minister of War, General Teixeira Lott, against launching the cat in the rocket.{{sfn|''Luta Democratica'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 20 de dezembro de|1958|p=5}} On the issue of animal experiments, SUIPA only advocated when extremely necessary, and was skeptical of the need for the cat experiment.{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 21-22 de dezembro de|1958|p=8}} The Brazilian government received thousands of letters protesting against the experiment, but the Army ignored them.{{sfn|''Spokane Daily Chronicle'', 31 de dezembro de|1958|p=12}} And despite all the protests, including from Europe, the project leader continued with his plans.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=7}}{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 20-21 de dezembro de|1959|p=1|loc=Inglaterra protesta contra gato no foguete}}

In November 1958 it was announced that the launch would be held in secret to "avoid [[Social:Sensationalism|sensationalism]]"{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 1 de novembro de|1958|p=12}} and in the same month Colonel João Luís Vieira Maldonado, director of the Meteorology Service, said that the rocket would only carry sounding devices, and no longer the cat.{{sfn|''Tribuna da Imprensa'', 14 de novembro de|1958|p=5}} However, in January 1959, Colonel Lage still hoped to make the launch with the cat{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=69}} and in February of the same year they planned to launch in March.{{sfn|''Última Hora'', 3 de fevereiro de|1959|p=7}} However, in May 1959, the launch had not yet occurred and freshmen from the National Engineering School held a parade where, among other things, they criticized and satirized the project.{{sfn|''Jornal do Brasil'', 16 de maio de|1959|p=7}} In December 1958 the Army announced that it would test a prototype of the rocket before the official launch.{{sfn|''Diário de Notícias'', 18 de dezembro de|1958|p=1}}

==End of project==
In January 1959 the rocket was on display at the Armament Museum of the Army Technical School.{{sfn|''Manchete'', 24 de janeiro de|1959|p=68}} By 1961 it was already clear that the launch had not taken place.{{sfn|''Diario Carioca'', 12 de maio de|1963|p=11}}{{efn|In 1968, in Ceará, there was a similar project.{{sfn|''O Jornal'', 10 de julho de|1968|p=9}}}} It was the last rocket project that Colonel Lage participated in{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=53}} and was terminated without flying.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=54}} Finally, on 18 October 1963, the cat Félicette made a suborbital flight as part of the French space program, returned alive, and was sacrificed after two months for an autopsy and study of her brain.{{sfn|''Folha de São Paulo'', 17 de julho de|2019}} Colonel Lage was transferred from the Army Technical School in 1960 and all the equipment related to the rocket was disassembled.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=63}} Myearel Lage, already a General, born on 4 June 1910, died on 5 August 1977.{{sfn|Silva|2020|pp=27, 46}} The Army Technical School was abolished in favor of the Military Institute of Engineering.{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=9}}

Because of the project, at that time Brazil was considered one of the three countries with space technology, alongside the {{wipe|United States}} and the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Izola|1994|p=49}} In terms of satellite launch capabilities, years later Brazil developed the unsuccessful [[Engineering:VLS-1|VLS]] project, terminated in 2016. It is currently working on the [[Engineering:VLM (rocket)|VLM]] project, whose officials hope to carry out its first launch in 2025.{{sfn|''Revista Fapesp'', janeiro de|2022}}

==See also==
*Félicette
*Animals in space

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|20em}}
(Chronological order)
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{{Refend}}

[[Category:Astronomical controversies]]
[[Category:Suborbital spaceflight]]

{{Sourceattribution|Félix I}}