View source for Engineering:Fanhui Shi Weixing-0

{{Short description|First class of Chinese reconnaissance satellites}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = FSW-0
| image              = Satellite FSW.jpg
| image_caption      = Mock-up at a Shanghai Museum
| image_alt          = satellite mock-up display
| image_size         = 300px
| mission_type       = Imagery intelligence
| mission_duration   = 3-6 days
| orbits_completed   = 47
| spacecraft         = "Recoverable Satellite 0"
| manufacturer       = China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)
| payload_mass       = 1,800 kilograms
| launch_site        = Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC)
| entered_service    = {{start-date|5 November 1974|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| declared           = {{end-date|5 August 1987|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| orbit_inclination  = 62°
}}

The '''Fanhui Shi Weixing-0''' satellite series, commonly written as "FSW-0" ({{Zh|s=返回式卫星0号|p=Fǎnhuí Shì Wèixīng 0 Hào|l=Recoverable Satellite 0}}), also known by its program's military nickname "Jianbing 1", was the first class of Chinese [[Astronomy:Reconnaissance satellite|reconnaissance satellite]]s developed in 1966 and launched ten times between 1974 and 1987 to collect imagery of the Chinese mainland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |date=21 July 2019 |title=FSW-0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (JB-1 1, ..., 9) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/fsw-0.htm |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref> FSW-0 satellites were launched into a short-term orbit to image before they fell from orbit, recovered, and the captured [[Astronomy:Satellite imagery|imagery]] extracted.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2011 |title=FSW-0 Imagery Intelligence |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/fsw-0.htm |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref> FSW-0 was the first of four FSW classes of recoverable satellites developed and launched by the {{wipe|China}}.

== Development ==
The beginnings of the FSW-0 (military designation "Jianbing-1") recoverable satellite began in 1965 when [[Biography:Qian Xuesen|Qian Xuesen]] conceived and proposed the idea and, after significant and tragic setbacks, finally completed in 1974.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2014 |title=KSP History Part 104 - FSW-0 No. 1 |url=https://imgur.com/a/1wTQN |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Imgur}}</ref>

Having returned to Mainland China from the {{wipe|United States}} after pressure from FBI and [[Religion:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan]] during the Second Red Scare, "father of the Chinese [[Engineering:Missile|missile]] program" [[Biography:Qian Xuesen|Qian Xuesen]] began a remarkably successful career in rocket science, boosted by the reputation he garnered for his past achievements, and eventually rose through the Party's ranks to become a Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party member. Purportedly out of his dream for manned spaceflight but also recognizing the military value, [[Biography:Qian Xuesen|Qian Xuesen]] urged the Chinese Central Planning Committee to invest in the development of recoverable satellite technologies, similar to those the {{wipe|United States}} and [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] had been successfully operating since the early 1960s.<ref name=":2" /> Interested more in the military value recoverable satellites would provide, the committee accepted and tasked space physicist and engineer Zhao Jiuzhang (who is today known as the "father of the Chinese satellite program" for his work as the chief designer of China's first satellite, [[Engineering:Dong Fang Hong 1|Dong Fang Hong 1]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=Zhao Jiuzhang: Father of Chinese satellites, chief designer of Dongfanghong 1, committed suicide at the age of 61 |work=iNEWS |url=https://inf.news/en/history/4c28e4959ee8846a3a4fb5a5eea8abc5.html |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> to head the project.<ref name=":2" /> Earnest work on the project began in 1965 after Jiuzhang's team submitted a preliminary analysis of requirements having toured military and civilian organizations to assess potential applications of a recoverable satellite program.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=FSW |url=http://www.astronautix.com/f/fsw.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406212819/http://www.astronautix.com/f/fsw.html |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Astronautix}}</ref> Wang Xiji, an American-educated rocket scientist and designer of the [[Engineering:Long March 1|Long March 1 rocket]] which would launch the [[Engineering:Dong Fang Hong 1|Dong Fang Hong 1]] satellite in 1970, was named chief designer of the recoverable satellite program.<ref name=":2" />

In May 1966, [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]], with the help of the Cultural Revolution Group, launched the Cultural Revolution with the stated goal of preserving Chinese communism by purging remnants of [[Philosophy:Capitalism|capitalist]] and traditional elements from Chinese society and to re-impose [[Philosophy:Maoism|Mao Zedong Thought]] (known outside China as ''[[Philosophy:Maoism|Maoism]]'') as the dominant ideology in the {{wipe|China}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tom Phillips |date=11 May 2016 |title=The Cultural Revolution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion |access-date=5 November 2021 |work={{wipe|The Guardian}}}}</ref> Among other groups, the purges of Mao's Red Guards focused heavily on academics and intellectuals regarded as the "Stinking Old Ninth" which included the seizure of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the persecution of 131 of the 171 senior members and the killings of 229 members.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cao |first1=Pu |title=文革中的中科院：131位科学家被打倒，229人遭迫害致死 |url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=3847 |access-date=February 23, 2020 |website=Chinese University of Hong Kong |language=zh}}</ref> Zhao Jiuzhang was killed (though some sources say he committed [[Medicine:Suicide|suicide]] under the pressures of persecution), [[Biography:Qian Xuesen|Qian Xeusen]] was reduced to the role of a common worker, and Wang Xiji was accused of sabotaging an FSW test [[Engineering:Parachute|parachute]] for which he fought to prove his innocence. Later in 1971, when [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao's]] successor Lin Biao died in a plane crash following an abortive coup d'état, Mao initiated an immense witch-hunt to oust potential supporters of Lin Biao. As a result, many departments of the Academy were closed to include the [[Engineering:Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang project]], China's proposed first crewed spacecraft, which had shared much of its technology with the recoverable satellite program costing the team valuable development money and time.<ref name=":2" /> Only after several months of persistent attack by Mao's Red Guards did [[Social:Premier|Premier]] of the {{wipe|China}} Zhou Enlai intervene to put fifteen key scientists in critical missile programs under state protection while others did their best to survive the violence.<ref name=":6" />

