View source for Engineering:Juno (spacecraft)

{{Short description|NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = ''Juno''
| names_list         = New Frontiers 2
| image              = Juno Transparent.png
| image_caption      = Artist's rendering of the ''Juno'' spacecraft
| image_size         = 301px
| mission_type       = [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]] orbiter
| operator           = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]{{\}}[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| COSPAR_ID          = 2011-040A
| SATCAT             = 37773
| website            = {{Unbulleted list
| {{URL|https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html}} (NASA)
| {{URL|https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/}} (SwRI)}}
| mission_duration   = Planned: 7 years<br />Elapsed: {{time interval|5 August 2011 16:25|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br /><br />Cruise: {{time interval|5 August 2011 16:25|5 July 2016 03:53|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br />Science phase: 4 years (extended until September 2025)
| spacecraft         = 
| spacecraft_type    = 
| manufacturer       = [[Company:Lockheed Martin Space|Lockheed Martin Space]]
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|3625|kg}} <ref name="JunoFactSheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/316306main_JunoFactSheet_2009sm.pdf|title=Juno Mission to Jupiter|series=NASA FACTS|publisher=NASA|page=1|date=April 2009|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-date=April 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406131427/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/316306main_JunoFactSheet_2009sm.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| dry_mass           = {{cvt|1593|kg}} <ref name="Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/pdf/juno-hires.pdf|title=Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit|publisher=NASA|date=2016|access-date=July 7, 2016|archive-date=August 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814084332/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/juno/pdf/juno-hires.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| dimensions         = {{cvt|20.1|xx|4.6|m}} <ref name="Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit"/>
| power              = 14 kW at Earth,<ref name="Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit"/> 435 [[Watt|W]] at Jupiter <ref name="JunoFactSheet"/><br />2 × 55-[[Ampere hour|ampere hour]] [[Engineering:Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]]<ref name="Jupiter Orbit Insertion Press Kit"/>
| launch_date        = August 5, 2011, 16:25:00 [[UTC]]
| launch_rocket      = [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V 551]] (AV-029)
| launch_site        = Cape Canaveral, SLC-41
| launch_contractor  = [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]]
| disposal_type      = <!--deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated        = 
| last_contact       = 
| interplanetary     = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   | type           = flyby
   | object         = [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]]
   | arrival_date   = October 9, 2013
   | distance       = {{cvt|559|km}}
 }}

 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
  | type            = orbiter
  | object          = [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]]
  | orbits          = 76 (planned) <ref name="NYT-20160705">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|date=July 5, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502211501/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20150921">{{cite web|last=Greicius|first=Tony|title=Juno – Mission Overview|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/overview/index.html|date=September 21, 2015|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 2, 2015|archive-date=September 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907181255/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/overview/index.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
  | arrival_date    = July 5, 2016, <ref name="spacenews20160705">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/juno-enters-orbit-around-jupiter/|title=Juno enters orbit around Jupiter|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Jeff|last=Foust|date=July 5, 2016|access-date=August 25, 2016|archive-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161231090156/http://spacenews.com/juno-enters-orbit-around-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{time interval|5 July 2016 03:53|show=ymd|sep=,}} ago
  | periapsis       = {{cvt|4200|km}} altitude<br />{{cvt|75600|km}} radius
  | apoapsis        = {{cvt|8.1|e6km}}
  | inclination     = 90° (polar orbit)
  | apsis           = jove
 }}
| instruments_list   = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
 | acronym1 = MWR   | name1 = [[Engineering:Microwave Radiometer (Juno)|Microwave Radiometer]]
 | acronym2 = JIRAM | name2 = [[Engineering:Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper|Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper]]
 | acronym3 = MAG   | name3 = [[Engineering:Magnetometer (Juno)|Magnetometer]]
 | acronym4 = GRAV  | name4 = Gravity Science
 | acronym5 = JADE  | name5 = [[Engineering:Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment|Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment]]
 | acronym6 = JEDI  | name6 = [[Engineering:JEDI|Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument]]
 | acronym7 = Waves | name7 = [[Engineering:Waves (Juno)|Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor]]
 | acronym8 = UVS   | name8 = [[Astronomy:UVS (Juno)|Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph]]
 }}
| insignia           = Juno mission insignia.svg
| insignia_caption   = ''Juno'' mission patch
| insignia_size      = 200px
| programme          = '''[[Astronomy:New Frontiers program|New Frontiers program]]'''
| previous_mission   = ''[[Astronomy:New Horizons|New Horizons]]''
| next_mission       = ''[[Astronomy:OSIRIS-REx|OSIRIS-REx]]''
}}

[[File:Juno lifted by overhead crane.jpg|thumb|Juno in launch configuration]]

'''''Juno''''' is a [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] [[Engineering:Space probe|space probe]] orbiting the planet [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]]. It was built by [[Company:Lockheed Martin Space Systems|Lockheed Martin]] and is operated by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]{{'s}} [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]. The spacecraft was launched from {{wipe|Cape Canaveral Air Force Station}} on August 5, 2011 [[UTC]], as part of the [[Astronomy:New Frontiers program|New Frontiers program]].<ref name=blastoff>{{cite news|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|title=NASA probe blasts off for Jupiter after launch-pad snags|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44034674|publisher=NBC News|date=August 5, 2011|access-date=August 31, 2011|archive-date=September 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914050008/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44034674|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Juno'' entered a [[Astronomy:Polar orbit|polar orbit]] of Jupiter on July 5, 2016, UTC,<ref name="NYT-20160705"/><ref name="NYT-20160628">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Will Soon Be in Jupiter's Grip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/science/nasa-jupiter-juno.html|date=June 28, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 30, 2016|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814155752/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/science/nasa-jupiter-juno.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to begin a scientific investigation of the planet.<ref name=JunoMission>{{cite AV media|title=Mission Jupiter|publisher=Science Channel|medium=Television documentary|first=Dan|last=Riskin|date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> After completing its mission, ''Juno'' will be intentionally deorbited into Jupiter's atmosphere.<ref name="JunoMission"/>

''Juno''{{'s}} mission is to measure Jupiter's composition, gravitational field, [[Physics:Magnetic field|magnetic field]], and [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere of Jupiter|polar magnetosphere]]. It will also search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, [[Physics:Mass distribution|mass distribution]], and its deep winds, which can reach speeds up to {{cvt|620|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/jupiter_lrs.html|title=Winds in Jupiter's Little Red Spot Almost Twice as Fast as Strongest Hurricane|publisher=NASA|first1=Andrew|last1=Cheng|first2=Mike|last2=Buckley|first3=Bill|last3=Steigerwald|date=May 21, 2008|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513161503/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/jupiter_lrs.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

''Juno'' is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after the [[Physics:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|nuclear powered]] [[Engineering:Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' orbiter]], which orbited from 1995 to 2003.<ref name="JunoMission"/> Unlike all earlier spacecraft sent to the outer planets,<ref name="JunoMission"/> ''Juno'' is powered by [[Physics:Solar panel|solar panel]]s, commonly used by satellites orbiting Earth and working in the [[Astronomy:Solar System#Inner Solar System|inner Solar System]], whereas [[Physics:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s are commonly used for missions to the [[Astronomy:Solar System#Outer Solar System|outer Solar System]] and beyond. For ''Juno'', however, the three largest solar panel wings ever deployed on a planetary probe (at the time of launching) play an integral role in stabilizing the spacecraft as well as generating power.<ref name="Juno Solar Cells">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|title=Juno's Solar Cells Ready to Light Up Jupiter Mission|publisher=NASA|date=July 15, 2011|access-date=October 4, 2015|archive-date=February 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216130027/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Naming ==
{{blockquote|''Juno''{{'s}} name comes from Greek and Roman mythology. The god [[Religion:Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief, and his wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature.|author=NASA <ref name="name">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter|date=August 5, 2011|publisher=NASA|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125459/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

A NASA compilation of mission names and acronyms referred to the mission by the [[Social:Backronym|backronym]] ''Jupiter Near-polar Orbiter''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/224264main_AMPM_4-25-08_Acronyms.pdf|title=Mission Acronyms & Definitions|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 30, 2016|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925070833/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/224264main_AMPM_4-25-08_Acronyms.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> However the project itself has consistently described it as a name with mythological associations<ref name="PressKit2011-08">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/JunoLaunch.pdf|title=Juno Launch Press Kit, Quick Facts|date=August 2011|website=jpl.nasa.gov|publisher=Jet Propulsion Lab|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=June 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617061929/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/JunoLaunch.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and not an acronym. The spacecraft's current name is in reference to the Roman goddess Juno.<ref name="name" /> ''Juno'' is sometimes called the ''New Frontiers 2'' as the second mission in the New Frontiers program,<ref name="spacenews20150223">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-sets-new-frontiers-competition-for-2016-spacenews/|title=NASA Sets Next US$1 Billion New Frontiers Competition for 2016|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Dan|last=Leone|date=February 23, 2015|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="colostate20160920">{{cite web|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/NewFrontiers.htm|title=New Frontiers-series satellites|publisher=Colorado State University|first1=Don|last1=Hillger|first2=Garry|last2=Toth|date=September 20, 2016|access-date=January 2, 2017|archive-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130232526/http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/NewFrontiers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but is not to be confused with [[Astronomy:New Horizons 2|New Horizons 2]], a proposed but unselected New Frontiers mission.

== Overview ==
{{Multiple image|align=left|direction=vertical|width=190
| image1   = Juno's interplanetary trajectory en.svg
| caption1 = ''Juno''{{'s}} interplanetary trajectory; tick marks at 30-day intervals.
| image2   = Juno spacecraft trajectory animation.webm
| caption2 = ''Juno'' spacecraft trajectory animation}}

[[File:Animation of Juno trajectory.gif|thumb|Animation of ''Juno''{{'s}} trajectory from August 5, 2011<br />{{legend2|magenta|''Juno''}}{{·}}{{legend2|Royalblue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|Mars}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|Jupiter}}]]

