View source for Engineering:Human Development Index

{{Short description|Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices}}


[[File:Countries by Human Development Index (2021).svg|thumb|World map of countries or territories by HDI scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2021 data, published in 2022){{legend-col
| thumb size = wide|{{Legend|#001a00|≥ 0.950}}|{{Legend|#003c00|0.900–0.950}}|{{Legend|#007f00|0.850–0.899}}|{{Legend|#00c400|0.800–0.849}}|{{Legend|#7cff36|0.750–0.799}}|{{Legend|#d3ff00|0.700–0.749}}|{{Legend|#ffe100|0.650–0.699}}|{{Legend|#ffc415|0.600–0.649}}|{{Legend|#ffa83c|0.550–0.599}}|{{Legend|#ff852f|0.500–0.549}}|{{Legend|#ff5b00|0.450–0.499}}|{{Legend|#ff0000|0.400–0.449}}|{{Legend|#a70000|≤ 0.399}}|{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Data unavailable}}
}}|upright=1.9|alt=World map]]

The '''Human Development Index''' ('''HDI''') is a statistical composite index of [[Biology:Life expectancy|life expectancy]], [[Education Index|education]] (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the [[Educational system|education system]]), and [[Finance:Per capita income|per capita income]] indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist [[Biography:Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub ul-Haq]] and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A. Stanton|first=Elizabeth|date=February 2007|title=The Human Development Index: A History|url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=peri_workingpapers|journal=PERI Working Papers|pages=14–15|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191918/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=peri_workingpapers|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Development Index|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/human-development-index|website=Economic Times|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030929/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/human-development-index|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=The Human Development concept|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/|publisher=UNDP|access-date=29 July 2011|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415134936/http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/|archive-date=15 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for [[Social:Social inequality|inequality]]), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/understanding/indices |title=Human Development Reports: Composite indices — HDI and beyond |website=hdr.undp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810022820/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/understanding/indices |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

The index is based on the human development approach, developed by [[Biography:Mahbub ul Haq|Mahbub ul-Haq]], anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include – being: well fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central – someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when [[Philosophy:Fasting|fasting]] for religious reasons) is quite different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is in a famine.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=What is Human Development|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-human-development|publisher=UNDP|access-date=27 October 2017|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027132851/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-human-development|archive-date=27 October 2017|url-status=live|quote=...&nbsp;human development approach, developed by the economist Mahbub Ul Haq&nbsp;...'|last1=Nations |first1=United }}</ref>

The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative [[Finance:Quality (business)|quality of goods]] in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the [[Organization:G7|G7]] members and others.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2D0AAAAMAAJ|title=The Courier|date=1994|publisher=Commission of the European Communities|language=en}}</ref>

== Origins ==

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Report Office of the [[Organization:United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP). These annual reports were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics and politicians that they can, and should, evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human [[Finance:Well-being|well-being]].
[[File:HDI explained the best way.png|thumb|upright=3.5|center|The underlying principles behind the Human Development Index<ref name="auto1"/>]]
{{Break}}

== Dimensions and calculation ==
=== New method (2010 HDI onwards) ===
[[File:Human Development Index regions evolution 1990-2021-fr.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|HDI trends between 1990 and 2021

{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| valign=top |
{{legend|#7f7f7f|[[Earth:List of sovereign states|World]]}}
{{legend|#1f77b4|[[Organization:OECD|OECD]] countries}}
| valign=top |
Developing countries:
{{legend|#ff7f0e|[[Place:Arab world|Arab States]]}}
{{legend|#2ca02c|[[Place:East Asia|East Asia]] and the Pacific}}
{{legend|#d62728|[[Earth:Europe|Europe]] and [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]]}}
{{legend|#9467bd|Latin America and the Caribbean}}
{{legend|#8c564b|[[Place:South Asia|South Asia]]}}
{{legend|#e377c2|[[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}
|}
]]

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Report calculated the HDI combining three dimensions:<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2010 |date=4 November 2010 |publisher=UNDP |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2010 |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145515/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2010 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live  |last1=Nations |first1=United }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Technical notes |year=2013 |publisher=UNDP |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2013_en_technotes.pdf |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616130523/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2013_en_technotes.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