Despite the challenges and four years past its goal, the [[Organization:China Association for Science and Technology|China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)]] completed the FSW-0 satellite which weighed 1,800 kilograms and carried photographic film and two cameras intended to support both military and civilian needs.<ref name=":0" /> FSW-0 carried a prism-scanning panoramic camera and a stellar camera both designed by the Changchun Institute of Optics and tested tested on two T7A rockets in July 1967.

In 1972, several technician teams were dispatched to Laiyang in Shandong, Xinhua in Hunan, Lhasa in Tibet, and [[Place:Kashgar|Kashgar]] in [[Place:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] to establish the nation's first satellite control, tracking, and telemetry stations. Having established four fixed stations and two mobile, technicians tested the control network with [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet]]-made [[Engineering:Ilyushin Il-14|Il-14]] aircraft flying at high-altitudes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=上得去，回得来——中国第一颗返回式卫星诞生记 |trans-title=Go up and come back - the birth of China's first returnable satellite |url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1720551144331848609&wfr=spider&for=pc |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Baidu |publisher=Hainan University Science and Technology Magazine |language=zh}}</ref>

On 8 September 1974, FSW-0 No. 1 was transported to the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) for launch on a [[Engineering:Long March 2|Long March 2 rocket]] (derived from the Dongfeng 5 ballistic missile). The first attempt to launch an FSW-0 satellite into orbit on 5 November 1974 failed with the rocket exploding approximately twenty seconds after launch and debris crashing 300 meters from the [[Engineering:Launch pad|launch pad]]. Analysis of the recovered debris led Chinese scientists to blame [[Chemistry:Copper conductor|copper wire]] damage in the rocket during the [[Astronomy:Multistage rocket|second stage]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matignon |first=Louis de Gouyon |date=2020-01-13 |title=Spy satellites: the history of reconnaissance satellites |url=https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-history-of-spy-satellites/ |access-date=2020-10-31 |website=Space Legal Issues |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Successful launch ==
The first successful FSW-0 launched on 26 November 1975 from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in [[Place:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]] Pad 138, Launch Complex 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=FSW-0 (Jianbing 1) |url=http://sinodefence.com/space/military/fsw0.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108175730/http://sinodefence.com/space/military/fsw0.asp |archive-date=8 November 2011 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=SinoDefence.com}}</ref> Immediately after launch, it became apparent the satellite would be irrecoverable due to a loss of pressure in the gas orientation system. [[Biography:Qian Xuesen|Qian Xeusen]] estimated the chances of recovery to be near zero while Yang Jiachi (developer of the FSW-0's [[Astronomy:Attitude control|attitude control system]]) believed the seeming loss of pressure was only the result of the gasses cooling ([[Physics:Charles's law|Charles' Law]]) as the spacecraft cooled exiting the atmosphere. Despite Yang's adamance that the mission should continue, the decision was made and Xian Ground Station commanded the satellite to reenter the atmosphere after only three days flight time.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=FSW |url=http://astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116181654/http://astronautix.com/craft/fsw.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Austronautix}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=1 July 1996 |title=Development of China's Recoverable Satellites |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA310527.pdf |url-status=live |journal= |publisher=National Air Intelligence Center |id=NAIC-ID(RS)T-0299-96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508114331/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA310527.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2021 |via=Defense Technical Information Center}}</ref>

With observers waiting in the mountains of Sichuan, four coal miners seated in a mess hall in Guizhou Province about 400 kilometers away watched a red-hot object crash into a nearby grove of trees around noon. Venturing out to see the crashed object, one reportedly threw a rock and was relieved to hear a metallic sound confirming the object was of terrestrial origin. The miners reported the object to local authorities and the recovery team eventually arrived to find the spacecraft intact and the imagery undamaged.<ref name=":4" /> The reentry vehicle was damaged by reentry and the parachute partially burned, however the film was declared undamaged and the mission was deemed as success making China the third nation to capture space-based imagery after the United States' CORONA satellite in 1960 and the Soviet Union's Zenit satellite in 1962.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Brügge |first=Norbert |title=Variants of China's re-coverable photo-reconnaissance satellite FSW |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/China/CZ-2/FSW/index.htm |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=R |date=24 October 2003 |title=For another great leap forward |work=FRONTLINE: India's National Magazine |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30219545.ece |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=William |last2=Chen Qing |first2=Dave |last3=Lan |first3=Chen |last4=Myrrhe |first4=Jacqueline |date=October 2012 |title=History of the Chinese Recoverable Satellite Programme |url=https://www.go-taikonauts.com/images/newsletters_PDF/GoTaikonauts6.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Go Taikonauts! |issue=6 |pages=7–10}}</ref>