''Juno'' was selected on June 9, 2005, as the next New Frontiers mission after ''[[Astronomy:New Horizons|New Horizons]]''.<ref name="astrobio20050609">{{cite web|url=http://www.astrobio.net/jupiter-system/juno-mission-to-jupiter/|title=Juno Mission to Jupiter|work=Astrobiology Magazine|date=June 9, 2005|access-date=December 7, 2016|archive-date=June 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620171252/http://www.astrobio.net/jupiter-system/juno-mission-to-jupiter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The desire for a Jupiter probe was strong in the years prior to this, but there had not been any approved missions.<ref name="Ludwinski1998">{{cite conference|title=The Europa Orbiter Mission Design|conference=49th International Astronautical Congress, September 28 – October 2, 1998, Melbourne, Australia |first1=Jan M.|last1=Ludwinski|first2=Mark D.|last2=Guman|first3=Jennie R.|last3=Johannesen|first4=Robert T.|last4=Mitchell|first5=Robert L.|last5=Staehle|date=1998|hdl=2014/20516}}</ref><ref name="uscnasa200101">{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/engineering/TTC/NASA/newsarchives/jan01_insidejupiter.html|title=NASA Announces New Discovery Program Awards|publisher=NASA and University of Southern California|first=Martin|last=Zeller|date=January 2001|access-date=December 25, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002559/http://www.usc.edu/dept/engineering/TTC/NASA/newsarchives/jan01_insidejupiter.html|archive-date=March 5, 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The [[Astronomy:Discovery Program|Discovery Program]] had passed over the somewhat similar but more limited Interior Structure and Internal Dynamical Evolution of Jupiter (INSIDE Jupiter) proposal,<ref name="uscnasa200101"/> and the turn-of-the-century era [[Astronomy:Europa Orbiter|Europa Orbiter]] was canceled in 2002.<ref name="Ludwinski1998"/> The flagship-level [[Astronomy:Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace|Europa Jupiter System Mission]] was in the works in the early 2000s, but funding issues resulted in it evolving into ESA's [[Astronomy:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer|Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer]].<ref name="Dougherty2011">{{cite conference|url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2011/EPSC-DPS2011-1343-1.pdf|title=JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer): a European-led mission to the Jupiter system|conference=EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011, October 2–7, 2011, Nantes, France|first1=M. K.|last1=Dougherty|first2=O.|last2=Grasset|first3=E.|last3=Bunce|first4=A.|last4=Coustenis|first5=D. V.|last5=Titov|first6=Ch.|last6=Erd|first7=M.|last7=Blanc|first8=A. J.|last8=Coates|first9=A.|last9=Coradini|first10=P.|last10=Drossart|first11=L.|last11=Fletcher|first12=H.|last12=Hussmann|first13=R.|last13=Jaumann|first14=N.|last14=Krupp|first15=O.|last15=Prieto-Ballesteros|first16=P.|last16=Tortora|first17=F.|last17=Tosi|first18=T.|last18=Van Hoolst|first19=J.-P.|last19=Lebreton|display-authors=5|date=2011|bibcode=2011epsc.conf.1343D|access-date=December 25, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121194035/http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2011/EPSC-DPS2011-1343-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Juno'' completed a five-year cruise to Jupiter, arriving on July 5, 2016.<ref name="NYT-20160628"/> The spacecraft traveled a total distance of roughly {{cvt|2.8|e9km|AU e9mi}} to reach Jupiter.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|title=NASA going green with solar-powered Jupiter probe|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2011-08-01-jupiter-mission_n.htm|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 1, 2011|access-date=October 24, 2015|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125507/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2011-08-01-jupiter-mission_n.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The spacecraft was designed to orbit Jupiter 37 times over the course of its mission. This was originally planned to take 20 months.<ref name="NYT-20160705"/><ref name="NASA-20150921"/>

''Juno''{{'s}} trajectory used a [[Astronomy:Gravity assist|gravity assist]] speed boost from Earth, accomplished by an Earth flyby in October 2013, two years after its launch on August 5, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html|title=NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Launch Schedule|publisher=NASA|access-date=February 17, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913085149/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The spacecraft performed an orbit insertion burn to slow it enough to allow capture. It was expected to make three 53-day orbits before performing another burn on December 11, 2016, that would bring it into a 14-day [[Astronomy:Polar orbit|polar orbit]] called the Science Orbit. Because of a suspected problem in ''Juno''{{'s}} main engine, the burn scheduled on December 11, 2016, was cancelled and ''Juno'' remained in its 53-day orbit until the first [[Astronomy:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] encounter of its Extended Mission.<ref name="nasa20170217">{{cite press release|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-juno-mission-to-remain-in-current-orbit-at-jupiter|title=NASA's Juno Mission to Remain in Current Orbit at Jupiter|publisher=NASA|first1=Dwayne|last1=Brown|first2=Laurie|last2=Cantillo|first3=D. C.|last3=Agle|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=March 13, 2017|archive-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092542/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-juno-mission-to-remain-in-current-orbit-at-jupiter/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> This extended mission began with a flyby of Ganymede on June 7, 2021.{{r|nasa-20210603|nasa.20210608}}  Subsequent flybys of Europa and then [[Astronomy:Io (moon)|Io]] will further decrease the orbital period to 33 days by February 2024.<ref name="JPL20210113">{{cite press release|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future/|title=NASA's Juno Mission Expands Into the Future|publisher=NASA|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151859/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

During the science mission, [[Physics:Infrared|infrared]] and [[Physics:Microwave|microwave]] instruments will measure the thermal radiation emanating from deep within [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]]. These observations will complement previous studies of its composition by assessing the abundance and distribution of water, and therefore oxygen. This data will provide insight into Jupiter's origins. ''Juno'' will also investigate the [[Astronomy:Convection|convection]] that drives natural circulation patterns in Jupiter's atmosphere. Other instruments aboard ''Juno'' will gather data about its gravitational field and polar [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere|magnetosphere]]. The ''Juno'' mission was planned to conclude in February 2018 after completing 37 orbits of Jupiter, but now has been commissioned through 2025 to do a further 42 additional orbits of Jupiter as well as close flybys of Ganymede, Europa and Io.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Jamie |title=Self-Destruction Of $1.4 Billion Spacecraft At Jupiter Scrubbed By NASA As It Returns More Stunning Images |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2021/02/23/suicide-of-14-billion-spacecraft-at-jupiter-scrubbed-by-nasa-as-it-returns-more-jaw-dropping-images/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The probe was then intended to be [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry#Deorbit disposal|deorbited]] and burnt up in Jupiter's outer atmosphere<ref name="NYT-20160705"/><ref name="NASA-20150921"/> to avoid any possibility of impact and biological contamination of one of its moons.<ref name=Profile/>

=== Flight trajectory ===
[[File:Atlas V Rocket Ready for Juno Mission.jpg|thumb|Juno awaiting its launch in 2011]]

==== Launch ====
''Juno'' was launched atop the [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida on August 5, 2011, 16:25:00 UTC. The Atlas V (AV-029) used a Russian-built RD-180 main engine, powered by [[Chemistry:Kerosene|kerosene]] and [[Physics:Liquid oxygen|liquid oxygen]]. The main engine ignited and underwent checkout then, 3.8 seconds later, the five strap-on [[Engineering:Solid rocket booster|solid rocket booster]]s (SRBs) ignited. Following the SRB burnout, about 93 seconds into the flight, two of the spent boosters fell away from the vehicle, followed 1.5 seconds later by the remaining three. When heating levels had dropped below predetermined limits, the [[Engineering:Payload fairing|payload fairing]] that protected ''Juno'' during launch and transit through the thickest part of the atmosphere separated, about 3 minutes 24 seconds into the flight. The Atlas V main engine cut off 4 minutes 26 seconds after liftoff. Sixteen seconds later, the [[Engineering:Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur second stage]] ignited, and it burned for about 6 minutes, putting the satellite into an initial [[Astronomy:Parking orbit|parking orbit]].<ref name=spaceflightnow>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av029/ascenttimeline.html|title=Atlas/Juno launch timeline|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=July 28, 2011|access-date=July 29, 2011|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317175304/https://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av029/ascenttimeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The vehicle coasted for about 30 minutes, and then the Centaur was reignited for a second firing of 9 minutes, placing the spacecraft on an [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]] escape trajectory in a [[Astronomy:Heliocentric orbit|heliocentric orbit]].<ref name="spaceflightnow" />

Prior to separation, the Centaur stage used onboard [[Engineering:Reaction engine|reaction engine]]s to spin ''Juno'' up to 1.4 [[Revolutions per minute|r.p.m.]] About 54 minutes after launch, the spacecraft separated from the Centaur and began to extend its [[Physics:Solar panel|solar panel]]s.<ref name=spaceflightnow/> Following the full deployment and locking of the solar panels, ''Juno''{{'s}} batteries began to recharge. Deployment of the solar panels reduced ''Juno''{{'s}} spin rate by two-thirds. The probe is spun to ensure stability during the voyage and so that all instruments on the probe are able to observe Jupiter.<ref name=Profile>[http://www.spaceflight101.com/juno-mission-profile-and-timeline.html Juno Mission Profile & Timeline] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125214512/http://www.spaceflight101.com/juno-mission-profile-and-timeline.html|date=November 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|title=Juno's Solar Cells Ready to Light Up Jupiter Mission|publisher=NASA|date=June 27, 2016|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125453/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The voyage to Jupiter took five years, and included two orbital maneuvers in August and September 2012 and a [[Astronomy:Gravity assist|flyby of the Earth]] on October 9, 2013.<ref name="newscomau20160707">{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/the-success-of-junos-jupiter-mission-has-its-origins-in-a-famous-idea-from-more-than-50-years-ago/news-story/86348b133ce59b6000873175fee5e9a9|title=The success of Juno's Jupiter mission has its origins in a famous idea from more than 50 years ago|website=news.com.au|first=Nick|last=Whigham|date=July 7, 2016|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104401/https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/the-success-of-junos-jupiter-mission-has-its-origins-in-a-famous-idea-from-more-than-50-years-ago/news-story/86348b133ce59b6000873175fee5e9a9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="space20131009">{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/23139-juno-jupiter-spacecraft-earth-flyby.html|title=NASA Spacecraft Slingshots By Earth On Way to Jupiter, Snaps Photos|publisher=Space.com|first=Mike|last=Wall|date=October 9, 2013|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104423/https://www.space.com/23139-juno-jupiter-spacecraft-earth-flyby.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When it reached the Jovian system, ''Juno'' had traveled approximately {{convert|19|au|e9km|abbr=off}}.<ref name="nasa20130812">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-246|title=NASA's Juno is Halfway to Jupiter|publisher=NASA/JPL|first=D. C.|last=Agle|date=August 12, 2013|access-date=August 12, 2013|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802210419/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-246|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Atlas V with Juno on CCAFS SLC-41 (PIA14416).jpg|Atlas V on launch pad
File:Juno Lifts Off.jpg|Lift-off
File:Launch of Juno 2011.ogv|Launch video
</gallery>