* A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
* Education: Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
* A decent standard of living: [[Finance:Gross national income|GNI]] per capita ([[Finance:Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Finance:International dollar|international dollar]]s)
In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1.{{anchor|Life Expectancy Index}} Life Expectancy Index (LEI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{85-20}</math><math>= \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{65}</math>
::LEI is equal to 1 when life expectancy at birth is 85 years, and 0 when life expectancy at birth is 20 years.
2. [[Education Index]] (EI) <math>= \frac{{\textrm{MYSI} + \textrm{EYSI}}} {2}</math><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/141517-New-method-of-calculation-of-Human-Development-Index-HDI.aspx|title=New method of calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)|date=1 June 2011|work=India Study Channel|access-date=19 November 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110171412/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/141517-New-method-of-calculation-of-Human-Development-Index-HDI.aspx|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
:2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{MYS}}{15}</math><ref>Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: {{cite journal |last1=Barro |first1=R. J. |first2=J.-W. |last2=Lee |year=2010 |title=A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010 |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 15902 |series=Working Paper Series |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15902 |doi=10.3386/w15902 |access-date=29 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807191234/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15902 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live  |doi-access=free }}</ref>
:: Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
:2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) <math>= \frac{\textrm{EYS}}{18}</math><ref>(ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)</ref>
:: Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.
3. Income Index (II) <math>= \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(75,000) - \ln(100)}</math><math>= \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(750)}</math>
::II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.
Finally, the HDI is the [[Geometric mean|geometric mean]] of the previous three normalized indices:

<math>\textrm{HDI} = \sqrt[3]{\textrm{LEI}\cdot \textrm{EI} \cdot \textrm{II}}.</math>

<small>LE: Life expectancy at birth<br />
MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education)<br />
EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age, incl. young men and women aged 13–17)<br />
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita</small>
{{Break}}

=== Old method (HDI before 2010) ===
The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 report:

* [[Biology:Life expectancy|Life expectancy]] at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI 
* Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult [[Philosophy:Literacy|literacy]] rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
* [[Finance:Standard of living|Standard of living]], as indicated by the [[Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]] of [[Finance:Gross domestic product|gross domestic product]] [[Social:Per capita|per capita]] at [[Finance:Purchasing power parity|purchasing power parity]].

[[File:Human Development Index trends.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|HDI trends between 1975 and 2004

{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| valign=top |
{{legend|black|[[Organization:OECD|OECD]]}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Earth:Europe|Europe]] (not in the OECD), and CIS}}
{{legend|#E45600|Latin America and the Caribbean}}
{{legend|#D09B00|[[Place:East Asia|East Asia]]}}
| valign=top |
{{legend|#00FF00|Arab League}}
{{legend|#003FD9|[[Place:South Asia|South Asia]]}}
{{legend|#C600FF|[[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}
|}
]]

This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ([[Organization:United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/faq/question,68,en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220162154/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/faq/question%2C68%2Cen.html|url-status=dead|title=Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site|archive-date=20 December 2007|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> In general, to transform a raw [[Variable (mathematics)|variable]], say <math>x</math>, into a unit-free [[Finance:Index (economics)|index]] between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following [[Formula|formula]] is used:

* <math>x\text{ index} = \frac{x - a}{b - a}</math>

where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are the [[Maxima and minima|lowest and highest values]] the variable <math>x</math> can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with {{frac|1|3}} contributed by each of the following factor indices:

* Life Expectancy Index <math>= \frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math><math>= \frac{LE - 25} {60}</math>
* [[Education Index]] = <math>\frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GEI</math>
** Adult Literacy Index (ALI)<math>\frac{ALR - 0} {100 - 0}</math><math>= \frac{ALR} {100}</math>
** [[Social:Gross enrolment ratio|Gross Enrollment Index]] (GEI) <math>\frac{CGER - 0} {100 - 0}</math><math>=\frac{CGER} {100}</math>
* [[Finance:Gross domestic product|GDP]] <math>= \frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}</math><math>= \frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(400\right)}</math>
{{Break}}

