View source for Engineering:Gun control

{{Short description|Laws or policies that regulate firearms}}
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[[File:Permissive and Restrictive Gun Control Laws by Country.svg|300px|right|thumb|Firearm guiding policy by country according to the [[University of Sydney]]{{efn|name="sydney"}} (April 2022)
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{{legend|#FF0000|Restrictive}}
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'''Gun control''', or '''firearms regulation''', is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of [[Engineering:Firearm|firearm]]s by civilians.<ref>Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (2005). [https://www.atf.gov/file/58686/download Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide (PDF).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424054342/https://www.atf.gov/file/58686/download |date=2021-04-24  }} U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved: January 3, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/| title=Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy| website=Library of Congress| access-date=2016-03-22 | archive-date=2022-05-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530145418/https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Engineering:Overview of gun laws by nation|Most countries have relatively restrictive firearms laws]], with only a few being categorized as permissive.{{efn|name="sydney"|{{asof|2022|April}}, the only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen, and Zambia.}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alpers |first1=Philip |last2=Wilson |first2=Marcus |title=Guns in the United Nations: Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy |publisher=Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney |url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/compare/193/firearm_regulation_-_guiding_policy/3,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,22,26,27,28,217,29,30,218,31,38,39,40,41,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,222,52,56,57,58,60,61,62,64,65,66,69,71,72,74,75,77,78,79,81,82,83,86,90,91,94,95,233,99,100,102,234,104,105,107,108,110,111,112,236,238,113,114,116,241,118,121,122,123,125,128,129,131,136,137,139,140,142,143,144,145,146,148,149,150,152,153,154,155,158,159,162,163,247,164,166,170,172,174,249,251,175,252,177,178,180,182,183,54,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,192,194,195,197,199,200,204,205,206,15,120,173 |access-date=August 27, 2016 |date=9 June 2020 |via=GunPolicy.org |archive-date=2021-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418071137/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/compare/193/firearm_regulation_-_guiding_policy/3,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,22,26,27,28,217,29,30,218,31,38,39,40,41,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,222,52,56,57,58,60,61,62,64,65,66,69,71,72,74,75,77,78,79,81,82,83,86,90,91,94,95,233,99,100,102,234,104,105,107,108,110,111,112,236,238,113,114,116,241,118,121,122,123,125,128,129,131,136,137,139,140,142,143,144,145,146,148,149,150,152,153,154,155,158,159,162,163,247,164,166,170,172,174,249,251,175,252,177,178,180,182,183,54,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,192,194,195,197,199,200,204,205,206,15,120,173 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jurisdictions that regulate private access to firearms typically first restrict ownership of certain categories of firearms, and may then make further restrictions of the categories of persons who may be granted a license to own or carry. In some countries, such as the United States, gun control may be implemented at any of the [[Social:Federalism|federal]], state, or local levels.

==Terminology and context==
Gun control refers to domestic and international attempts to regulate, and harmonize the regulation of, the private and industrial manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport of a class of weapons typically identified as [[Engineering:Small arms|small arms]]. This class of arms commonly includes [[Engineering:Revolver|revolver]]s, self-loading pistols, [[Engineering:Rifle|rifle]]s and [[Engineering:Carbine|carbine]]s, so-called [[Engineering:Assault rifle|assault rifle]]s, and some categories of [[Engineering:Machine gun|machine gun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Firearms/ITI.pdf |title=International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapon |date=February 25, 2013 |website=unodc.org |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=2020-11-11  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202349/http://www.unodc.org/documents/organized-crime/Firearms/ITI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Definitions of Small Arms and Light Weapons |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/weapons-and-markets/definitions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619030929/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/weapons-and-markets/definitions.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2011 |date=April 15, 2013 |publisher=Small Arms Survey|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref>

The term ''gun control'' itself is considered politicized.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/word-choice-and-gun-culture/423108/ | title=How 'Gun Control' Became a Taboo Phrase | website=The Atlantic | date=11 January 2016 | access-date=29 March 2016 | author=LaFrance, Adrienne | archive-date=2017-01-17  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117075444/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/word-choice-and-gun-culture/423108/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Many gun control advocates prefer the use of terms like "gun-violence prevention", "gun safety", or "common-sense regulation" to describe their objectives.<ref>Ball, Molly (January 2013). [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/01/dont-call-it-gun-control/267259/ Don't Call It 'Gun Control'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417074045/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/01/dont-call-it-gun-control/267259/ |date=2021-04-17  }} ''The Atlantic.'' Retrieved: September 24, 2016.</ref>