==== Flyby of the Earth ====
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|width=190
 |image1   = Junoearthflyby.jpg
 |caption1 = South America <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/earth-trio-20140325|title=Earth Triptych from NASA's Juno Spacecraft|publisher=NASA|editor-first=Tony|editor-last=Greicius|date=March 25, 2014|access-date=November 26, 2017|archive-date=November 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113051657/http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/earth-trio-20140325/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> as seen by [[Astronomy:JunoCam|JunoCam]] on its October 2013 Earth flyby
 |image2   = Earth and Moon Seen by Passing Juno Spacecraft.webm
 |caption2 = Video of Earth and Moon taken by the ''Juno'' spacecraft
}}
After traveling for about a year in an [[Astronomy:Elliptic orbit|elliptical]] heliocentric orbit, ''Juno'' fired its engine twice in 2012 near aphelion (beyond the orbit of [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]]) to change its orbit and return to pass by the [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]] at a distance of 559 kilometers in October 2013.<ref name="newscomau20160707"/> It used Earth's gravity to help slingshot itself toward the Jovian system in a maneuver called a [[Astronomy:Gravity assist|gravity assist]].<ref name=HomeEarthflyby>{{cite web|title=Earth Flyby – Mission Juno|url=http://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/earth-flyby|website=missionjuno.swri.edu|access-date=October 2, 2015|archive-date=October 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003140016/http://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/earth-flyby|url-status=live}}</ref> The spacecraft received a boost in speed of more than {{cvt|3.9|km/s|mi/h}}, and it was set on a course to Jupiter.<ref name=HomeEarthflyby/><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's Juno Gives Starship-Like View of Earth Flyby|date=February 13, 2015|url=http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/juno-earth-flyby-20131210.html|access-date=October 2, 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303081924/https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/juno-earth-flyby-20131210.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juno Earth Flyby|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 8, 2015|first=Tony|last=Greicius|date=August 26, 2013|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125740/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The flyby was also used as a rehearsal for the ''Juno'' science team to test some instruments and practice certain procedures before the arrival at Jupiter.<ref name=HomeEarthflyby/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/juno-earth-flyby-20131210.html|title=NASA's Juno Gives Starship-Like View of Earth Flyby|first=Tony|last=Greicius|date=February 13, 2015|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303081924/https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/juno/juno-earth-flyby-20131210.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==== Insertion into Jovian orbit ====
Jupiter's gravity accelerated the approaching spacecraft to around {{cvt|210000|km/h}}.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=July 5, 2016|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502211501/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 5, 2016, between 03:18 and 03:53 [[UTC]] Earth-received time, an insertion burn lasting 2,102 seconds decelerated ''Juno'' by {{cvt|542|m/s}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6558|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Orbit Around Mighty Jupiter|publisher=NASA|date=July 4, 2016|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=July 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706155405/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6558|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and changed its trajectory from a [[Astronomy:Hyperbolic trajectory|hyperbolic]] flyby to an [[Astronomy:Elliptic orbit|elliptical]], polar orbit with a period of about 53.5 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/07/04/live-coverage-juno-spacecraft-hours-away-from-arriving-at-jupiter/|title=Live coverage: NASA's Juno spacecraft arrives at Jupiter|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=July 4, 2016|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=July 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705172353/http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/07/04/live-coverage-juno-spacecraft-hours-away-from-arriving-at-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref> The spacecraft successfully entered Jovian orbit on July 5, 2016, at 03:53 UTC.<ref name="spacenews20160705"/>

====Orbit and environment====
[[File:Juno trajectory through radiation belts.png|thumb|right|''Juno''{{'s}} elliptical orbit and the Jovian radiation belts]]
''Juno''{{'s}} highly elliptical initial polar orbit takes it within {{cvt|4200|km}} of the planet and out to {{cvt|8.1|e6km}}, far beyond [[Astronomy:Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]'s orbit. An [[Astronomy:Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]]-reducing burn, called the Period Reduction Maneuver, was planned that would drop the probe into a much shorter 14 day science orbit.<ref name="nasasf20160903">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/juno-closest-approach-jupiter-readies-for-primary-science-mission/|title=Juno provides new data on Jupiter; readies for primary science mission|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris|last=Gebhardt|date=September 3, 2016|access-date=October 23, 2016|archive-date=October 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020123758/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/juno-closest-approach-jupiter-readies-for-primary-science-mission/|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, ''Juno'' was expected to complete 37 orbits over 20 months before the end of its mission. Due to problems with helium valves that are important during main engine burns, mission managers announced on February 17, 2017, that ''Juno'' would remain in its original 53-day orbit, since the chance of an engine misfire putting the spacecraft into a bad orbit was too high.<ref name="nasa20170217"/> ''Juno'' completed only 12 science orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending July 2018.<ref name="sfnow20170221">{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/21/nasas-juno-spacecraft-to-remain-in-current-orbit-around-jupiter/|title=NASA's Juno spacecraft to remain in current orbit around Jupiter|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=February 21, 2017|access-date=April 26, 2017|archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226211013/http://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/21/nasas-juno-spacecraft-to-remain-in-current-orbit-around-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, NASA extended the mission through July 2021, as described below.

The orbits were carefully planned in order to minimize contact with Jupiter's dense [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere of Jupiter|radiation belt]]s, which can damage spacecraft electronics and solar panels, by exploiting a gap in the radiation envelope near the planet, passing through a region of minimal radiation.<ref name="JunoMission"/><ref name="spaced">{{cite news|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Juno_Gets_A_Little_Bigger_With_One_More_Payload_For_Jovian_Delivery_999.html|title=Juno Gets A Little Bigger With One More Payload For Jovian Delivery|publisher=Space Daily|last=Moomaw|first=Bruce|date=March 11, 2007|access-date=August 31, 2011|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126185828/https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Juno_Gets_A_Little_Bigger_With_One_More_Payload_For_Jovian_Delivery_999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The "[[Physics:Juno Radiation Vault|Juno Radiation Vault]]", with 1-centimeter-thick [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]] walls, also aids in protecting ''Juno''{{'s}} electronics.<ref name="armored-up">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2010-230|title=Juno Armored Up to Go to Jupiter|access-date=July 11, 2016|date=July 12, 2010|publisher=NASA|archive-date=August 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813213740/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2010-230|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Despite the intense radiation, JunoCam and the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) are expected to endure at least eight orbits, while the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) should endure at least eleven orbits.<ref name="HomeOrbit">{{cite web|title=Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton|url=http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/|website=universetoday.com|date=January 8, 2016|access-date=February 6, 2016|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207102428/http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Juno'' will receive much lower levels of radiation in its polar orbit than the [[Engineering:Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' orbiter]] received in its equatorial orbit. ''Galileo''{{'s}} subsystems were damaged by radiation during its mission, including an LED in its data recording system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=871|title=Galileo Millennium Mission Status|publisher=NASA – Jet Propulsion Laboratory|first=Guy|last=Webster|date=December 17, 2002|access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124232911/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=871|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Orbital operations ===
[[File:Animation of Juno trajectory around Jupiter.gif|thumb|Animation of ''Juno''{{'s}} trajectory around Jupiter from June 1, 2016, to October 25, 2025<br />{{legend2|magenta|''Juno''}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|Jupiter}}]]
[[File:PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg|thumb|upright|Ganymede, photographed on {{dts|2021.06.07|format=dmy}} by ''Juno'' during its extended mission]]

The spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter ([[Astronomy:Apsis|perijove]] 1) on August 26, 2016, and captured the first images of the planet's north pole.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104558-nasas-juno-probe-snaps-first-images-of-jupiters-north-pole/|title=NASA's Juno probe snaps first images of Jupiter's north pole|publisher=New Scientist|first=Niall|last=Firth|date=September 5, 2016|access-date=September 5, 2016|archive-date=September 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906173136/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104558-nasas-juno-probe-snaps-first-images-of-jupiters-north-pole/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 14, 2016, days prior to perijove 2 and the planned Period Reduction Maneuver, telemetry showed that some of ''Juno''{{'s}} helium valves were not opening properly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/mission-prepares-for-next-jupiter-pass|title=Mission Prepares for Next Jupiter Pass|publisher=NASA|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Dwayne|last2=Brown|first3=Laurie|last3=Cantillo|date=October 15, 2016|access-date=October 19, 2016|archive-date=June 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617075708/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/mission-prepares-for-next-jupiter-pass/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> On October 18, 2016, some 13 hours before its second close approach to Jupiter, ''Juno'' entered into [[Engineering:Safe mode in spacecraft|safe mode]], an operational mode engaged when its onboard computer encounters unexpected conditions. The spacecraft powered down all non-critical systems and reoriented itself to face the Sun to gather the most power. Due to this, no science operations were conducted during perijove 2.<ref name="verge20161019">{{cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/19/13336642/nasa-juno-spacecraft-safe-mode-jupiter-engine-issue|title=NASA's Juno spacecraft went into safe mode last night|publisher=The Verge|first=Loren|last=Grush|date=October 19, 2016|access-date=October 23, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305070932/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/19/13336642/nasa-juno-spacecraft-safe-mode-jupiter-engine-issue|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 11, 2016, the spacecraft completed perijove 3, with all but one instrument operating and returning data. One instrument, JIRAM, was off pending a flight software update.<ref name="nasa20161209">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6695|title=NASA Juno Mission Completes Latest Jupiter Flyby|publisher=NASA{{\}}Jet Propulsion Laboratory|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=February 4, 2017|archive-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517120738/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6695|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Perijove 4 occurred on February 2, 2017, with all instruments operating.<ref name="nasa20170217"/> Perijove 5 occurred on March 27, 2017.<ref name="nasa20170327">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-set-for-fifth-jupiter-flyby|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Completes Fifth Jupiter Flyby|publisher=NASA|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Dwayne|last2=Brown|first3=Laurie|last3=Cantillo|date=March 27, 2017|access-date=March 31, 2017|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329013522/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-set-for-fifth-jupiter-flyby/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Perijove 6 took place on May 19, 2017.<ref name="nasa20170327"/><ref name="scinews20170520">{{cite news|url=http://www.sci-news.com/space/juno-sixth-jupiter-flyby-04878.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Completes Sixth Jupiter Flyby|publisher=Sci-News|first=Natali|last=Anderson|date=May 20, 2017|access-date=June 4, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525204427/http://www.sci-news.com/space/juno-sixth-jupiter-flyby-04878.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the mission's lifetime is inherently limited by radiation exposure, almost all of this dose was planned to be acquired during the perijoves. {{asof|2017}}, the 53.4 day orbit was planned to be maintained through July 2018 for a total of twelve science-gathering perijoves. At the end of this prime mission, the project was planned to go through a science review process by NASA's Planetary Science Division to determine if it will receive funding for an extended mission.<ref name="nasa20170217"/>

In June 2018, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021.<ref name="nasa20180606">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-130|title=NASA Re-plans Juno's Jupiter Mission|publisher=NASA/JPL|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=JoAnna|last2=Wendel|first3=Deb|last3=Schmid|date=June 6, 2018|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724112957/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-130|url-status=live}}</ref> During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's magnetosphere]], which may cause future failure of certain instruments and risk collision with Jupiter's moons.<ref name=skytel20170221/><ref name=insider20160705/>