== 2021 Human Development Index (2022 report) ==
[[File:Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2021 published in 2022.png|alt=World map|thumb|upright=1.6|Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2021 (published in 2022){{legend-col
|thumb size=wide
|{{Legend|#00112B|≥ 1.4%}}
|{{Legend|#08306B|1.2%…1.4%}}
|{{Legend|#08519c|1%…1.2%}}
|{{Legend|#2171b5|0.8%…1%}}
|{{Legend|#4292c6|0.6%…0.8%}}
|{{Legend|#6baed6|0.4%…0.6%}}
|{{Legend|#9ecae1|0.2%…0.4%}}
|{{Legend|#c6dbef|0%…0.2%}}
|{{Legend|#fcbba1|−0.5%…0%}}
|{{Legend|#fc9272|−1%…−0.5%}}
|{{Legend|#af321e|< −1%}}
|{{Legend|#e3dbdb|No data}}
}}]]
The Human Development Report 2022 by the [[Organization:United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] was released on 8&nbsp;September 2022; the report calculates HDI values based on data collected in 2021.

Ranked from 1 to 66 in the year 2021, the following countries are considered to be of "very high human development":<ref name="2022 components">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf#page=284 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf#page=284 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"

<!-- Very High, High, Medium & Low HDI labels should not be added due to accessibility and sorting issues, mainly WP:DTAB. See also Talk:List of countries by Human Development Index#Very High, High, Medium & Low HDI labels for more details. -->|-
!scope="colgroup"; colspan="2";  | Rank
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em; "| Nation 
!scope="colgroup" colspan="2";| HDI
|-
!scope="col" style="width:5em;" data-sort-type="number"| 2021 data (2022 report){{Zero width space}}<ref name="2022 components"/>
!scope="col" style="width:5em;" data-sort-type="number"| Change since 2015{{Zero width space}}<ref name="2022 trends">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=277–280 |via=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!scope="col" style="width:5em;" data-sort-type="number"| 2021 data (2022 report){{Zero width space}}<ref name="2022 components" />
!scope="col" style="width:5em;" data-sort-type="number"| Average annual growth (2010–2021){{Zero width space}}<ref name="2022 trends" />
|-
| {{sort|0.962|1}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Switzerland}}
|| 0.962 || {{sort|0.0019|{{increase}} 0.19%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.961|2}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Norway}}
|| 0.961 || {{sort|0.0019|{{increase}} 0.19%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.959|3}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Iceland}}
|| 0.959 || {{sort|0.0056|{{increase}} 0.56%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.952|4}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Hong Kong}}
|| 0.952 || {{sort|0.0044|{{increase}} 0.44%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.951|5}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Australia}}
|| 0.951 || {{sort|0.0027|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.948|6}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Denmark}}
|| 0.948 || {{sort|0.0034|{{increase}} 0.34%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.947|7}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Sweden}}
|| 0.947 || {{sort|0.0036|{{increase}} 0.36%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.945|8}} || {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Ireland}}
|| 0.945 || {{sort|0.0040|{{increase}} 0.40%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.942|9}} || {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Germany}}
|| 0.942 || {{sort|0.0016|{{increase}} 0.16%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.941|10}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Netherlands}}
|| 0.941 || {{sort|0.0024|{{increase}} 0.24%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.940|11}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Finland}}
|| 0.940 || {{sort|0.0029|{{increase}} 0.29%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.939|12}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Singapore}}
|| 0.939 || {{sort|0.0029|{{increase}} 0.29%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.937|13}} || {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Belgium}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.937 || {{sort|0.0025|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{sort|0.0015|{{increase}} 0.15%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.936|15}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Canada}}
|| 0.936 || {{sort|0.0025|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.935|16}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Liechtenstein}}
|| 0.935 || {{sort|0.0022|{{increase}} 0.22%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.930|17}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Luxembourg}}
|| 0.930 || {{sort|0.0018|{{increase}} 0.18%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.929|18}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|| 0.929 || {{sort|0.0017|{{increase}} 0.17%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.925|19}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Japan}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.925 || {{sort|0.0027|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|South Korea}}
| {{sort|0.0035|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.921|21}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|United States}}
|| 0.921 || {{sort|0.0010|{{increase}} 0.10%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.919|22}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Israel}}
|| 0.919 || {{sort|0.0025|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.918|23}} || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Malta}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.918 || {{sort|0.0058|{{increase}} 0.58%}}
|-
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Slovenia}}
| {{sort|0.0028|{{increase}} 0.28%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.916|25}} || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Austria}}
|| 0.916 || {{sort|0.0014|{{increase}} 0.14%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.911|26}} || {{sort|9|{{increase}} (9)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|| 0.911 || {{sort|0.0080|{{increase}} 0.80%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.905|27}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Spain}}
|| 0.905 || {{sort|0.0038|{{increase}} 0.38%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.903|28}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|France}}