In 2007, a global supply of 875&nbsp;million small arms were estimated to be in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies, and national armed forces.{{efn|This figure excludes older, pre-automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or 'craft-produced' civilian firearms.{{sfn|Karp|2007|p=39}}}}{{sfn|Karp|2007|p=39}} Of these firearms, 650&nbsp;million, or 75%, were estimated to be held by civilians.{{sfn|Karp|2007|p=39}} U.S. civilians account for 270&nbsp;million of this total.{{sfn|Karp|2007|p=39}} A further 200&nbsp;million are controlled by national military forces.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=102|ps=}} Law enforcement agencies may have some 26&nbsp;million small arms.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=102|ps=}} Non-state armed groups{{efn|Composed of 'insurgents and militias, including dormant and state-related groups'.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=101|ps=}}}} have about 1.4&nbsp;million firearms.{{efn|However, as of 2009, active non-state armed groups, numbering about 285,000 combatants, control only about 350,000 small arms.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=121|ps=}}}}{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=102|ps=}} Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10&nbsp;million small arms.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=102|ps=}} Together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs have been estimated to account for, at most, 1.4% of the global total.{{sfn|Karp|2010|p=101|ps=}}

==Regulation of civilian firearms==
With few exceptions,{{efn|Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, and Taiwan (Republic of China) prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances. Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. In the Solomon Islands, civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=62 n. 1|ps=}}}} most countries in the world actually allow some form of civilian firearm ownership.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=1|ps=}} A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents{{efn|The survey, carried out by the [[Organization:Small Arms Survey|Small Arms Survey]] included 28 countries (42 jurisdictions in total). The countries included in the sample were:
* Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda;
* Americas: Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, United States, Venezuela;
* Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Turkey, Yemen;
* Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom;
* Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=2|ps=}}

The study states that "while the sample is diverse and balanced, it may not be representative of the systems in place in countries outside the sample".{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=62 n. 4|ps=}}}} found that a major distinction between different national gun control regimes is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=36|ps=}} The study concluded that both the United States and Yemen were distinct from the other countries surveyed in that they viewed gun ownership as a basic right of citizenship, and therefore their gun control policies were more permissive.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=36|ps=}} In the remaining countries sampled, civilian gun ownership is considered a privilege and their corresponding gun control policies are more restrictive.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=36|ps=}}

===International and regional gun control===

At the international and regional level, diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross-border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian-held firearms.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} During the mid-1990s, however, the [[Organization:United Nations Economic and Social Council|United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} In July 1997, ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects: firearm safety and storage; penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms; a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms; exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal, unsafe or unwanted guns; and, a record-keeping system to track civilian firearms.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}}

In 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the ''United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation'' which was updated in 1999.{{efn|The impetus behind this study was twofold: firstly, there were concerns over the incidence of firearm-related crimes, accidents and suicides; secondly, there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership, storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}}}}{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, located in Vienna. who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian-held firearms were stymied.{{sfn|Parker|2011|pp=3–4|ps=}} Responding to pressure from the U.S. government,{{efn|The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries 'to seriously consider the prohibition of unrestricted trade and private ownership of small arms and light weapons'.{{sfn|Alley|2004|p=54|ps=}}}}{{sfn|Alley|2004|pp=53–54|ps=}} any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}}

Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate, since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=3|ps=}} The Bamako Declaration,{{efn|The full title is 'The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000)'.{{sfn|Juma|2006|p=39|ps=}}}} was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).{{sfn|Juma|2006|p=39|ps=}} The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries.{{sfn|Parker|2011|p=4|ps=}}