In January 2021, NASA extended the mission operations to September 2025.<ref name="nasa20210108">{{Cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=January 8, 2021|title=NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=NASA|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111161636/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-extends-exploration-for-two-planetary-science-missions/|url-status=live}}</ref> In this phase ''Juno'' began to examine Jupiter's inner moons, [[Astronomy:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], [[Astronomy:Europa (moon)|Europa]] and Io. A flyby of Ganymede occurred on June 7, 2021, 17:35 [[Physics:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], coming within {{convert|1038|km|abbr=on}}, the closest any spacecraft has come to the moon since ''[[Engineering:Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'' in 2000.<ref name="nasa-20210603" /><ref name="nasa.20210608">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/see-the-first-images-nasa-s-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede|title=See the First Images NASA's Juno Took as It Sailed by Ganymede &#124; NASA|date=June 8, 2021|access-date=June 9, 2021|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210609043323/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/see-the-first-images-nasa-s-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="guardian.20210608">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/08/juno-nasa-jupiter-moon-ganymede |title=NASA spacecraft captures first closeups of Jupiter's largest moon in decades &#124; Jupiter &#124; the Guardian |website=www.theguardian.com |access-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210609043534/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/08/juno-nasa-jupiter-moon-ganymede |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A flyby of Europa took place on September 29, 2022, at a distance of {{cvt|352|km|mi}}.<ref name="nasa-20220929" /><ref name="NYT-20220930" /> Finally, the spacecraft is scheduled to perform two flybys of Io in December 2023 and February 2024 at a distance of {{cvt|1,500|km|mi}}.<ref name="nasa-20231227" /> These flybys will further help with upcoming missions including NASA's [[Astronomy:Europa Clipper|Europa Clipper Mission]] and the European Space Agency's [[Astronomy:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer|JUICE]] (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer), as well as the proposed [[Astronomy:Io Volcano Observer|Io Volcano Observer]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Io Volcano Observer proposal selected for further study by NASA's Discovery Program: More Love for Outer Space|url=https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/io-volcano-observer-proposal-selected-further-study-nasa-s-discovery-program-more-love|access-date=January 11, 2021|website=www.usgs.gov|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150530/https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/io-volcano-observer-proposal-selected-further-study-nasa-s-discovery-program-more-love|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Planned deorbit and disintegration ====
NASA originally planned to [[Astronomy:Atmospheric entry|deorbit]] the spacecraft into the atmosphere of Jupiter after completing 32 orbits of Jupiter, but has since extended the mission to September 2025.<ref name="pds.juno">{{cite web|url=https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=JUNO|title=Mission Name: Juno|work=NASA's Planetary Data System|date=July 2020|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111214559/https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=JUNO|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="nasa20210108" /> The controlled deorbit is intended to eliminate space debris and risks of contamination in accordance with NASA's [[Astronomy:Planetary protection|planetary protection]] guidelines.<ref name="insider20160705">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-juno-probe-will-crash-into-jupiter-2016-7|title=To protect potential alien life, NASA will destroy its US$1 billion Jupiter spacecraft on purpose|publisher=Business Insider|first=Meghan|last=Bartels|date=July 5, 2016|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063654/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-juno-probe-will-crash-into-jupiter-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="skytel20170221">{{cite news|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/juno-stay-current-orbit-jupiter/|title=Juno Will Stay in Current Orbit Around Jupiter|publisher=Sky and Telescope|first=David|last=Dickinson|date=February 21, 2017|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063357/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/juno-stay-current-orbit-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sf101-20170218">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/juno-to-remain-in-elongated-capture-orbit/|title=NASA Juno Spacecraft to remain in Elongated Capture Orbit around Jupiter|publisher=Spaceflight101.com|date=February 18, 2017|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=October 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031022201/http://spaceflight101.com/juno/juno-to-remain-in-elongated-capture-orbit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Team ===
Scott Bolton of the [[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]] in San Antonio, {{wipe|Texas}} is the principal investigator and is responsible for all aspects of the mission. The [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] in {{wipe|California}} manages the mission and the [[Company:Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin Corporation]] was responsible for the spacecraft development and construction. The mission is being carried out with the participation of several institutional partners. Coinvestigators include Toby Owen of the [[Organization:University of Hawaii|University of Hawaii]], [[Biography:Andrew Ingersoll|Andrew Ingersoll]] of [[Organization:California Institute of Technology|California Institute of Technology]], [[Biography:Frances Bagenal|Frances Bagenal]] of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Candy Hansen of the [[Organization:Planetary Science Institute|Planetary Science Institute]]. Jack Connerney of the [[Organization:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard Space Flight Center]] served as instrument lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/index_partner.html|title=Juno Institutional Partners|access-date=August 8, 2009|year=2008|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115141317/http://juno.wisc.edu/index_partner.html|archive-date=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NASA Sets Launch Coverage Events For Mission To Jupiter|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/jul/HQ_M11-156_Juno_Events.html|publisher=NASA|date=July 27, 2011|access-date=July 27, 2011|archive-date=September 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917050238/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/jul/HQ_M11-156_Juno_Events.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Cost ===
''Juno'' was originally proposed at a cost of approximately US$700 million (fiscal year 2003) for a launch in June 2009 (equivalent to US${{inflation|US|700|2003}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}). NASA budgetary restrictions resulted in postponement until August 2011, and a launch on board an [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] rocket in the 551 configuration. {{As of|2019}} the mission was projected to cost US$1.46 billion for operations and data analysis through 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/planetary-exploration-budget-dataset.html|title=The Planetary Exploration Budget Dataset|publisher=The Planetary Society|access-date=April 12, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412103357/https://www.planetary.org/get-involved/be-a-space-advocate/become-an-expert/planetary-exploration-budget-dataset.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Scientific objectives ===
[[File:Jupiter imaged using the VISIR instrument on the VLT.jpg|thumb|Jupiter imaged using the VISIR instrument on the [[Astronomy:Very Large Telescope|VLT]]. These observations will inform the work to be undertaken by ''Juno''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jupiter Awaits Arrival of Juno|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1623/|access-date=June 28, 2016|archive-date=June 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628145330/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1623/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The ''Juno'' spacecraft's suite of science instruments will:<ref name="Juno_science"/>
* Determine the ratio of [[Chemistry:Oxygen|oxygen]] to [[Chemistry:Hydrogen|hydrogen]], effectively measuring the abundance of water in Jupiter, which will help distinguish among prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to the Solar System.
* Obtain a better estimate of Jupiter's core mass, which will also help distinguish among prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to the Solar System.
* Precisely map Jupiter's [[Physics:Gravity|gravitational]] field to assess the distribution of mass in Jupiter's interior, including properties of its structure and dynamics.
* Precisely map Jupiter's [[Physics:Magnetic field|magnetic field]] to assess the origin and structure of the field, and the depth at which the planet's magnetic field is created. This experiment will also help scientists understand the fundamental physics of [[Physics:Dynamo theory|dynamo theory]].
* Map the variation in atmospheric composition, temperature, structure, cloud opacity and dynamics to pressures far greater than {{cvt|100|bar|MPa psi}} at all latitudes.
* Characterize and explore the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere|magnetosphere]] and auroras.<ref name = "Juno_science">{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/science.html |title=Juno Science Objectives|access-date=October 13, 2008|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919062437/http://juno.wisc.edu/science.html |archive-date=September 19, 2015}}</ref>
* Measure the orbital [[Physics:Frame-dragging|frame-dragging]], known also as [[Physics:Lense–Thirring precession|Lense–Thirring precession]] caused by the [[Physics:Angular momentum|angular momentum]] of Jupiter,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iorio|first1=L.|date=August 2010|title=Juno, the angular momentum of Jupiter and the Lense–Thirring effect|journal=New Astronomy |volume=15|issue=6|pages=554–560|arxiv=0812.1485|bibcode=2010NewA...15..554I|doi=10.1016/j.newast.2010.01.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Helled|first1=R.|last2=Anderson|first2=J.D.|last3=Schubert|first3=G.|last4=Stevenson|first4=D.J.|date=December 2011|title=Jupiter's moment of inertia: A possible determination by Juno |journal=Icarus |volume=216|issue=2|pages=440–448|arxiv=1109.1627|bibcode=2011Icar..216..440H|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.016|s2cid=119077359}}</ref> and possibly a new test of general relativity effects connected with the Jovian rotation.<ref name='general relativity'>{{cite journal|title=A possible new test of general relativity with Juno|journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity|first=L.|last=Iorio |volume=30|issue=18|pages=195011|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/30/19/195011|year=2013|bibcode=2013CQGra..30s5011I|arxiv=1302.6920|s2cid=119301991}}</ref>

== Scientific instruments ==
The ''Juno'' mission's scientific objectives are being achieved with a payload of nine instruments on board the spacecraft:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments.html|title=Instrument overview|access-date=October 13, 2008|publisher=Wisconsin University-Madison|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016083432/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments.html|archive-date=October 16, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Dodge"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Juno Spacecraft: Instruments|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/HTML/junospacecraft_instruments/50|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062922/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/HTML/junospacecraft_instruments/50|archive-date=April 26, 2012|access-date=December 20, 2011|website=Mission Juno|publisher=[[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/JunoLaunch.pdf|title=Juno launch: press kit August 2011|access-date=December 20, 2011|publisher=NASA|pages=16–20|archive-date=October 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025192615/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/JunoLaunch.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://radioscience.dima.uniroma1.it/paper/2840832_Ciarcia.pdf|title=More and Juno Ka-band transponder design, performance, qualification and in-flight validation|year=2013|publisher=Laboratorio di Radio Scienza del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, università "Sapienza"|access-date=July 10, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054431/http://radioscience.dima.uniroma1.it/paper/2840832_Ciarcia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Microwave radiometer (MWR) ===
{{Main|Engineering:Microwave Radiometer (Juno)}}
[[File:MWR(juno).jpg|thumb|Microwave Radiometer]]
The [[Physics:Microwave radiometer|microwave radiometer]] comprises six antennas mounted on two of the sides of the body of the probe. They will perform measurements of [[Physics:Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic waves]] on frequencies in the [[Physics:Microwave|microwave]] range: 600 [[Hertz|MHz]], 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 22&nbsp;GHz, the only microwave frequencies which are able to pass through the thick Jovian atmosphere. The radiometer will measure the abundance of water and ammonia in the deep layers of the atmosphere up to {{cvt|200|bar|MPa psi}} pressure or {{cvt|500|-|600|km}} deep. The combination of different wavelengths and the emission angle should make it possible to obtain a temperature profile at various levels of the atmosphere. The data collected will determine how deep the atmospheric circulation is.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_MWR.html|title=Instruments : microwave radiometer|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|first1=T.|last1=Owen|first2=S.|last2=Limaye|date=October 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328152137/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_MWR.html|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=2|title=Juno spacecraft MWR|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|access-date=October 19, 2015|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821050111/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=2|url-status=live}}</ref> The MWR is designed to function through orbit 11 of Jupiter.<ref name="Orbit_More">{{cite web|url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/orbit#more_stuff|title=After Five Years in Space, a Moment of Truth|work=Mission Juno|publisher=Southwest Research Institute|access-date=October 18, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417160323/https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/orbit/#more_stuff|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: Mike Janssen, [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]])}}

=== Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) ===
{{outdated section|date=November 2023|reason=The section should reflect the operational status of the instrument (see talk page)}}
{{Main|Engineering:Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper}}
[[File:JIRAM(juno).jpg|thumb|Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper]]
The spectrometer mapper JIRAM, operating in the near infrared (between 2 and 5 μm), conducts surveys in the upper layers of the atmosphere to a depth of between {{cvt|50|and|70|km}} where the pressure reaches {{cvt|5|to|7|bar}}. JIRAM will provide images of the aurora in the wavelength of 3.4 μm in regions with abundant [[Chemistry:Trihydrogen cation|H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>]] ions. By measuring the heat radiated by the atmosphere of Jupiter, JIRAM can determine how clouds with water are flowing beneath the surface. It can also detect [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]], [[Physics:Water vapor|water vapor]], [[Chemistry:Ammonia|ammonia]] and [[Chemistry:Phosphine|phosphine]]. It was not required that this device meets the radiation resistance requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|title=About JIRAM|publisher=IAPS (Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology of the Italian [[Organization:INAF|INAF]])|access-date=June 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809174710/http://www.iaps.inaf.it/solarsystem/jiram/about-jiram/|archive-date=August 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html|title=Instruments : the Jupiter Infrared Aural Mapper|date=October 23, 2008|first1=T.|last1=Owen|first2=S.|last2=Limaye |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182553/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_JIRAM.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=7|title=Juno spacecraft JIRAM|access-date=October 19, 2015|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821050111/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=7|url-status=live}}</ref> The JIRAM instrument is expected to operate through the eighth orbit of Jupiter.<ref name="Orbit_More"/><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: Alberto Adriani, [[Organization:INAF|Italian National Institute for Astrophysics]])}}