|| 0.903 || {{sort|0.0027|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.896|29}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Cyprus}}
|| 0.896 || {{sort|0.0041|{{increase}} 0.41%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.895|30}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Italy}}
|| 0.895 || {{sort|0.0013|{{increase}} 0.13%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.890|31}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Estonia}}
|| 0.890 || {{sort|0.0030|{{increase}} 0.30%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.889|32}} || {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Czechia}}
|| 0.889 || {{sort|0.0020|{{increase}} 0.20%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.887|33}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Greece}}
|| 0.887 || {{sort|0.0019|{{increase}} 0.19%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.876|34}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Poland}}
|| 0.876 || {{sort|0.0037|{{increase}} 0.37%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{sort|0.875|35}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Bahrain}}
| rowspan="3"| 0.875 || {{sort|0.0073|{{increase}} 0.73%}}
|-
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Lithuania}}
| {{sort|0.0035|{{increase}} 0.35%}}
|-
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{sort|0.0064|{{increase}} 0.64%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.866|38}} || {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Portugal}}
|| 0.866 || {{sort|0.0040|{{increase}} 0.40%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.863|39}} || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Latvia}}
|| 0.863 || {{sort|0.0042|{{increase}} 0.42%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.858|40}} || {{sort|-6|{{decrease}} (6)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Andorra}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.858 || {{sort|0.0011|{{increase}} 0.11%}}
|-
| {{sort|5|{{increase}} (5)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Croatia}}
| {{sort|0.0040|{{increase}} 0.40%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.855|42}} || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Chile}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.855 || {{sort|0.0046|{{increase}} 0.46%}}
|-
| {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Qatar}}
| {{sort|0.0023|{{increase}} 0.23%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.853|44}} || {{sort|-1000|NA}}<ref group="Note" name=olddata>HDI is not available before 2018 in the latest Human Development Report.</ref>
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|San Marino}}
|| 0.853 || {{sort|-1|NA}}<ref group="Note" name="olddata" />
|-
| {{sort|0.848|45}} || {{sort|-5|{{decrease}} (5)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Slovakia}}
|| 0.848 || {{sort|0.0009|{{increase}} 0.09%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.846|46}} || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Hungary}}
|| 0.846 || {{sort|0.0020|{{increase}} 0.20%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.842|47}} || {{sort|-4|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Argentina}}
|| 0.842 || {{sort|0.0009|{{increase}} 0.09%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.838|48}} || {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Turkey}}
|| 0.838 || {{sort|0.0103|{{increase}} 1.03%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.832|49}} || {{sort|3|{{increase}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Montenegro}}
|| 0.832 || {{sort|0.0027|{{increase}} 0.27%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.831|50}} || {{sort|-1|{{decrease}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Kuwait}}
|| 0.831 || {{sort|0.0020|{{increase}} 0.20%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.829|51}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Brunei}}
|| 0.829 || {{sort|0.0001|{{increase}} 0.01%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.822|52}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Russia}}
|| 0.822 || {{sort|0.0029|{{increase}} 0.29%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.821|53}} || {{sort|3|{{decrease}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Romania}}
|| 0.821 || {{sort|0.0016|{{increase}} 0.16%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.816|54}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Oman}}
|| 0.816 || {{sort|0.0032|{{increase}} 0.32%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.812|55}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Bahamas}}
|| 0.812 || {{sort|0.0000|{{increase}} 0.00%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.811|56}} || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|| 0.811 || {{sort|0.0051|{{increase}} 0.51%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.810|57}} || {{sort|-2|{{decrease}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|| 0.810 || {{sort|0.0023|{{increase}} 0.23%}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|0.809|58}} || {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Costa Rica}}
| rowspan="2"| 0.809 || {{sort|0.0043|{{increase}} 0.43%}}
|-
| {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{sort|0.0025|{{increase}} 0.25%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.808|60}} || {{sort|-3|{{decrease}} (3)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Belarus}}
|| 0.808 || {{sort|0.0021|{{increase}} 0.21%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.805|61}} || {{sort|0|{{steady}}}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Panama}}
|| 0.805 || {{sort|0.0037|{{increase}} 0.37%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.803|62}} || {{sort|1|{{increase}} (1)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Malaysia}}
|| 0.803 || {{sort|0.0039|{{increase}} 0.39%}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{sort|0.802|63}} || {{sort|7|{{increase}} (7)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Georgia}}
| rowspan="3"| 0.802 || {{sort|0.0050|{{increase}} 0.50%}}
|-
| {{sort|2|{{increase}} (2)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Mauritius}}
| {{sort|0.0055|{{increase}} 0.55%}}
|-
| {{sort|4|{{increase}} (4)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Serbia}}
| {{sort|0.0041|{{increase}} 0.41%}}
|-
| {{sort|0.800|66}} || {{sort|6|{{increase}} (6)}}
! style="text-align:left" scope="row" | {{flag|Thailand}}
|| 0.800 || {{sort|0.0075|{{increase}} 0.75%}}
|}