==Studies==
{{POV section|date=October 2022}}
High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/12/the-case-for-more-guns-and-more-gun-control/309161/ | title=The Case for More Guns (and More Gun Control) | website=The Atlantic | date=December 2012 | access-date=31 March 2016 | last=Goldberg | first = Jeffrey}}</ref> A 2004 National Research Council critical review found that while some strong conclusions are warranted from current research, the state of our knowledge is generally poor.{{sfn|National Research Council|2005|pp=3, 6}} The result of the scarcity of relevant data is that gun control is one of the most fraught topics in American politics,{{sfn|Branas et al.|2009}} and scholars remain deadlocked on a variety of issues.{{sfn|Branas et al.|2009}} Notably, since 1996, when the Dickey Amendment was first inserted into the federal spending bill, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been prohibited from using its federal funding "to advocate or promote gun control", thwarting gun violence research at the agency at the time. The funding provision's author has said that this was an over-interpretation,<ref>{{Cite news|title = The Congressman Who Restricted Gun Violence Research Has Regrets|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jay-dickey-gun-violence-research-amendment_561333d7e4b022a4ce5f45bf|newspaper = The Huffington Post|access-date = 2015-10-11|date = 2015-10-06|last1 = Stein|first1 = Sam|archive-date = 2015-10-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151010051136/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jay-dickey-gun-violence-research-amendment_561333d7e4b022a4ce5f45bf|url-status = live}}</ref> but the amendment still had a chilling effect, effectively halting federally funded firearm-related research.{{sfn|Betz|Ranney|Wintemute|2016}} Since the amendment, the CDC has continued to research gun violence and publish studies about it,{{sfn|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|2013}} although their funding for such research has fallen by 96% since 1996, according to Mayors Against Illegal Guns.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence.aspx | title=Gun violence research: History of the federal funding freeze | website=Psychological Science Agenda | date=February 2013 | access-date=27 April 2017 | author=Jamieson, Christine | archive-date=2017-05-05  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505190021/http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> According to a spokesman, the CDC has limited funding and has not produced any comprehensive study aimed at reducing gun violence since 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/cdc-launched-comprehensive-gun-study-15-years/story?id=39873289 | title=Why the CDC Hasn't Launched a Comprehensive Gun Study in 15 Years | website=ABC News | date=16 June 2016 | access-date=27 April 2017 | author=Barzilay, Julie | archive-date=2020-06-27  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627134017/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/cdc-launched-comprehensive-gun-study-15-years/story?id=39873289 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===General===
A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted, and concluded, "The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates."{{sfn|Lambert|Silva|1998}} A 2016 review found that laws banning people under [[Social:Restraining order|restraining order]]s due to [[Medicine:Domestic violence|domestic violence]] convictions from accessing guns were associated with "reductions in intimate partner homicide".{{sfn|Zeoli|Malinski|Turchan|2016}} Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun-related deaths.{{sfn|Santaella-Tenorio et al.|2016}} According to ''Vox'', "The authors are careful to note that their findings do not conclusively prove that gun restrictions reduce gun deaths. However, they did find a compelling trend whereby new restrictions on gun purchasing and ownership tended to be followed by a decline in gun deaths."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2016-02-29 |title=A huge international study of gun control finds strong evidence that it actually works |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/2/29/11120184/2016-gun-control-study-epidemiologic-reviews-deaths |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2011 UN study, after identifying a number of methodological problems, it stated "notwithstanding such challenges, a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide. In particular, a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence–homicide association."<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=2011 Global Study on Homicide|page=43|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|website=unodc.org|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/congress/background-information/Crime_Statistics/Global_Study_on_Homicide_2011.pdf|access-date=October 9, 2016|archive-date=2016-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409203921/https://www.unodc.org/documents/congress/background-information/Crime_Statistics/Global_Study_on_Homicide_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:2000- Gun sales and NICS firearm background checks - U.S.svg|thumb|upright=1.25 |U.S. gun sales have risen in the 21st century, peaking in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=Trace_20231231_FBI>● Gun sale data from {{cite news |last1=Brownlee |first1=Chip |title=Gun Violence by the Numbers in 2023 |url=https://www.thetrace.org/2023/12/data-gun-violence-deaths-america/ |work=The Trace |date=December 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128065745/https://www.thetrace.org/2023/12/data-gun-violence-deaths-america/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |url-status=live }}<br>● NICS firearm check data downloaded via link at {{cite web |title=NICS Firearm Background Checks: Month/Year |url=https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/nics_firearm_checks_-_month_year.pdf |website=FBI.gov |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129020051/https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/nics_firearm_checks_-_month_year.pdf |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |date=January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> "NICS" is the FBI's National Instant Background Check System.]]
In the United States, gun rights activists argue gun laws are too restrictive or should not be altered, and gun control activists argue gun laws are too permissive. Both camps center their arguments upon the legal and traditional interpretations of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peeples |first=Lynne |date=2022-07-01 |title=US gun policies: what researchers know about their effectiveness |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=607 |issue=7919 |pages=434–435 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01791-z|pmid=35778495 |bibcode=2022Natur.607..434P |s2cid=250218456 |doi-access=free }}</ref>[[File:2019 Gun ownership rates and gun homicide rates - developed world - scatter plot.svg|thumb|upright=1.25| Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries.<ref name=CNN_20211126>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Kara |last2=Shveda |first2=Krystina |last3=Croker |first3=Natalie |last4=Chacon |first4=Marco |title=How US gun culture stacks up with the world |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/26/world/us-gun-culture-world-comparison-intl-cmd/index.html |work=CNN |date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126193406/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/26/world/us-gun-culture-world-comparison-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |url-status=live |quote=CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries.  Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)}}</ref>]]

====Cross-sectional studies====
In 1983, a [[Social:Cross-sectional study|cross-sectional study]] of all 50 U.S. states found that the six states with the strictest gun laws (according to the National Rifle Association of America) had suicide rates that were approximately 3/100,000 people lower than in other states, and that these states' suicide rates were 4/100,000 people lower than those of states with the least restrictive gun laws.{{sfn|Medoff|Magaddino|1983}} A 2003 study published in the ''American Journal of Preventive Medicine'' looked at the restrictiveness of gun laws and suicide rates in men and women in all 50 U.S. states and found that states whose gun laws were more restrictive had lower suicide rates among both sexes.{{sfn|Conner|Zhong|2003}} In 2004, another study found that the effect of state gun laws on gun-related homicides was "limited".{{sfn|Price|Thompson|Dake|2004}} A 2005 study looked at all 50 states in the U.S. and the District of Columbia, and found that no gun laws were associated with reductions in firearm homicide or suicide, but that a "shall-issue" concealed carry law (mandatory issue of a license when legal criteria met) may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates.{{sfn|Rosengart et al.|2005}} A 2011 study found that firearm regulation laws in the United States have "a significant deterrent effect on male suicide".{{sfn|Rodríguez Andrés|Hempstead|2011}}