=== Magnetometer (MAG) ===
{{Main|Engineering:Magnetometer (Juno)}}
[[File:MAG(Juno).png|thumb|MAG]]
The magnetic field investigation has three goals: mapping of the magnetic field, determining the dynamics of Jupiter's interior, and determination of the three-dimensional structure of the polar magnetosphere. The magnetometer experiment consists of the Flux Gate Magnetometer ('''FGM'''), which will observe the strength and direction of the magnetic field lines, and the Advanced Stellar Compass ('''ASC'''), which will monitor the orientation of the magnetometer sensors.<ref name=":1" /><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: Jack Connerney, NASA's [[Organization:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard Space Flight Center]])}}

=== Gravity Science (GS) ===
[[File:GS(Juno).png|thumb|Gravity Science]]
The purpose of measuring gravity by radio waves is to establish a map of the distribution of mass inside Jupiter. The uneven distribution of mass in Jupiter induces small variations in gravity all along the orbit followed by the probe when it runs closer to the surface of the planet. These gravity variations drive small probe velocity changes. The purpose of radio science is to detect the [[Physics:Doppler effect|Doppler effect]] on radio broadcasts issued by ''Juno'' toward Earth in [[Astronomy:Ka band|Ka-band]] and [[Physics:X band|X-band]], which are frequency ranges that can conduct the study with fewer disruptions related to the [[Astronomy:Solar wind|solar wind]] or [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]]'s [[Astronomy:Ionosphere|ionosphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_GSE.html|title=Instruments: Gravity Science Experiment|date=October 23, 2008|first1=John|last1=Anderson |first2=Anthony|last2=Mittskus|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211538/http://juno.wisc.edu/spacecraft_instruments_GSE.html|archive-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=0|title=Juno spacecraft GS|access-date=December 31, 2015|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821050111/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dodge">{{cite web|last1=Dodge|first1=R.|last2=Boyles|first2=M. A.|last3=Rasbach|first3=C. E.|date=September 2007|at=GS, p. 8; JADE and JEDI, p. 9|title=Key and driving requirements for the Juno payload suite of instruments|publisher=NASA|url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/40566/1/07-2266.pdf|access-date=December 5, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050550/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/40566/1/07-2266.pdf|archive-date=July 21, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: John Anderson, [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]; Principal investigator (Juno's Ka-band Translator): Luciano Iess, [[Organization:Sapienza University of Rome|Sapienza University of Rome]])}}

=== Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) ===
{{Main|Engineering:Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment}}
[[File:JADE(juno).jpg|thumb|JADE]]
The energetic particle detector JADE will measure the angular distribution, energy, and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at ''low'' energy (ions between 13 [[Physics:Electronvolt|eV]] and 20 KeV, electrons of 200 eV to 40 KeV) present in the aurora of Jupiter. On JADE, like JEDI, the electron analyzers are installed on three sides of the upper plate which allows a measure of frequency three times higher.<ref name="Dodge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=4|title=Juno spacecraft JADE|access-date=December 31, 2015|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821050111/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=4|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: [[Biography:David J. McComas|David McComas]], [[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]])}}

=== Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) ===
[[File:JEDI(juno).jpg|thumb|JEDI]]
The energetic particle detector JEDI will measure the angular distribution and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at ''high'' energy (ions between 20 keV and 1 MeV, electrons from 40 to 500 keV) present in the polar [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere|magnetosphere]] of Jupiter. JEDI has three identical sensors dedicated to the study of particular ions of [[Chemistry:Hydrogen|hydrogen]], [[Chemistry:Helium|helium]], [[Chemistry:Oxygen|oxygen]] and [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]].<ref name="Dodge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=4|title=Juno spacecraft JEDI|access-date=October 19, 2015|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|archive-date=August 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821050111/http://missionjuno.swri.edu/#/spacecraft/junospacecraft?ins=4|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: Barry Mauk, [[Organization:Applied Physics Laboratory|Applied Physics Laboratory]])}}

=== Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor (Waves) ===
{{Main|Engineering:Waves (Juno)}}
[[File:Wave(juno).jpg|thumb|Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor]]
This instrument will identify the regions of auroral currents that define Jovian radio emissions and acceleration of the auroral particles by measuring the radio and plasma spectra in the auroral region. It will also observe the interactions between [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]] and [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere of Jupiter|magnetosphere]]. The instrument consists of two antennae that detect radio and plasma waves.<ref name=":1" /><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: William Kurth, [[Organization:University of Iowa|University of Iowa]])}}

=== Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) ===
{{Main|Astronomy:UVS (Juno)}}
[[File:UVS(juno).jpg|thumb|Ultraviolet Spectrograph]]
UVS will record the wavelength, position and arrival time of detected [[Physics:Ultraviolet|ultraviolet]] photons during the time when the spectrograph slit views Jupiter during each turn of the spacecraft. The instrument will provide spectral images of the UV auroral emissions in the polar magnetosphere.<ref name=":1" /><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: G. Randall Gladstone, [[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]])}}

=== JunoCam (JCM) ===
{{Main|Astronomy:JunoCam}}
[[File:JunoCam(juno).jpg|thumb|JunoCam]]
A visible light camera/telescope, included in the payload to facilitate education and public outreach; later re-purposed to study the dynamics of Jupiter's clouds, particularly those at the poles.<ref name="nasa20181212">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7303|title=NASA's Juno Mission Halfway to Jupiter Science|publisher=NASA/JPL|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Dwayne|last2=Brown|first3=JoAnna|last3=Wendel|first4=Deb|last4=Schmid|date=December 12, 2018|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-date=December 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214080043/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7303|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It was anticipated that it would operate through only eight orbits of Jupiter ending in September 2017 <ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton|url=http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/|publisher=Universe Today|access-date=February 6, 2016|date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207102428/http://www.universetoday.com/123711/understanding-junos-orbit-interview-nasas-scott-bolton/|url-status=live}}</ref> due to the planet's damaging radiation and magnetic field,<ref name="Orbit_More"/> but as of October 2023 (55 orbits), JunoCam remains operational.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganymede in True (RGB) and False (GRB) Colour |url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=10823 |website=JunoCam Image Processing |publisher=NASA, SwRI, MSSS |date=June 12, 2021 |accessdate=June 13, 2021}}</ref><br />{{small|(Principal investigator: [[Biography:Michael C. Malin|Michael C. Malin]], [[Company:Malin Space Science Systems|Malin Space Science Systems]])}}

{{multiple image|align=center|direction=horizontal|total_width=800
 |image1=Where Juno's instruments are attached 2 (crop).jpg|caption1=Locations of ''Juno''{{'s}} science instruments
 |image2=Juno Probe.stl|caption2=Interactive 3D model of ''Juno''
}}

== Operational components ==
=== Solar panels ===
[[File:Illumination test on one of Juno's solar panels.jpg|thumb|Illumination test on one of ''Juno''{{'s}} solar panels]]

''Juno'' is the first mission to Jupiter to use [[Physics:Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] instead of the [[Physics:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (RTG) used by ''[[Astronomy:Pioneer 10|Pioneer 10]]'', ''[[Astronomy:Pioneer 11|Pioneer 11]]'', the [[Astronomy:Voyager program|Voyager program]], ''Ulysses'', ''[[Astronomy:Cassini–Huygens|Cassini–Huygens]]'', ''[[Astronomy:New Horizons|New Horizons]]'', and the ''Galileo'' orbiter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson – Teachable Moments|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/news/2016/1/13/cruising-to-jupiter-a-powerful-math-lesson/|access-date=June 10, 2021|website=NASA/JPL Edu|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320064943/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/news/2016/1/13/cruising-to-jupiter-a-powerful-math-lesson/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also the farthest solar-powered trip in the history of space exploration.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's Juno Mission to Jupiter to Be Farthest Solar-Powered Trip|website=Space.com|date=August 4, 2011|url=http://www.space.com/12541-juno-jupiter-mission-solar-panels-power.html|access-date=October 2, 2015|archive-date=October 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003054021/http://www.space.com/12541-juno-jupiter-mission-solar-panels-power.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Once in orbit around Jupiter, ''Juno'' receives only 4% as much sunlight as it would on [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]], but the global shortage of [[Physics:Plutonium-238#United States supply|plutonium-238]] at the time,<ref>{{cite web|author=David Dickinson|title=U.S. to restart plutonium production for deep space exploration|url=http://phys.org/news/2013-03-restart-plutonium-production-deep-space.html|publisher=Universe Today|date=March 21, 2013|access-date=February 15, 2015|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317175454/https://phys.org/news/2013-03-restart-plutonium-production-deep-space.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenfieldboyce|first=Nell|title=Plutonium Shortage Could Stall Space Exploration|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113223613|publisher=NPR|access-date=December 10, 2013|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065501/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113223613|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenfieldboyce|first=Nell|title=The Plutonium Problem: Who Pays For Space Fuel?|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931325/the-plutonium-problem-who-pays-for-space-fuel|publisher=NPR|access-date=December 10, 2013|archive-date=May 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503210442/https://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931325/the-plutonium-problem-who-pays-for-space-fuel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wall|first=Mike|title=Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage|website=Space.com|date=April 6, 2012|url=http://www.space.com/15184-plutonium238-spacecraft-fuel-production.html|access-date=December 10, 2013|archive-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703095000/http://www.space.com/15184-plutonium238-spacecraft-fuel-production.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as advances made in solar cell technology over the past several decades, makes it economically preferable to use solar panels of practical size to provide power at a distance of 5 [[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|a.u.]] from the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record|date=January 13, 2016|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-spacecraft-breaks-solar-power-distance-record|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>

The ''Juno'' spacecraft uses three solar panels symmetrically arranged around the spacecraft. Shortly after it cleared Earth's atmosphere, the panels were deployed. Two of the panels have four hinged segments each, and the third panel has three segments and a [[Physics:Magnetometer|magnetometer]]. Each panel is {{cvt|2.7|by|8.9|m}} long <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110527.html|title=Juno Solar Panels Complete Testing|publisher=NASA|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=July 5, 2016|archive-date=March 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323141236/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110527.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> providing {{convert|50|sqm}} of panels <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/powering-through-the-solar-system-with-exponents/#:~:text=To%20achieve%20the%20feat%2C%20engineers,feet)%20of%20active%20solar%20cells.|title=JPL: Calculating solar power in space|website=[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/juno.html|title=Lockheed Martin: Looking at Jupiter like never before|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> - the largest on any NASA deep-space probe at the time of launching.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html NASA's Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125459/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html |date=April 26, 2020 }} "... and that its massive solar arrays, the biggest on any NASA deep-space probe, have deployed and are generating power". {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The combined mass of the three panels is nearly {{cvt|340|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa-usa.de/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|title=Juno's Solar Cells Ready to Light Up Jupiter Mission|access-date=June 19, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225031236/http://www.nasa-usa.de/mission_pages/juno/launch/Juno_solarpower.html|url-status=live}}</ref> If the panels were optimized to operate at Earth, they would produce 12 to 14 kilowatts of power. Only about 486 watts were generated when ''Juno'' arrived at Jupiter, projected to decline to near 420 watts as radiation degrades the cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://machinedesign.com/article/juno-prepares-for-mission-to-jupiter-1104|title=Juno prepares for mission to Jupiter |publisher=Machine Design|access-date=November 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031152907/http://machinedesign.com/article/juno-prepares-for-mission-to-jupiter-1104|archive-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> The solar panels will remain in sunlight continuously from launch through the end of the mission, except for short periods during the operation of the main engine and eclipses by Jupiter. A central power distribution and drive unit monitors the power that is generated by the solar panels and distributes it to instruments, heaters, and experiment sensors, as well as to batteries that are charged when excess power is available. Two 55 [[Ampere hour|Ah]] lithium-ion batteries that are able to withstand the radiation environment of Jupiter provide power when ''Juno'' passes through eclipse.<ref name="Spaceflight 101">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/juno-spacecraft-information.html|title=Juno Spacecraft Information – Power Distribution|access-date=August 6, 2011|year=2011|publisher=Spaceflight 101.com|archive-date=November 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222739/http://www.spaceflight101.com/juno-spacecraft-information.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Telecommunications ===
[[File:Juno's high-gain antenna just before installation.jpg|thumb|''Juno''{{'s}} high-gain antenna dish being installed]]