== Past top countries ==
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest sixteen times, Canada eight times, Japan and Iceland twice and Switzerland once.

=== In each original HDI ===
The year represents the time period from which the statistics for the index were derived. In parentheses is the year when the report was published.
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* 2021 (2022): {{Flagcountry|Switzerland}}
* 2019 (2020): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2018 (2019): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2017 (2018): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2015 (2016): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2014 (2015): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2013 (2014): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2012 (2013): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2011 (2011): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2010 (2010): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2007 (2009): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2006 (2008): {{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
* 2005 (2007): {{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
* 2004 (2006): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2003 (2005): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2002 (2004): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2001 (2003): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2000 (2002): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 1999 (2001): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 1998 (2000): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1997 (1999): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1995 (1998): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1994 (1997): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1993 (1996): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1992 (1995): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 199? (1994): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 199? (1993): {{Flagcountry|Japan}}
* 1990 (1992): {{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1990 (1991): {{Flagcountry|Japan}}
}}
{{Break}}

== Geographical coverage ==
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=1308 |last=Hastings |first=David A. |year=2009 |title=Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index |work=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02 |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430104401/http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=1308 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humansecurityindex.org/?page_id=204 |last=Hastings |first=David A. |year=2011 |title=A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries |work=HumanSecurityIndex.org |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210307/http://www.humansecurityindex.org/?page_id=204 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |url-status=live  }} Information Note linked to data</ref>

==Country/region specific HDI lists==
{{Div col}}
* Angolan Provinces
* African countries
* Albanian Counties
* Algerian Regions
* Argentine provinces
* Armenian provinces
* Australian states
* Austrian states
* Azerbaijani regions
* Baltic Regions
*Bangladeshi districts and divisions
* Belgian provinces
* Bolivian departments
* Bosnia and Herzegovina regions
* Brazilian states
* Canadian provinces and territories
* Chilean regions
* Chinese administrative divisions
* Colombian departments
* Croatian counties
* Danish regions
* Dutch provinces
* Egyptian governorates
* Ethiopian regions
* European countries
* French regions
* German states
* Greek regions 
* Indian states
* Tamil Nadu districts (India)
* Indonesian provinces
* Iranian provinces
* Iraqi governorates
* Italian regions
* Japanese prefectures
* Latin American countries
* Malaysian states
* Mexican states
* Nepalese provinces
* New Zealand regions
* Nigerian states
*Norwegian regions
* Pakistani administrative units
* Philippine provinces
* Palestinian regions
* Polish voivodeships
* Romanian regions
* Russian federal subjects
* South African provinces
* South Korean regions
* Spanish communities
* Swedish regions
* Swiss regions
* Thai regions
* Turkish regions
* UK regions
* Ukrainian regions
* U.S. states (American Human Development Report (AHDR))
* Venezuelan states
* Vietnamese regions
{{Div col end}}

