View source for Engineering:Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars

{{Infobox spacecraft instrument
| Name = Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars
| Image =
| Caption =

| Operator = [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
| Manufacturer = [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]]
| Type = [[Physics:Near-infrared spectroscopy|near infrared spectrometer]]
| Function = surface composition
| Mission_Duration = ≥ 7 months<ref name="Astro2017">{{cite journal |title=Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover |journal=Astrobiology |first=Jorge L. |last=Vago |display-authors=0 |volume=17 |issue=6–7 |pages=471–510 |date=July 2017 |doi=10.1089/ast.2016.1533 |bibcode=2017AsBio..17..471V|pmc=5685153 |pmid=31067287 }}</ref>
| Began = <!--date operations began (single instruments only)-->
| Ceased = <!--date operations ceased (single instruments only)-->
| Webpage = [https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/45103-rover-instruments ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite]

| Mass = 1.74 kg
| Dimensions = 16 × 8 × 9.6 cm
| Power_consumption = 
| Spectral_Band = near infrared (NIR) 
| Data_Rate =  100 [[Bit|kbits]] per measurement

| Spacecraft = [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]]
| SC_Operator = [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
| Launch = NET 2028
| Rocket = 
| Launch_Site =
| COSPAR = <!--COSPAR ID of host spacecraft-->
}}
'''Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars''' ('''ISEM''') is an infrared spectrometer for remote sensing that is part of the science payload on board the [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]{{'s}} [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]], tasked to search for [[Astronomy:Biosignature|biosignature]]s and [[Biology:Biomarker|biomarker]]s on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched not earlier than 2028 and [[Astronomy:Mars landing|land on Mars]] in 2029.

ISEM will provide context assessment of the surface mineralogy in the vicinity of the ''Rosalind Franklin'' rover for selection of potential astrobiological targets. The Principal Investigator is Oleg Korablev from the [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]] (IKI).{{update-inline|date=January 2024}}

==Overview==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! ISEM !! Performance/units<ref name='Korablev 2017'/><ref name=IKI/>
|-
| Type || Infrared spectrometer
|-
| [[Physics:Field of view|Field of view]] || 1.3°
|-
| Spectral range || near infrared: 1.15 - 3.30 μm
|-
| Spectral resolution || from: 3.3 nm at 1.15 μm <br/>to: 28 nm at 3.30 μm
|-
| Filter || acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)
|-
| Detector cooler || [[Physics:Thermoelectric cooling|Peltier cooler]]
|-
| RF power || 5 [[Watt|W]]
|-
| RF range || 23–82 [[Hertz|MHz]]
|-
| Detector || InAs photodiode<ref name=IKI/>
|-
| Data volume || 100 [[Bit|kbits]] per measurement
|-
| Max power<br/>consumption || 14 W
|-
| Dimensions<br/>(optical module) || 16.0 cm × 8.0 cm × 9.6 cm
|-
| Mass || 1.74 kg
|}

The Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars (ISEM) is being developed by the [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]] (IKI).<ref name="news8-2012">{{Cite web |url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/50692-inside-exomars-issue-8/ |title=Inside ExoMars |publisher=European Space Agency |issue=8 |date=August 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="2018-iki">{{cite web |title=ExoMars 2018 mission |url=http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/exomars2018.htm |publisher=Институт Космических Исследований Space Research Institute |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> It will be the first instance of [[Physics:Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared spectroscopy]] (NIR) observations done from the Mars surface.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/> The instrument will be installed on the [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]]'s mast to measure reflected solar radiation in the near infrared range for context assessment of the surface mineralogy in the vicinity of ''Rosalind Franklin'' for selection of potential [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|astrobiological]] targets.<ref name='Korablev 2017'> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/N_Evdokimova/publication/318610432_Infrared_Spectrometer_for_ExoMars_A_Mast-Mounted_Instrument_for_the_Rover/links/5ade2a8a0f7e9b2859438c4d/Infrared-Spectrometer-for-ExoMars-A-Mast-Mounted-Instrument-for-the-Rover.pdf Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars: A Mast-Mounted Instrument for the Rover]. (PDF). Oleg I. Korablev, Yurii Dobrolensky, Nadezhda Evdokimova, Anna A. Fedorova, Ruslan O. Kuzmin, Sergei N. Mantsevich, Edward A. Cloutis, John Carter, Francois Poulet, Jessica Flahaut, Andrew Griffiths, Matthew Gunn, Nicole Schmitz, Javier Martin-Torres, Maria-Paz Zorzano, Daniil S. Rodionov, Jorge L. Vago, Alexander V. Stepanov, Andrei Yu. Titov, Nikita A. Vyazovetsky, Alexander Yu. Trokhimovskiy, Alexander G. Sapgir, Yurii K. Kalinnikov, Yurii S. Ivanov, Alexei A. Shapkin, and Andrei Yu. Ivanov. ''Astrobiology'', Volume 17, Number 6 and 7, 2017. {{doi|10.1089/ast.2016.1543}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.space.com/34664-exomars-facts.html |title=ExoMars: Searching for Life on Mars |work=Space.com |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=March 13, 2020}}</ref> As the number of samples obtained with the drill will be limited, the selection of high-value sites for drilling will be crucial. Working with PanCam (a high-resolution panoramic camera), ISEM will aid in the selection of potential targets, especially water-bearing minerals, for close-up investigations and drilling sites.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/>

ISEM could detect, if present, [[Chemistry:Organic compound|organic compound]]s, including evolving trace gases such as hydrocarbons like [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|methane in the Martian atmosphere]].<ref name='Korablev 2017'/>

==Objectives==

The stated science objectives of ISEM are: <ref name=IKI>[http://www.planetary-department-iki.ru/projects/future/isem/ISEM_Overview.pdf ISEM (Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars) - Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820165413/http://www.planetary-department-iki.ru/projects/future/isem/ISEM_Overview.pdf |date=2018-08-20 }} (PDF). [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]] (IKI).</ref> 
* Geological investigation and study a composition of Martian soils in the uppermost few millimeters of the surface.
* Characterisation of the composition of surface materials, discriminating between various classes of silicates, oxides, hydrated minerals and carbonates.
* Identification and mapping of the distribution of aqueous alteration products on Mars.
* Real-time assessment of surface composition in selected areas, in support of identifying and selection of the most promising drilling sites. 
* Studies of variations of the atmospheric dust properties and of the atmospheric gaseous composition. 

==Development==

ISEM is a derivative of the Lunar Infrared Spectrometer (LIS) being developed by the [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]] (IKI) in Moscow for the planned Luna-25 and Luna-27 Russian landers.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/> Collaborating institutions include: Moscow State University, Main Astrophysical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the National Research Institute for Physicotechnical and Radio Engineering Measurements (VNIIFTRI) in Russia, Moscow State University, and the [[Organization:Aberystwyth University|Aberystwyth University]] in United Kingdom. The science team includes researchers from Russia, France, Italy, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/>

The instrument has been designed to specifically detect carbonates, oxalates, borates, nitrates, NH<sub>4</sub>-bearing minerals, that are good indicators of past [[Astronomy:Planetary habitability|habitable conditions]] such as aqueous minerals. It is also designed to detect organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and those containing [[Chemistry:Aliphatic compound|aliphatic]] C-H molecules.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/> In addition, ISEM can also detect seasonal frost, if present at the landing site, and it can be used to analyse the bore hole excavated by the ExoMars drill, if the rover backs away some distance.<ref name='Korablev 2017'/>

==See also==

* [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|Astrobiology]]
* [[Astronomy:Life on Mars|Life on Mars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Exomars}}
{{Satellite and spacecraft instruments}}
{{Astrobiology}}
{{European Space Agency}}

[[Category:Spacecraft instruments]]
[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Space science experiments]]
[[Category:Space program of Russia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars}}