''Juno'' uses [[In-band signaling|in-band signaling]] ("tones") for several critical operations as well as status reporting during cruise mode,<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Terms|at=Section TONES|work=Mission Juno |publisher=Southwest Research Institute|url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/key-terms/#tones|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505170851/https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/key-terms/|archive-date=May 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> but it is expected to be used infrequently. Communications are via the {{cvt|34|m}} and {{cvt|70|m}} [[Engineering:Antenna (radio)|antenna]]s of the [[Astronomy:NASA Deep Space Network|NASA Deep Space Network]] (DSN) utilizing an [[Physics:X band|X-band]] direct link.<ref name='Spaceflight 101'/> The command and data processing of the ''Juno'' spacecraft includes a flight computer capable of providing about 50 Mbit/s of instrument throughput. Gravity science subsystems use the X-band and [[Astronomy:Ka band|K<sub>a</sub>-band]] [[Physics:Doppler effect|Doppler]] tracking and autoranging.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Juno Gravity Science Instrument|bibcode=2017SSRv..213..205A|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SSRv..213..205A/abstract|quote=Doppler measurements at X-band (~ 8 GHz) are supported by the spacecraft telecommunications subsystem for command and telemetry and are used for spacecraft navigation as well as Gravity Science. The spacecraft also includes a Ka-band (~ 32 GHz) translator and amplifier specifically for the Gravity Science investigation contributed by the Italian Space Agency.|last1=Asmar|first1=Sami W.|last2=Bolton|first2=Scott J.|last3=Buccino|first3=Dustin R.|last4=Cornish|first4=Timothy P.|last5=Folkner|first5=William M.|last6=Formaro|first6=Roberto|last7=Iess|first7=Luciano|last8=Jongeling|first8=Andre P.|last9=Lewis|first9=Dorothy K.|last10=Mittskus|first10=Anthony P.|last11=Mukai|first11=Ryan|last12=Simone|first12=Lorenzo|journal=Space Science Reviews|year=2017|volume=213|issue=1–4|page=205|doi=10.1007/s11214-017-0428-7|s2cid=125973393}}</ref>

Due to telecommunications constraints, ''Juno'' will only be able to return about 40 megabytes of JunoCam data during each 11-day orbital period, limiting the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to somewhere between 10 and 100 depending on the compression level used.<ref name="planetary">{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3133.html|title=Junocam will get us great global shots down onto Jupiter's poles|access-date=July 6, 2016|archive-date=January 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112605/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2011/3133.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2019|reason=Juno is still performing 53-day orbits and will probably continue doing that until end of mission}} The overall amount of data downlinked on each orbit is significantly higher and used for the mission's scientific instruments; JunoCam is intended for public outreach and is thus secondary to the science data. This is comparable to the previous [[Engineering:Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' mission]] that orbited Jupiter, which captured thousands of images<ref name="galileoimages">{{cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Galileo|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/index.cfm|url-status=dead|access-date=May 14, 2021|website=solarsystem.nasa.gov|publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]|archive-date=February 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215132643/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/index.cfm}}</ref> despite its slow data rate of 1000 bit/s (at maximum compression level) due to the [[Astronomy:Galileo project#High gain antenna problem|failure of its high gain antenna]].

The communication system is also used as part of the Gravity Science experiment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Planetary Data System - Gravity Science Experiment|url=https://pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu/data_and_services/atmospheres_data/JUNO/gravity.html|website=nmsu.edu|access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>

=== Propulsion ===
''Juno'' uses a [[Engineering:LEROS|LEROS 1b]] main engine with [[Chemistry:Hypergolic propellant|hypergolic propellant]], manufactured by Moog Inc in Westcott, Buckinghamshire, England.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|title=Juno Jupiter probe gets British boost|date=September 4, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19477618|publisher=BBC News|access-date=September 4, 2012|archive-date=July 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717085259/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19477618|url-status=live}}</ref> It uses approx. {{cvt|2000|kg}} of [[Chemistry:Hydrazine|hydrazine]] and nitrogen tetroxide for propulsion, including {{cvt|1232|kg}} available for the Jupiter Orbit Insertion plus subsequent orbital maneuvers. The engine provides a thrust of 645 [[Newton (unit)|newton]]s. The engine bell is enclosed in a debris shield fixed to the spacecraft body, and is used for major burns. For control of the vehicle's orientation ([[Astronomy:Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]]) and to perform trajectory correction maneuvers, ''Juno'' utilizes a [[Chemistry:Monopropellant|monopropellant]] [[Engineering:Reaction control system|reaction control system]] (RCS) consisting of twelve small thrusters that are mounted on four engine modules.<ref name='Spaceflight 101'/>

== Galileo plaque and minifigures ==
[[File:Galileo plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Galileo Galilei plaque]]
 
''Juno'' carries a plaque to Jupiter, dedicated to [[Biography:Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]. The plaque was provided by the [[Organization:Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency]] (ASI) and measures {{cvt|7.1|by|5.1|cm}}. It is made of flight-grade [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminum]] and weighs {{cvt|6|g}}.<ref name="plaque">{{cite web|title=Juno Jupiter Mission to Carry Plaque Dedicated to Galileo|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/galileo20110803.html|publisher=NASA|date=August 3, 2011|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202821/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/galileo20110803.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plaque depicts a portrait of Galileo and a text in Galileo's own handwriting, penned in January 1610, while observing what would later be known to be the [[Astronomy:Galilean moons|Galilean moons]].<ref name="plaque"/> The text translates as:

{{blockquote|On the 11th it was in this formation – and the star closest to Jupiter was half the size than the other and very close to the other so that during the previous nights all of the three observed stars looked of the same dimension and among them equally afar; so that it is evident that around Jupiter there are three moving stars invisible till this time to everyone.}}

The spacecraft also carries three Lego minifigures representing Galileo Galilei, the Roman god [[Religion:Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], and his sister and wife, the goddess Juno. In Roman mythology, Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. Juno was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature. The Juno minifigure holds a magnifying glass as a sign of searching for the truth, and Jupiter holds a lightning bolt. The third Lego crew member, Galileo Galilei, has his telescope with him on the journey.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Juno'' Spacecraft to Carry Three Lego minifigures to Jupiter Orbit|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/lego20110803.html|publisher=NASA|date=August 3, 2011|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202827/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/lego20110803.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The figurines were produced in partnership between NASA and Lego as part of an outreach program to inspire children's interest in [[Engineering:Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]] (STEM).<ref name="nasa20110803">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/lego20110803.html|title=Juno Spacecraft to Carry Three Figurines to Jupiter Orbit|publisher=NASA|date=August 3, 2011|access-date=December 25, 2016|archive-date=December 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082950/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/lego20110803.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Although most Lego toys are made of plastic, Lego specially made these minifigures of aluminum to endure the extreme conditions of space flight.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2390527,00.asp|title=Jupiter Probe Successfully Launches With Lego On Board|work=PC Magazine|first=Peter|last=Pachal|date=August 5, 2011|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=July 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704093357/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2390527,00.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Scientific results ==
Among early results, ''Juno'' gathered information about Jovian lightning that revised earlier theories.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles|journal=Nature |last1=Connerney|first1=John|last2=Gurnett|first2=Donald|last3=Hospodarsky|first3=George|last4=Kurth|first4=William|last5=Santolík|first5=Ondřej|last6=Imai|first6=Masafumi|last7=Kolmašová|first7=Ivana |last8=Tabataba-Vakili|first8=Fachreddin|last9=Steffes|first9=Paul|display-authors=1|volume=558|issue=7708|pages=87–90|date=June 2018|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0156-5|pmid=29875484|bibcode=2018Natur.558...87B |s2cid=46952214}}</ref> ''Juno'' provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole, as well as providing insight about Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Juno|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/|url-status=live|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519143102/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/overview/}}</ref>

In 2021, analysis of the frequency of interplanetary dust impacts (primarily on the backs of the solar panels), as Juno passed between Earth and the asteroid belt, indicated that this dust, which causes the [[Astronomy:Zodiacal light|Zodiacal light]], comes from [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]], rather than from comets or asteroids that come from the outer solar system, as was previously thought.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhtman |first=Lonnie |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Serendipitous Juno Detections Shatter Ideas About Origin of Zodiacal Light |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/serendipitous-juno-detections-shatter-ideas-about-origin-of-zodiacal-light |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318004153/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/serendipitous-juno-detections-shatter-ideas-about-origin-of-zodiacal-light |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]}}</ref>