A 2013 study by the American Medical Association found that in the United States, "a higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in that state."{{sfn|Fleegler et al.|2013}} A 2016 study published in ''The Lancet'' found that of 25 laws studied, and in the time period examined (2008–2010), nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality (including both homicide and suicide), nine were associated with increased mortality, and seven had an inconclusive association. The three laws most strongly associated with reduced firearm mortality were laws requiring universal background checks, background checks for ammunition sales, and identification for guns.{{sfn|Kalesan et al.|2016}} In an accompanying commentary, David Hemenway noted that this study had multiple limitations, such as not controlling for all factors that may influence gun-related deaths aside from gun control laws, and the use of 29 explanatory variables in the analysis.{{sfn|Hemenway|2016}}

Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U.S. states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States, "stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates" for nonfatal gun injuries.{{sfn|Simonetti et al.|2015}} A 2014 study that also looked at the United States found that children living in states with stricter gun laws were safer.{{sfn|Safavi et al.|2014}} Another study looking specifically at suicide rates in the United States found that the four handgun laws examined (waiting periods, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations) were associated with "significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms." The study also found that all four of these laws (except the waiting-period one) were associated with reductions in the overall suicide rate.{{sfn|Anestis|Anestis|2015}}

Another study, published the same year, found that states with permit to purchase, registration, and/or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates, as well as lower firearm suicide rates.{{sfn|Anestis et al.|2015}} A 2014 study found that states that required licensing and inspections of gun dealers tended to have lower rates of gun homicides.{{sfn|Irvin et al.|2014}} Another study published the same year, analyzing [[Panel data|panel data]] from all 50 states, found that stricter gun laws may modestly reduce gun deaths.{{sfn|Lanza|2014}} A 2016 study found that U.S. military veterans tend to commit suicide with guns more often than the general population, thereby possibly increasing state suicide rates, and that "the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon."{{sfn|Anestis|Capron|2016}} California has exceptionally strict gun sales laws, and a 2015 study found that it also had the oldest guns recovered in crimes of any states in the U.S. The same study concluded that "These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets."{{sfn|Pierce|Braga|Wintemute|2015}}

[[File:2000- Outcomes of active shooter attacks (stacked bar chart).svg|thumb|upright=1.25| A ''New York Times'' study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "good guy with a gun" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).<ref name=NYTimes_20220622>{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Larry |last2=Leatherby |first2=Lauren |title=Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111531/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |quote=Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates.{{sfn|Kposowa|Hamilton|Wang|2016}} Another 2016 study found that U.S. states with lenient gun control laws had more gun-related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws.{{sfn|Tashiro et al.|2016}} A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws.{{sfn|Anestis|Anestis|Butterworth|2017}} Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and/or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws.{{sfn|Anestis|Selby|Butterworth|2017}} A third 2017 study found that "waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%."{{sfn|Luca|Malhotra|Poliquin|2017}} A 2017 study in the ''[[Finance:The Economic Journal|Economic Journal]]'' found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced "firearm-related suicides by between 2 and 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non-firearm suicides," and were "not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates."{{sfn|Edwards et al.|2018}} Another 2017 study showed that laws banning gun possession by people subject to intimate partner violence restraining orders, and requiring such people to give up any guns they have, were associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates.{{sfn|Diez et al.|2017}} A 2021 study found that firearm purchase delay laws reduced homicide –&nbsp;the authors suggested that it was driven by reductions in gun purchases by impulsive customers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koenig|first1=Christoph|last2=Schindler|first2=David|date=2021|title=Impulse Purchases, Gun Ownership, and Homicides: Evidence from a Firearm Demand Shock|journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=1271–1286|doi=10.1162/rest_a_01106|s2cid=243676146|issn=0034-6535|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/207224|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

====Reviews====

In 2015, Daniel Webster and Garen Wintemute reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high-risk individuals in the United States. They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under [[Medicine:Domestic violence|domestic violence]] [[Social:Restraining order|restraining order]]s or who had been convicted of violent [[Social:Misdemeanor|misdemeanor]]s were associated with lower violence rates, as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws. They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns, such as "rigorous permit-to-purchase" laws and "comprehensive background checks", were "negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals."{{sfn|Webster|Wintemute|2015}}

A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates, while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries.{{sfn|Crandall et al.|2016}} Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates; this association was especially strong for background check and permit-to-purchase laws.{{sfn|Lee et al.|2016}}

A 2020 review of almost 13,000 studies by RAND Corporation found only 123 that met their criteria of methodological rigor, "a surprisingly limited base of rigorous scientific evidence...". Only 2 of the 18 gun policies examined had supporting evidence. Among the policies for which RAND found supporting evidence were that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm injuries and deaths among children and that "stand-your-ground" laws increase firearm homicides. RAND also noted that the limited evidence currently available "does not mean that these policies are ineffective ... Instead, it partly reflects shortcomings in the contributions that science has made to policy debates."<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies |url=https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/key-findings/what-science-tells-us-about-the-effects-of-gun-policies.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.rand.org |language=en}}</ref>