The extracted imagery was in extremely low [[Image resolution|resolution]] and suffered significant [[Physics:Distortion|distortion]] from in-orbit movements, however the FSW-0 was launched eight more times on an imagery mission with the final mission purposed to conduct microgravity experiments.<ref name=":4" /> The [[Physics:Micro-g environment|microgravity]] experiments of the last mission tested the [[Engineering:Smelting|smelting]] and [[Physics:Recrystallization (metallurgy)|recrystallization]] of [[Chemistry:Alloy|alloy]]s and [[Physics:List of semiconductor materials|semiconductor materials]] including [[Chemistry:Gallium arsenide|gallium arsenide]] and would continue as part of the larger FSW satellite program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=R. |date=24 October 2003 |title=Space-based physical sciences research |work=FRONTLINE: India's National Magazine |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30219535.ece |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>

== Satellites ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+FSW-0 Satellites<ref name=":3" />
!Name
!Military designation
!Launch date
!Duration<ref name=":4" />
!Capsule recovery<ref name=":4" />
![[Engineering:Satellite Catalog Number|SCN]]
![[Organization:Committee on Space Research|COSPAR]] ID
!Mass ([[Ton|t]])
![[Astronomy:Orbital inclination|Inclination]]
![[Astronomy:Apsis|Orbit]]
!Rocket
|-
|N/A
|N/A
|5 November 1974
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|(Failed)
|Unknown
|N/A
|N/A
|[[Engineering:Long March 2|Long March 2]]
|-
|FSW-0 1
|Jianbing-1 1
|26 November 1975
|3 days
|Unknown
|8452
|{{COSPAR|id=1975-111A}}
|1.790
|63.0°
|181&nbsp;km × 495&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2|Long March 2]]
|-
|FSW-0 2
|Jianbing-1 2
|7 December 1976
|2 days
|9 December 1976
|9587
|{{COSPAR|id=1976-117A}}
|1.812
|59.49°
|172&nbsp;km × 492&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2|Long March 2]]
|-
|FSW-0 3
|Jianbing-1 3
|26 January 1978
|5 days
|30 January 1978
|10611
|{{Cospar|id=1978-011A}}
|1.810
|57.0°
|169&nbsp;km × 488&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2|Long March 2]]
|-
|FSW-0 4
|Jianbing-1 4
|9 September 1982
|5 days
|14 September 1982
|13521
|{{Cospar|id=1982-090A}}
|1.783
|63.0°
|175&nbsp;km × 404&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|-
|FSW-0 5
|Jianbing-1 5
|19 August 1983
|5 days
|24 August 1983
|14288
|{{Cospar|id=1983-086A}}
|1.842
|63.3°
|178&nbsp;km × 415&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|-
|FSW-0 6
|Jianbing-1 6
|12 September 1984
|5 days
|17 September 1984
|15279
|{{Cospar|id=1984-098A}}
|1.809
|62.94°
|171&nbsp;km × 409&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|-
|FSW-0 7
|Jianbing-1 7
|21 October 1985
|5 days
|26 October
|16177
|{{Cospar|id=1985-096A}}
|1.810
|62.98
|176&nbsp;km × 402&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|-
|FSW-0 8
|Jianbing-1 8
|6 October 1986
|5 days
|11 October 1986
|17001
|{{Cospar|id=1986-076A}}
|1.770
|56.96°
|142&nbsp;km × 402&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|-
|FSW-0 9
|Jianbing-1 9
|5 August 1987
|5 days
|10 August 1987
|18306
|{{Cospar|id=1987-067A}}
|1.810
|62.95°
|172&nbsp;km × 410&nbsp;km
|[[Engineering:Long March 2C|Long March 2C]]
|}

== Image gallery ==
The following images and annotations came from the National Air Intelligence Center's 1996 human translation of chief designer Wang Xiji's paper "Development of China's Recoverable Satellites."<ref name=":5" />
{{External media|video1=[https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNjQ3MTY0OTU2.html?spm=a2h1n.8251843.playList.5~5~A&f=21278156&o=1 Footage of China's first recoverable satellite launch failing]}}<gallery widths="275" heights="200">
File:FSW-0 Capsule Diagram.png|The FSW-0 satellite
File:FSW-0 recovery capsule leaving its orbit.png|Recovery capsule leaving orbit
File:FSW-0 recovery capsule reentry, deceleration, landing.png|Recovery capsule reentry, deceleration, and landing
</gallery>

= References =
__INDEX__

[[Category:Satellite series]]

{{Sourceattribution|Fanhui Shi Weixing-0|1}}