Juno made many discoveries that are challenging existing theories about Jupiter's formation. When Juno flew over the poles of Jupiter it imaged clusters of stable cyclones that exist at the poles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA's Juno Navigators Enable Jupiter Cyclone Discovery |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-juno-navigators-enable-jupiter-cyclone-discovery |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}</ref> It found that the magnetosphere of Jupiter is uneven and chaotic. Using its Microwave Radiometer, Juno found that the red and white bands that can be seen on Jupiter extend hundreds of kilometers into the Jovian atmosphere, yet the interior of Jupiter is not evenly mixed. This has resulted in the theory that Jupiter does not have a solid core as previously thought, but a "fuzzy" core made of pieces of rock and [[Physics:Metallic hydrogen|metallic hydrogen]]. This peculiar core may be a result of a collision that happened early on in Jupiter's formation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crockett |first=Christopher |date=June 8, 2020 |title=What has the Juno spacecraft taught us about Jupiter? |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2020/06/jupiter-revealed |access-date=May 14, 2022 |website=Astronomy.com |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, ''Juno'' detected a [[Astronomy:Impact events on Jupiter|meteor impact on Jupiter]], with estimated mass of 250-5000 kg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meteor in Jupiter's atmosphere, observed by Juno UVS |url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/science-findings/meteor-in-jupiter-s-atmosphere-observed-by-juno-uvs |website=Mission Juno |access-date=17 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Results from ''Juno'' on storms suggests that they are far taller than expected, with some extending 60 miles (100 kilometers) below the cloud tops and others, including the Great Red Spot, extending over 200 miles (350 kilometers). With ''Juno'' traveling low over Jupiter's cloud deck at about 130,000 mph (209,000 kph) Juno scientists were able to measure velocity changes as small 0.01 millimeter per second using a NASA's Deep Space Network tracking antenna, from a distance of more than 400 million miles (650 million kilometers). This enabled the team to constrain the depth of the Great Red Spot to about 300 miles (500 kilometers) below the cloud tops. The new results show that the cyclones are warmer on top, with lower atmospheric densities, while they are colder at the bottom, with higher densities. Anticyclones, which rotate in the opposite direction, are colder at the top but warmer at the bottom.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Margetta |first1=Robert |title=NASA's Juno: Science Results Offer First 3D View of Jupiter Atmosphere |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-juno-science-results-offer-first-3d-view-of-jupiter-atmosphere |website=NASA |access-date=17 August 2023 |date=28 October 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date ([[UTC]])
!Event
!Latitude (centric)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mission Perijoves |url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/mission-perijoves |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Mission Juno |language=en}}</ref>
!Longitute (Sys. III)<ref name=":2" />
|-
|August 5, 2011, 16:25:00
|Launched <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=PDS: Mission Information|url=https://pds.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=JUNO|website=[[Organization:Planetary Data System|Planetary Data System]]|publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]|date=March 2022|access-date=June 21, 2022|archive-date=June 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621222157/https://pds.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=JUNO|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|August 5, 2012, 06:57:00
|rowspan=2|Deep Space Maneuvers <ref name="nasa20120917">{{cite news|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-291|title=Juno's Two Deep Space Maneuvers are 'Back-To-Back Home Runs'|publisher=NASA/JPL|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Maria|last2=Martinez|date=September 17, 2012|access-date=October 12, 2015|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802193841/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-291|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>  (total dV: 345&nbsp;m/s + 385&nbsp;m/s) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflight101.com/juno/juno-mission-trajectory-design/|title=Juno Mission & Trajectory Design – Juno}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|September 3, 2012, 06:30:00 
|
|
|-
|October 9, 2013, 19:21:00
|Earth [[Astronomy:Gravity assist|gravity assist]] (from {{cvt|126000|to|150000|km/h}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html|title=Juno Earth Flyby – 9 October 2013|date=August 26, 2013|publisher=NASA|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125740/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/earthflyby.html|url-status=live}}</ref> — Gallery
|
|
|-
|July 5, 2016, 03:53:00
|Arrival at Jupiter and polar orbit insertion (1st orbit).<ref name="NYT-20160705"/><ref name="NASA-20150921"/>
|3°
|30°
|-
|August 27, 2016, 12:50:44
|Perijove 1 <ref name="nasa20160827">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-successfully-completes-jupiter-flyby|title=NASA's Juno Successfully Completes Jupiter Flyby|publisher=NASA|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Dwayne|last2=Brown|first3=Laurie|last3=Cantillo|date=August 27, 2016|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309151442/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-successfully-completes-jupiter-flyby/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> — Gallery
|4°
|100°
|-
|October 19, 2016, 18:10:53
|Perijove 2: Planned Period Reduction Maneuver, but the main<br />engine's fuel pressurisation system did not operate as expected.<ref name="swri20161014">{{cite web|url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/next-jupiter-pass|title=Mission Prepares for Next Jupiter Pass|work=Mission Juno|publisher=Southwest Research Institute|date=October 14, 2016|access-date=October 15, 2016|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317180609/https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/next-jupiter-pass|url-status=live}}</ref>
|5°
|350°
|-
|December 11, 2016, 17:03:40
|Perijove 3 <ref name="nasa20121212">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6695|title=NASA Juno Mission Completes Latest Jupiter Flyby|publisher=NASA – Jet Propulsion Laboratory|first1=D. C.|last1=Agle|first2=Dwayne|last2=Brown|first3=Laurie|last3=Cantillo|date=December 12, 2016|access-date=December 12, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517120738/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6695|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="inverse20161210">{{cite news|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/25047-nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-preps-for-third-science-orbit|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Preps for Third Science Orbit|publisher=Inverse|first=Amy|last=Thompson|date=December 10, 2016|access-date=December 12, 2016|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317175611/https://www.inverse.com/article/25047-nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-preps-for-third-science-orbit|url-status=live}}</ref>
|6°
|10°
|-
|February 2, 2017, 12:57:09
|Perijove 4 <ref name="inverse20161210"/><ref name="nasa20170201">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6733|title=It's Never 'Groundhog Day' at Jupiter|publisher=NASA – Jet Propulsion Laboratory|date=February 1, 2017|access-date=February 4, 2017|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922023041/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6733|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
|7°
|270°
|-
| March 27, 2017, 08:51:51
|Perijove 5 <ref name="nasa20170327"/>
|8°
|180°
|-
|May 19, 2017, 06:00:47
|Perijove 6 <ref name="scinews20170520"/>
|8°
|140°
|-
|July 11, 2017, 01:54:42
|Perijove 7: Flyover of the Great Red Spot <ref name="nature20170525">{{cite news|url=http://www.nature.com/news/jupiter-s-secrets-revealed-by-nasa-probe-1.22027|title=Jupiter's secrets revealed by NASA probe|journal=Nature|first=Alexandra|last=Witze|date=May 25, 2017|access-date=June 14, 2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22027|archive-date=June 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604124745/http://www.nature.com/news/jupiter-s-secrets-revealed-by-nasa-probe-1.22027|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="planetary20161103">{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2016/11030800-juno-update.html|title=Juno update: 53.5-day orbits for the foreseeable future, more Marble Movie|publisher=The Planetary Society|first=Emily|last=Lakdawalla|date=November 3, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=April 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125813/https://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2016/11030800-juno-update.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|9°
|50°
|-
|September 1, 2017, 21:48:50
|Perijove 8 <ref name="Perijove8">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/juno/photos-from-junos-seventh-science-flyby-of-jupiter/|title=Photos from Juno's Seventh Science Flyby of Jupiter|publisher=Spaceflight101.com|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022219/http://spaceflight101.com/juno/photos-from-junos-seventh-science-flyby-of-jupiter/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|10°
|320°
|-
|October 24, 2017, 17:42:31
|Perijove 9 <ref name="Perijove9">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/new-jupiter-images-nasa-juno-perijove-9-2017-11|title=NASA's US$1 billion Jupiter probe just sent back stunning new photos of the gas giant|publisher=Business Insider|first=Dave|last=Mosher|date=November 7, 2017|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-date=March 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304113221/http://www.businessinsider.com/new-jupiter-images-nasa-juno-perijove-9-2017-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
|11°
|230°
|-
|December 16, 2017, 17:56:59
|Perijove 10 <ref name="Perijove10">{{cite web|url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=3745|title=Juno's Perijove-10 Jupiter Flyby, Reconstructed in 125-Fold Time-Lapse|publisher=NASA / JPL / SwRI / MSSS / SPICE / Gerald Eichstädt|date=December 25, 2017|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080151/https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=3745|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="planetary20171216">{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/jupiter/jupiter-juno-perijove-10-overview.html|title=Overview of Juno's Perijove 10|publisher=The Planetary Society|date=December 16, 2017|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080030/http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/jupiter/jupiter-juno-perijove-10-overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|12°
|300°
|-
|February 7, 2018, 13:51:49
|Perijove 11 <ref name=":0" />
|13°
|210°
|-
|April 1, 2018, 09:45:57
|Perijove 12 <ref name=":0" />
|14°
|110°
|-
|May 24, 2018, 05:40:07
|Perijove 13 <ref name=":0" />
|15°
|20°
|-
|July 16, 2018, 05:17:38
|Perijove 14 <ref name=":0" />
|16°
|70°
|-
|September 7, 2018, 01:11:55
|Perijove 15 <ref name=":0" />
|17°
|340°
|-
|October 29, 2018, 21:06:15
|Perijove 16 <ref name=":0" />
|17°
|250°
|-
|December 21, 2018, 17:00:25
|Perijove 17 <ref name="Perijove17">{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ho-ho-juno-nasa-orbiter-delivers-lots-holiday-goodies-jupiters-north-pole/|title=Ho, ho, Juno! NASA orbiter delivers lots of holiday goodies from Jupiter's north pole|website=geekwire.com|first=Alan|last=Boyle|date=December 26, 2018|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-date=April 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426142546/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ho-ho-juno-nasa-orbiter-delivers-lots-holiday-goodies-jupiters-north-pole/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|18°
|160°
|-
|February 12, 2019, 16:19:48
|Perijove 18 <ref name=":0" />
|19°
|240°
|-
|April 6, 2019, 12:13:58
|Perijove 19 <ref name=":0" />
|20°
|100°
|-
|May 29, 2019, 08:08:13
|Perijove 20 <ref name=":0" />
|20°
|10°
|-
|July 21, 2019, 04:02:44
|21°
|280°
|-
|September 12, 2019, 03:40:47
|Perijove 22 <ref name="JunoUpdate" /><ref name=":0" />
|22°
|320°
|-
|November 3, 2019, 23:32:56
|Perijove 23 <ref name=":0" />
|22°
|190°
|-
|December 26, 2019, 16:58:59
|Perijove 24: Distant Ganymede flyby  <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ganymede|url=https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/Ganymede|access-date=February 11, 2022|website=Mission Juno|language=en}}</ref>
|23°
|70°
|-
|February 17, 2020, 17:51:36
|Perijove 25 <ref name=":0" />
|23°
|140°
|-
|April 10, 2020, 14:24:34
|Perijove 26 <ref name=":0" />
|24°
|50°
|-
|June 2, 2020, 10:19:55
|Perijove 27 <ref name=":0" />
|25°
|340°
|-
|July 25, 2020, 06:15:21
|Perijove 28 <ref name=":0" />
|25°
|250°
|-
|September 16, 2020, 02:10:49
|Perijove 29 <ref name=":0" />
|26°
|160°
|-
|November 8, 2020, 01:49:39
|Perijove 30 <ref name=":0" />
|27°
|210°
|-
|December 30, 2020, 21:45:12
|Perijove 31 <ref name=":0" />
|27°
|120°
|-
|February 21, 2021, 17:40:31
|Perijove 32 <ref name=":0" />
|28°
|30°
|-
|April 15, 2021, 13:36:26
|Perijove 33 <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Greicius |first=Tony |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/juno-returns-to-clydes-spot-on-jupiter |title=Juno Returns to "Clyde's Spot" on Jupiter |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=May 18, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527073139/http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/juno-returns-to-clydes-spot-on-jupiter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|29°
|300°
|-
|June 8, 2021, 07:46:00
|Perijove 34: [[Astronomy:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] flyby, coming within {{convert|1038|km|abbr=on}} of the moon's surface.<ref name="nasa-20210603">{{cite web |last=Greicius |first=Tony |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede |title=NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=June 3, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202011/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />Orbital period reduced from 53 days to 43 days.<ref name="nasa-20210113">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future |title=NASA's Juno Mission Expands Into the Future |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113201411/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
|28°
|290°
|-
|July 21, 2021, 08:15:05
|Perijove 35: End of first mission extension.<ref name="nasa-20210113" /><br />Originally scheduled for July 30, 2021, prior to approval of second mission extension.<ref name="End of mission">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/40830-nasa-extends-juno-jupiter-mission-2021.html/|title=NASA Extends Juno Jupiter Mission Until July 2021|publisher=Space.com|first=Mike|last=Wall|date=June 8, 2018|access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193851/https://www.space.com/40830-nasa-extends-juno-jupiter-mission-2021.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|29°
|300°
|-
|September 2, 2021
|Perijove 36<ref name=":0" />
|30°
|100°
|-
|October 16, 2021
|Perijove 37<ref name=":0" />
|31°
|40°
|-
|November 29, 2021
|Perijove 38<ref name=":0" />
|31°
|80°
|-
|January 12, 2022
|Perijove 39<ref name=":0" />
|32°
|90°
|-
|February 25, 2022
|Perijove 40<ref name=":0" />
|33°
|280°
|-
|April 9, 2022
|Perijove 41<ref name=":0" />
|34°
|60°
|-
|May 23, 2022
|Perijove 42<ref name=":0" />
|35°
|70°
|-
|July 5, 2022
|Perijove 43<ref name=":0" />
|36°
|310°
|-
|August 17, 2022
|Perijove 44<ref name=":0" />
|37°
|150°
|-
|September 29, 2022, 09:36
|Perijove 45: Europa flyby. Closest approach: {{cvt|352|km|mi}}.<br />Orbital period reduced from 43 days to 38 days.<ref name="nasa-20220929">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-shares-first-image-from-flyby-of-jupiter-s-moon-europa |title=NASA's Juno Shares First Image From Flyby of Jupiter's Moon Europa |work=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20220930">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=New Europa Pictures Beamed Home by NASA's Juno Spacecraft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/science/europa-nasa-juno-photos.html |date=September 30, 2022 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |access-date=September 30, 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|37°
|230°
|-
|November 6, 2022
|Perijove 46<ref name=":0" />
|38°
|350°
|-
|December 15, 2022
|Perijove 47:  [[Astronomy:Io (moon)|Io]] flyby on Dec 14, 2022.  Closest approach: {{convert|64000|km|abbr=on}}. <ref name=":0" />
|39°
|160°
|-
|January 22, 2023
|Perijove 48<ref name=":0" />
|40°
|200°
|-
|March 1, 2023
|Perijove 49<ref name=":0" />
|41°
|170°
|-
|April 8, 2023
|Perijove 50<ref name=":0" />
|42°
|210°
|-
|May 16, 2023
|Perijove 51<ref name=":0" />
|43°
|140°
|-
|June 23, 2023
|Perijove 52<ref name=":0" />
|44°
|80°
|-
|July 31, 2023
|Perijove 53:  Io flyby on July 30, 2023.  Closest approach: {{convert|22000|km|abbr=on}}. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-is-getting-ever-closer-to-jupiter-s-moon-io|title=NASA's Juno Is Getting Ever Closer to Jupiter's Moon Io|date=July 26, 2023|access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref>
|45°
|120°
|-
|September 7, 2023
|Perijove 54<ref name=":0" />
|45°
|190°
|-
|October 15, 2023
|Perijove 55<ref name=":0" />
|46°
|110°
|-
|November 22, 2023
|Perijove 56<ref name=":0" />
|47°
|120°
|-
|December 30, 2023
|Perijove 57: Io flyby. Closest approach: {{cvt|1500|km|mi}}.<ref name="nasa-20231227">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/juno/nasas-juno-to-get-close-look-at-jupiters-volcanic-moon-io-on-dec-30/ |title=NASA's Juno to Get Close Look at Jupiter's Volcanic Moon Io on Dec. 30 |work=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=December 27, 2023 |access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref>
|47°
|90°
|-
|February 3, 2024
|Perijove 58: Io flyby. Closest approach: {{cvt|1500|km|mi}}.<ref name="nasa-20231227" /><br />Orbital period to be reduced from 38 to 33 days.<ref name="nasa-20210113" /><ref name=":2" />
|48°
|290°
|-
|March 7, 2024
|Perijove 59<ref name=":2" />
|49°
|0°
|-
|April 9, 2024
|Perijove 60<ref name=":2" />
|50°
|40°
|-
|May 12, 2024
|Perijove 61<ref name=":2" />
|51°
|250°
|-
|June 14, 2024
|Perijove 62<ref name=":2" />
|52°
|60°
|-
|July 17, 2024
|Perijove 63<ref name=":2" />
|53°
|260°
|-
|August 18, 2024
|Perijove 64<ref name=":2" />
|54°
|40°
|-
|September 20, 2024
|Perijove 65<ref name=":2" />
|55°
|240°
|-
|October 23, 2024
|Perijove 66<ref name=":2" />
|56°
|20°
|-
|November 25, 2024
|Perijove 67<ref name=":2" />
|57°
|120°
|-
|December 28, 2024
|Perijove 68<ref name=":2" />
|57°
|310°
|-
|January 30, 2025
|Perijove 69<ref name=":2" />
|58°
|110°
|-
|March 4, 2025
|Perijove 70<ref name=":2" />
|59°
|0°
|-
|April 5, 2025
|Perijove 71<ref name=":2" />
|60°
|210°
|-
|May 8, 2025
|Perijove 72<ref name=":2" />
|61°
|50°
|-
|June 10, 2025
|Perijove 73<ref name=":2" />
|62°
|320°
|-
|July 13, 2025
|Perijove 74<ref name=":2" />
|63°
|180°
|-
|August 15, 2025
|Perijove 75<ref name=":2" />
|63°
|80°
|-
|September 17, 2025
|Perijove 76: End of second mission extension.<ref name="nasa-20210113" /><ref name=":2" />
|64°
|320°
|}