====Studies of individual laws====
Other studies have examined trends in firearm-related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed. A 2004 study in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' found evidence that child access prevention laws were "associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years."{{sfn|Webster et al.|2004}} Two 2015 studies found that the permit-to-purchase law passed in Connecticut in 1995 was associated with a reduction in firearm suicides and homicides.{{sfn|Crifasi et al.|2015}}{{sfn|Rudolph et al.|2015}} One of these studies also found that the repeal of Missouri's permit-to-purchase law was associated with "a 16.1% increase in firearm suicide rates,"{{sfn|Crifasi et al.|2015}} and a 2014 study by the same research team found that the repeal of this law was associated with a 16% increase in homicide rates.{{sfn|Webster|Crifasi|Vernick|2014}} A 2000 study designed to assess the effectiveness of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act found that the law was not associated with reductions in overall homicide or suicide rates, but that it was associated with a reduction in the firearm suicide rate among individuals aged 55 or older.{{sfn|Ludwig|Cook|2000}} A 1991 study looked at [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]'s Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, which banned its residents from owning all guns except certain [[Engineering:Shotgun|shotgun]]s and sporting [[Engineering:Rifle|rifle]]s, which were also required to be unloaded, disassembled, or stored with a trigger lock in their owners' homes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/sports/basketball/11arenas.html | title=Washington's Gun Past Affects Arenas's Future | website=New York Times | date=10 January 2010 | access-date=6 December 2015 | author=Abrams, Jonathan | archive-date=2017-06-30  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060952/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/sports/basketball/11arenas.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The study found that the law's enactment was associated with "a prompt decline in homicides and suicides by firearms in the District of Columbia."{{sfn|Loftin et al.|1991}} A 1996 study reanalyzed this data and reached a significantly different conclusion as to the effectiveness of this law.{{sfn|Britt|Kleck|Bordua|1996}}

====Other studies and debate====
In 1993, Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun-involved crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U.S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates.{{sfn|Kleck|Patterson|1993}}{{update after|2020|10|9}} Similarly, a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U.S. states compared to socioeconomic variables like poverty and unemployment.{{sfn|Kwon et al.|1997}}{{update after|2020|2}}

Philosophy professor [[Biography:Michael Huemer|Michael Huemer]] argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defense and recreation.{{sfn|Huemer|2003}}

A 2007 article published by the ''Journal of Injury Prevention'' states that approximately 60% of firearms used to commit violent crime can be traced to 1% of licensed dealers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernick |first1=Jon S |last2=Webster |first2=Daniel W |date=2007 |title=Policies to prevent firearm trafficking |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=78–79 |doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015487 |issn=1353-8047 |pmc=2610592 |pmid=17446245 }}</ref> This finding indicates that, although gun laws effectively regulate approximately 99% of purchases made from licensed dealers, a majority of gun-related violent crimes are perpetrated using guns that were purchased in violation of regulations. The ''Journal of Injury Prevention'' article advocates for increased monitoring of gun vendors in tandem with the optimization of gun sale regulation, as a means to decrease violent crime perpetrated with a firearm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vernick |first1=Jon S |last2=Webster |first2=Daniel W |date=2007 |title=Policies to prevent firearm trafficking |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=78–79 |doi=10.1136/ip.2007.015487 |issn=1353-8047 |pmc=2610592 |pmid=17446245 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Public Health Law Research program,<ref>{{cite web |title=Home – Public Health Law Research |url=http://www.publichealthlawresearch.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213125613/http://publichealthlawresearch.org/ |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=Publichealthlawresearch.org}}</ref> an independent organization, published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health, that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety. Among their findings:

* There is not enough evidence to establish the effectiveness of "shall issue" laws, as distinct from "may issue" laws, as a public health intervention to reduce violent crime.<ref>{{cite web |title="Shall Issue" Concealed Weapons Laws, Public Health Law Research 2009 |url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/%E2%80%9Cshall-issue%E2%80%9D-concealed-weapons-laws/%22shall-issue%22-concealed-weapons-law |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=Publichealthlawresearch.org}} {{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of waiting period laws as public health interventions aimed at preventing gun-related violence and suicide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waiting Period Laws for Gun Permits – Public Health Law Research |url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/waiting-period-laws-gun-permits |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=publichealthlawresearch.org}}</ref>
* Although child access prevention laws may represent a promising intervention for reducing gun-related morbidity and mortality among children, there is currently insufficient evidence to validate their effectiveness as a public health intervention aimed at reducing gun-related harms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Child Access Prevention (CAP) Laws for Guns – Public Health Law Research |url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/child-access-prevention-cap-laws-guns |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=publichealthlawresearch.org}}</ref>
* There is insufficient evidence to establish the effectiveness of such bans as public health interventions aimed at reducing gun-related harms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bans on Specific Guns and Ammunition – Public Health Law Research |url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/bans-specific-guns-and-ammunition |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=publichealthlawresearch.org}}</ref>
* There is insufficient evidence to validate the effectiveness of firearm licensing and registration requirements as legal interventions aimed to reduce firearm related harms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gun Registration and Licensing Requirements – Public Health Law Research |url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/gun-registration-and-licensing-requirements |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=publichealthlawresearch.org}}</ref>