== Criticism ==
[[File:Per-capita-co-emissions-vs-human-development-index.svg|thumb|HDI in relation to consumption-based {{chem2|CO2}} emissions per capita]]
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization,{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of "low", "medium", "high" or "very high" human development countries.<ref name="Wolff et al. 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Hendrik |last2=Chong |first2=Howard |last3=Auffhammer |first3=Maximilian |year=2011 |title=Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index |journal=Economic Journal |volume=121 |issue=553 |pages=843–870 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x |s2cid=18069132 |url=https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/338 |hdl=1813/71597 |hdl-access=free |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808041651/https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/338/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sources of data error ===
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status. They conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.<ref name="Wolff et al. 2011" />

In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism by updating the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to ''[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]]'' in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/user/UNDP%2BHuman%2BDevelopment%2BReport%2BOffice/comments |title=UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments |date=January 2011 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211083547/http://www.economist.com/user/UNDP%2BHuman%2BDevelopment%2BReport%2BOffice/comments |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to an article published in the magazine on 6&nbsp;January 2011<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/17849159?story_id=17849159 |title=The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011) |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113063006/http://www.economist.com/node/17849159?story_id=17849159 |archive-date=13 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> which discusses the Wolff ''et al.'' paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff ''et al.'' in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population.<ref name="Monni and Spaventa, 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Monni |first1=Salvatore |last2=Spaventa |first2=Alessandro |year=2013 |title=Beyond Gdp and HDI: Shifting the focus from Paradigms to Politics |journal=Development |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=227–231 |doi=10.1057/dev.2013.30 |s2cid=84722678 }}</ref>

== See also ==
===Indices===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Social:Gross National Happiness|Gross National Happiness]]
* [[Finance:Broad measures of economic progress|Broad measures of economic progress]]
* [[Social:Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]]
* [[Social:Democracy indices|Democracy indices]]
* Fragile States Index
* Gender Inequality Index
* Gender Development Index
* [[Finance:Genuine progress indicator|Genuine progress indicator]] (GPI)
* Global Peace Index (GPI)
* Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)
* [[Finance:Green national product|Green national product]]
* [[Finance:Gross domestic product|Gross domestic product]]
* [[Gross National Well-being]] (GNW)
* Happy Planet Index (HPI)
* [[Finance:Human Poverty Index|Human Poverty Index]]
* List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
* Legatum Prosperity Index
* List of countries by Human Development Index
* [[Biology:Living Planet Index|Living Planet Index]]
* Multidimensional Poverty Index
* OECD Better Life Index (BLI)
* List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI)
* World Press Freedom Index
* Rule of Law Index
* [[Social:Social Progress Index|Social Progress Index]]
* Where-to-be-born Index
* World Happiness Report
{{div col end}}

===Other===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Finance:Developing country|Developing country]]
* [[Finance:Economic development|Economic development]]
* [[Philosophy:Ethics of care|Ethics of care]]
* [[Philosophy:Happiness economics|Happiness economics]]
* [[Organization:Human Development and Capability Association|Human Development and Capability Association]]
* Humanistic economics
* [[Finance:International development|International development]]
* List of sovereign states by percentage of population living in poverty
* List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* [[Finance:Life satisfaction|Life satisfaction]]
* Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi Human Development Index]
* [http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ Human Development Tools and Rankings]

{{Population country lists}}

[[Category:American inventions]]

sah:HDI

{{Sourceattribution|Human Development Index}}