== Gallery ==

=== Jupiter ===

<gallery class="center" widths="140" heights="140">
File:Jupiter- NASA JUNO Processed Image.jpg|Perijove 26 image
File:PIA21032 Jupiter Down Under.jpg|Image from about {{cvt|94500|km}} of Jupiter's southern polar region (27 August 2016)
File:PIA21034 Arrival and Departure at Jupiter.jpg|Jupiter growing and shrinking in apparent size before and after the spacecraft made its closest approach (27 August 2016)
File:PIA21033 Juno's View of Jupiter's Southern Lights.jpg|Infrared view of the southern aurora of Jupiter (27 August 2016)
File:PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg|Southern storms of Jupiter
File:When Jovian Light and Dark Collide.png|Area of Jupiter where multiple atmospheric conditions appear to collide (27 March 2017)
File:Jupiter’s Clouds of Many Colors.png|Retreating from Jupiter, about {{cvt|46900|km}} above the cloud tops (19 May 2017)
File:Jupiter A New Point of View.png|Image taken from {{cvt|16535|km}} above the atmosphere at a latitude of -36.9° (10 July 2017)
File:Great red spot juno 20170712.jpg|Closeup of the [[Astronomy:Great Red Spot|Great Red Spot]] taken from about {{cvt|8000|km}} above it (11 July 2017)
File:Jupiters iconic Great Red Spot.jpg|The [[Astronomy:Great Red Spot|Great Red Spot]] as seen by [[Astronomy:JunoCam|JunoCam]] in April 2018
File:PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg|<div align="center">Jupiter viewed by Juno<br />(12 February 2019)</div>
File:PIA23807-PlanetJupiter-FlyOver-Animation-20200602.webm|<div align="center">[[:File:PIA23807-PlanetJupiter-FlyOver-Animation-20200602.webm|Jupiter flyover]]<br />(Juno; 05:07; 2 June 2020)</div>
File:PIA22690 - Jupiter in the Rearview Mirror (panorama).jpg|Photograph taken at the end of Perijove 15 (September 6, 2018)
</gallery>

=== Moons ===
<gallery class="center" widths="140" heights="140">
File:Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png|Ganymede, taken by the JunoCam instrument during ''Juno''{{'}}s flyby on 7 June 2021 <ref>https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede</ref>
File:Ganymede infrared NASA Juno JIRAM.jpg|Infrared view of Ganymede during the anniversary flyby by Juno
File:Europa in natural color.png|View of Europa taken during Juno{{'}}s flyby on 29 September 2022
</gallery>
<gallery class="center" widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Io by JunoCam, processed by Roman Tkachenko.png|Low resolution view of [[Astronomy:Io (moon)|Io]] captured by JunoCam (September 2017)
File:Io seen by JunoCam.png|Io, as recorded by JunoCam<br />(2 September 2017)
File:189401-JupiterMoon-Io-PlumeNearTerminator-Juno-20181221.jpg|Plume near Io's [[Astronomy:Terminator (solar)|terminator]]<br />(21 December 2018)<ref name="EA-20181231">{{cite news|url=https://www.swri.org/press-release/light-from-volcanoes-io-juno-jupiter-moon|title=Juno mission captures images of volcanic plumes on Jupiter's moon Io|publisher=Southwest Research Institute|date=December 31, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005152/https://www.swri.org/press-release/light-from-volcanoes-io-juno-jupiter-moon|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:PIA26234-JupiterMoonIo-Volcanos-20231015.jpg|Io, viewed by JunoCam<br />Several Volcanos<br />(15 October 2023)
File:PIA26235-JupiterMoonIo-Plume-20231015.jpg|Io, viewed by JunoCam<br />Volcanic plume<br />(15 October 2023)
File:Io_imaged_by_Juno_spacecraft.png|Io, taken by the JunoCam instrument during ''Juno''{{'}}s flyby<br />(30 December 2023)<ref>https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/news/nasa-s-juno-to-get-close-look-at-jupiter-s-volcanic-moon-io</ref>
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Jupiter|Atmosphere of Jupiter]]
* [[Astronomy:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9|Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]]
* ''[[Astronomy:Europa Clipper|Europa Clipper]]''
* [[Astronomy:Exploration of Jupiter|Exploration of Jupiter]]
* [[Astronomy:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer|Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer]]
* [[Astronomy:List of missions to the outer planets|List of missions to the outer planets]]
* [[Astronomy:Moons of Jupiter|Moons of Jupiter]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://missionjuno.swri.edu/ ''Juno'' mission] at [[Organization:Southwest Research Institute|Southwest Research Institute]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190505082904/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/in-depth/ ''Juno'' Mission] at [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* {{youTube|p=PLTP7oKl8qFmlbOL-RqEbQAzin2t4sSBkx |''Why With Nye''}}, [[Biography:Bill Nye|Bill Nye]] discussing the science behind NASA's ''Juno'' mission to Jupiter
* [https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing JunoCam image processing] web site
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHGdnXeStiw Animation of perijove 15 flyby] by Gerald Eichstädt (see [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UConituhAAnXbdrd3FDtXTfw channel] for more)
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/45041513935/ Animation of perijove 16 flyby] by Gerald Eichstädt and Seán Doran (see albums [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315 1], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157685871712710 2], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157690928025305 3], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157689350765631 4], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157690397800994 5], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157690328955834 6], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157689608888411 7], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157688420660032 8], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157687076314492 9], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157667618661279 10], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157692463825004 11], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157693426205611 12], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157694074056992 13], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157671270268448 14], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157699494419531 15], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157703011045144 16], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157704984828914 17], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157706805004725 18], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157708854751916 20] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157709899101647 21], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157711668623647 23], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157712578176341 24] and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandoran/albums/72157713247493493 25] for more)
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/albums/72157672426118932 Juno image album] by Kevin M. Gill

{{Juno spacecraft}}
{{Planetary Missions Program Office|New Frontiers=y}}
{{Jupiter spacecraft}}
{{Jupiter}}
{{Satellite and spacecraft instruments}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{2016 in space}}

[[Category:Juno (spacecraft)| ]]
[[Category:NASA space probes]]
[[Category:Lockheed Martin satellites and probes]]
[[Category:Missions to Jupiter]]
[[Category:Orbiters (space probe)]]

{{Sourceattribution|Juno (spacecraft)}}