[[Organization:RAND Corporation|RAND Corporation]] did a study that demonstrates that background checks may decrease suicides and violent crime; child-access prevention laws may decrease the number of suicides and unintentional injuries and deaths; minimum age requirements may decrease suicides; and prohibitions associated with mental illness may decrease suicides and violent crimes. On the other hand, concealed-carry laws may increase violent crimes and suicides, while stand-your-ground laws may increase violent crime. Bans on the sale of assault weapons and high-capacity magazines may increase the sale price for these items.<ref>{{citation|website=Rand.org|access-date=August 11, 2019|title=Facts About the Effects of Gun Policies Are Elusive but Important|url=https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy.html|archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808122420/https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An August 2019 article entitled, "Gun control really works" published by ''Business Insider'' looks at a dozen studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ''The Journal of the American Medical Association,'' Rand Corporation, the journal ''Preventive Medicine,'' Everytown for Gun Safety, [[Organization:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins University]], and others. They conclude that mirroring the firearms regulations in Switzerland such as banning the sale of new assault weapons, denying concealed-carry licenses to some individuals, and prohibiting firearm sales to people convicted of multiple alcohol-related offenses will decrease gun-related deaths and injuries.<ref>{{cite web |website=Business Insider |date=August 6, 2019 |access-date=August 6, 2019|title=Gun control really works. Science has shown time and again that it can prevent mass shootings and save lives. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/gun-control-research-how-policies-can-reduce-deaths-2019-8 |first=Aylin |last=Woodward}}</ref>

===Canada===
Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain, while handguns and some semi-automatic rifles are restricted.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/clas-eng.htm| title=Classes of firearms| date=2012-04-18| access-date=2016-10-29 | archive-date=2018-03-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134422/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/clas-eng.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>

With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a gun control law passed in {{wipe|Canada}} in 1977, some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates.{{sfn|Mauser|Holmes|1992}}{{sfn|Mauser|Maki|2003}} One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms.{{sfn|Mauser|Maki|2003}} A 1993 study found that after this law was passed, gun suicides decreased significantly, as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns.{{sfn|Lester|Leenaars|1993}} A 2003 study found that this law "may have had an impact on suicide rates, even after controls for social variables,"{{sfn|Leenaars et al.|2003}} while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law "may have had an impact on homicide rates, at least for older victims."{{sfn|Leenaars|Lester|2001}} A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978, suicide rates decreased over time in Ontario, and that there was no evidence of method substitution. The same study found that "These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation."{{sfn|Carrington|Moyer|1994}}

In 1991, Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C-17. According to a 2004 study, after this law was passed, firearm-related suicides and homicides, as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms, declined significantly in that country.{{sfn|Bridges|2004}} A 2010 study found that after this law was passed, firearm suicides declined in Quebec among men, but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship.{{sfn|Gagne et al.|2010}} In 1992, Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act, which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely. A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region Abitibi-Témiscamingue after the law was passed, overall suicide rates did not.{{sfn|Caron|2004}} A study in 2005 also found that overall suicide rates did not change after passage of Bill C-17.{{sfn|Cheung|Dewa|2005}} A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province; this study also found that C-17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining.{{sfn|Caron|Julien|Huang|2008}} Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C-17 were implemented gradually.{{sfn|Gagne et al.|2010}}

A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the {{wipe|Vancouver}}, Canada metropolitan area (where gun control laws were more restrictive) with those in the Seattle, Washington area in the United States. The overall suicide rate was essentially the same in the two locations, but the suicide rate among 15 to 24 year olds was about 40 percent higher in Seattle than in Vancouver. The authors concluded that "restricting access to handguns might be expected to reduce the suicide rate in persons 15 to 24 years old, but ... it probably would not reduce the overall suicide rate."{{sfn|Sloan et al.|1990}} A study that looked at provincial gun ownership rates, and associated suicide rates found no significant correlations with overall suicide rates.{{sfn|Dandurand|1998}}

A 2011 study looked at gun control passed in Canada between 1974 and 2004 and found that gun laws were responsible for 5 to 10 percent drops in homicides. The study found that the homicide reduction effects of Canadian gun legislation remained even after accounting for sociodemographic and economic factors associated with homicide rates.{{sfn|Blais|Gagné|Linteau|2011}}

A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country. According to the study, "other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate."{{sfn|Langmann|2012}}

A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law Firearms Act, 1995 reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women.{{sfn|McPhedran|Mauser|2013}}

On May 1, 2020, after deadly shootings in Nova Scotia, Justin Trudeau's Liberal government banned 1,500 kinds of military-style semi-automatic rifles, including the popular [[Engineering:AR-15 style rifle|AR-15]] and its variants. The ban was enacted via an Order In Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-gun-control-measures-ban-1.5552131 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |title=Trudeau announces ban on 1,500 types of 'assault-style' firearms – effective immediately |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=May 1, 2020 |website=CBC |archive-date=2020-05-01  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501160046/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-gun-control-measures-ban-1.5552131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981 to 2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation. In addition, it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid = 32555647|year = 2020|last1 = Langmann|first1 = C.|title = Effect of firearms legislation on suicide and homicide in Canada from 1981 to 2016|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 15|issue = 6|pages = e0234457|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234457|pmc = 7302582|bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1534457L|doi-access = free}}</ref>

On October 21, 2022, under Justin Trudeau's government, Bill C-21 came into effect, aiming to address gun violence and strengthen gun control. The legislation introduced a national freeze on the sale, purchase, or transfer of handguns by individuals within Canada. It also established new "red flag" and "yellow flag" laws, allowing courts and Chief Firearms Officers (CFOs) to issue emergency weapons prohibition orders and temporarily suspend licenses, respectively. Moreover, the bill increased maximum penalties for firearms-related offenses, including smuggling and trafficking, from 10 to 14 years imprisonment. Additionally, Bill C-21 prohibited mid-velocity 'replica' airguns that closely resemble real firearms and discharge projectiles at a velocity between 366 and 500 feet per second.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Safety |date=2022-05-30 |title=A comprehensive strategy to address gun violence and strengthen gun laws in Canada |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/frrms/c21-en.aspx |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref>

===Australia===
In 1988 and 1996, gun control laws were enacted in the {{wipe|Australia}}n state of Victoria, both times following mass shootings. A 2004 study found that in the context of these laws, overall firearm-related deaths, especially suicides, declined dramatically.{{sfn|Ozanne-Smith et al.|2004}} A 1995 study found preliminary evidence that gun control legislation enacted in Queensland, Australia, reduced suicide rates there.{{sfn|Cantor|Slater|1995}}

A 2006 study by gun lobby-affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara McPhedran found that after Australia enacted the National Firearms Agreement (NFA), a gun control law, in 1996, gun-related suicides may have been affected, but no other parameter appeared to have been.{{sfn|Baker|McPhedran|2006|}} Another 2006 study, led by Simon Chapman, found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia, the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings, and gun-related deaths (especially suicides) declined dramatically.{{sfn|Chapman|Alpers|Agho|Jones|2006}} The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time-series analysis despite the fact that, according to Chapman et al., "calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate." Chapman et al. also said that Baker and McPhedran used the [[Box–Jenkins method|Box–Jenkins model]] inappropriately.{{sfn|Chapman|Alpers|Agho|Jones|2006}}

A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun-related deaths found that the law "did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates,"{{sfn|Lee|Suardi|2010}} although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a [[Structural break|structural break]] test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags, or when the effect occurs over several years.{{sfn|Hemenway|2009}} Another study, published the same year, found that Australia's gun buyback program reduced gun-related suicide rates by almost 80%, while non-gun death rates were not significantly affected.{{sfn|Leigh|Neill|2010}} Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted, the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and "a change in social and cultural attitudes" may have instead been at least partly responsible.{{sfn|Klieve|Barnes|De Leo|2009}} A 2011 study found that "Australia's prohibition of certain types of firearms" has not prevented mass shootings.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=McPhedran |first1=Samara |last2=Baker |first2=Jeanine |year=2011 |title=Mass shootings in Australia and New Zealand: A descriptive study of incidence |journal=Justice Policy Journal |volume=8 |issue=1 |ssrn=2122854}}</ref> In 2016, Chapman co-authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed, there were no mass shootings in the country ({{as of|2016|May|lc=y}}), and that gun-related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it. The study also found, however, that non-gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA, leading the authors to conclude that "it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms."{{sfn|Chapman|Alpers|Jones|2016}}

===Other countries===
{{Further|Engineering:Overview of gun laws by nation}}
{{multiple image
|align=center
| image1   = Longgunlaws.svg
| width1 = 600
| caption1          =  '''Possession of long guns by country:'''
{{Legend|#0000ff|'''No permit required''' for both repeating and semi-automatic long guns}}
{{Legend|#2ad4ff|'''Partially licensed''' – repeating long guns permitless, semi-automatic with permit}}
{{Legend|#00ff00|'''Allowed with permit''' – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason<sup>1</sup>}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|'''Allowed with permit''' –  good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required<sup>1</sup>}}
{{Legend|#ff2a2a|'''Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice''' – few licenses are issued}}
{{Legend|#b30000|'''Prohibited''' – civilians are banned from obtaining long guns}}
{{Legend striped|#ff2a2a|white|Different rules regarding shotguns and rifles}}
<sup>1</sup><small>Some countries in these categories may place additional restrictions or ban semi-automatic long guns</small>
| image2   = Handgunlaws.svg
| width2 = 600
| caption2          =  '''Possession of handguns by country:'''
{{Legend|#0000ff|'''No permit required''' – permits or licenses are not required to obtain handguns}}
{{Legend|#00ff00|'''Allowed with permit''' – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|'''Allowed with permit''' –  good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required}}
{{Legend|#ff2a2a|'''Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice''' – few licenses are issued}}
{{Legend|#b30000|'''Prohibited''' – civilians are banned from obtaining handguns}}
| footer =
<small>{{Underline|Notes}}:<br>
'''-''' Map describes policy regarding obtaining new firearms regardless whether firearms that were produced before ban were [[Social:Grandfather clause|grandfathered]].<br />
</small>
}}
A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws passed in Austria in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country.{{sfn|Kapusta et al.|2007}} In {{wipe|Brazil}}, after disarmament laws were passed in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lei Nº 10.426, de 24 de Abril de 2002 |language=pt |trans-title=Law No. 10.426 of April 24, 2002 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/L10426.htm |website=www.planalto.gov.br |publisher=Presidência da República Casa Civil |access-date=2016-01-31 |archive-date=2015-12-29  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229145511/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/L10426.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> gun-related mortality declined by 8% in 2004 relative to the previous year, the first decline observed in a decade. Gun-related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4.6% from 2003 to 2004.{{sfn|de Souza et al.|2007}} A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were passed in New Zealand in 1992, suicides committed with guns declined significantly, especially among youth. This study however found that overall suicide rates did not change significantly.{{sfn|Beautrais|Fergusson|Horwood|2006}} A case-control study conducted in New Zealand found that gun ownership was significantly associated with a greater risk of gun suicides, but not suicides overall.{{sfn|Beautrais|Joyce|Mulder|1996}}

A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces that restricted access to guns among adolescents on suicide rates, and found that "Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%." The authors concluded that "The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates."{{sfn|Lubin et al.|2010}} A 2013 study showed that after the Military of Switzerland adopted the Army XXI reform, which restricted gun availability, in 2003, suicide rates{{snd}}both overall and firearm-related{{snd}}decreased.{{sfn|Reisch et al.|2013}} Another 2013 study looking at four restrictive gun laws passed in Norway found that two of them may have reduced firearm mortality among men, but that the evidence was more inconclusive with respect to all of the laws they studied.{{sfn|Gjertsen|Leenaars|Vollrath|2013}} A 2014 study found that after {{wipe|South Africa}}'s Firearm Control Act was passed in 2000, homicide rates in the country declined, and concluded that "stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period [2001–2005]."{{sfn|Matzopoulos|Thompson|Myers|2014}} A 2000 study found that a ban on carrying guns in Colombia was associated with reductions in homicide rates in two cities in the country, namely, Cali and [[Place:Bogotá|Bogotá]].{{sfn|Villaveces et al.|2000}}

==See also==
* Concealed carry
* [[Social:Gun violence|Gun violence]]
* [[Engineering:List of most-produced firearms|List of most-produced firearms]]
* [[Social:Right to keep and bear arms|Right to keep and bear arms]]

===International===
* Game law
* [[Biology:Hunting license|Hunting license]]
* List of countries by gun ownership
* [[Engineering:Overview of gun laws by nation|Overview of gun laws by nation]]

===United States===
* Assault weapons legislation in the United States
* Federal Assault Weapons Ban
* Gun Control Act of 1968
* Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
* Gun politics in the United States
* Gun show loophole
* Public opinion on gun control in the United States
* 2018 United States gun violence protests

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Karp |first=Aaron |chapter=Completing the Count: Civilian Firearms |title=Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City |editor1-first=Eric G. |editor1-last=Berman |editor2-first=Keith |editor2-last=Krause |editor3-first=Emile |editor3-last=LeBrun |editor4-first=Glenn |editor4-last=McDonald |display-editors=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521706544 |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2007/en/full/Small-Arms-Survey-2007-Chapter-02-EN.pdf |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2007.html |access-date=2013-12-23  |archive-date=2018-08-27  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827001033/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2007.html |url-status=live }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Rakoff, Jed S., "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, ''The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years'', Little, Brown, 549 pp.), ''The New York Review of Books'', vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp.&nbsp;20, 22, 24. John Paul Stevens, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p.&nbsp;20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the U.S. Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control" (p.&nbsp;22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp.&nbsp;22, 24.)

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Gun control}}
* {{Curlie|Society/Issues/Gun_Control}}
* [https://www.gunpolicy.org/ GunPolicy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002219/https://www.gunpolicy.org/ |date=2018-09-13  }}

===National groups===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227083232/http://guncontrol.org.au/ Gun Control Australia – Supporting Gun Control in Australia]
* [http://guncontrol.ca/ Coalition for Gun Control – Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518222924/http://www.stopgun.org/english/ Stop Gun Caravan – Japan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060417082153/http://www.gca.org.za/ Gun Free South Africa]
* [https://www.csgv.org/ Coalition to Stop Gun Violence – U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525002324/https://www.csgv.org/ |date=2022-05-25  }}
* [https://www.bradyunited.org/ Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence – U.S.]
* [https://giffords.org/ Giffords – U.S.]


[[Category:Firearms]]

{{Sourceattribution|Gun control}}