View source for Engineering:M2 4.2 inch mortar

{{Infobox weapon
|name= M2 4.2-Inch Mortar
| image= Mortar-korea-19520505.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=A 4.2 inch mortar in Korea, 1952.
|origin=United States
|type= Mortar
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=
|is_UK=
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1943–1974 (United States)
1943-Present (Other nations)
|used_by= U.S. Army<br>U.S. Marine Corps
|wars= [[Social:World War II|World War II]]<br>Korean War<br>Portuguese Colonial War
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=[[Organization:Chemical Corps#World War I|U.S. Chemical Warfare Service]]
|design_date=
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<!-- General specifications -->
|weight= 151 kg (332.89 lbs)
|length=1.22 m (4 ft)
|part_length={{convert|1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge={{convert|11-13|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2067459|title=Mortars and rockets|last=Chamberlain|first=Peter|date=1975|publisher=Arco Pub. Co|page=23|others=Gander, Terry|isbn=0668038179|location=New York|oclc=2067459}}</ref>
|caliber= 107 mm (4.2 in)
|action=
|rate= 5 rpm for 20 minutes<br>1 rpm indefinitely
|velocity={{convert|250-256|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=515 m (563.21 yd)
|max_range={{convert|4.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|feed=
|sights=
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|elevation=
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}}

[[Image:M2 4.2 Inch Mortars at Utah Beach.jpg|thumb|M2 4.2-Inch Mortars in action on Utah Beach, 1944]]
[[Image:M2 4.2 in Mortar Korea.jpg|thumb|right|A crew of an M2 mortar fires on North Korean positions in 1953]]
The '''M2 4.2 inch Mortar''' was a U.S. rifled 4.2-inch (107&nbsp;mm) mortar used during the Second World War and the Korean War. It entered service in 1943. It was nicknamed the "Goon Gun" (from its large bullet-shaped shells, monopod, and rifled bore &ndash; like a rifle for shooting Goons) or the "Four-Deuce" (from its bore size in inches). In 1951 it began to be phased out in favor of the [[Engineering:M30 mortar|M30 mortar]] of the same caliber.

==History==
The first 4.2-inch mortar in U.S. service was introduced in 1928 and was designated the M1 Chemical Mortar. Development began in 1924 from the British 4-inch (102&nbsp;mm) Mk I smooth-bore mortar.  The addition of rifling increased the caliber to 4.2-inch.  The M1 fired chemical shells to a range of {{convert|2,400|yards|m}}. It was ostensibly meant to fire only smoke shells, as the postwar peace lobby opposed military spending on explosive or poison gas shells.{{efn|At the outset of World War II, authorized toxic fillings for American mortar shells were [[Chemistry:Sulfur mustard|Mustard]], [[Chemistry:Lewisite|Lewisite]], [[Chemistry:Phosgene|Phosgene]], CNB (a solution of Chloroacetophenone in [[Chemistry:Benzene|Benzene]] and [[Chemistry:Carbon tetrachloride|Carbon tetrachloride]]) and CNS (a solution of Chloroacetophenone and [[Chemistry:Chloropicrin|Chloropicrin]] in [[Chemistry:Chloroform|Chloroform]]). Later, [[Chemistry:Cyanogen chloride|Cyanogen chloride]] was added to this list. Some measure of the [[Organization:Chemical Corps#World War I|U.S. Chemical Warfare Service]]'s opinion of the relative value of different toxic agents for gas shoots may be gauged from the number of shells filled with various agents from 1940 to 1946: 540,746 contained mustard, 49,402 phosgene, 41,353 CNS, 12,957 CNB, and 175 lewisite.<ref name=HistChemMortar>{{cite web |url=http://www.4point2.org/mortar42.htm |title=History of the 4.2" Chemical Mortar |author1= Bruce Elliott |author2=Rodney Young |date= |website=www.4point2.org |publisher= |access-date=14 April 2017 }}</ref>}}{{efn|[[Chemistry:Thermite|Thermite]] and other incendiary rounds could also be fired.}}

The M2 could be disassembled into three parts to allow it to be carried by its crew. The mortar tube weighed {{convert|105|lb|kg}}, including a screw-in cap at the bottom. The cap contained a built-in fixed firing pin. The standard, a recoiling hydraulic monopod that could be adjusted for elevation, weighed {{convert|53|lb|kg}}. The baseplate had long handles on either side to make it easier to carry; it weighed {{convert|175|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/4pt2M2.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100130/http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/4pt2m2.htm |archivedate=2007-06-14 |df= }} '''Infantry Weapons of the KOREAN WAR''' ''Mortars: 4.2-inch M2 Mortar''</ref>

Upon the entry of the United States into [[Social:World War II|World War II]], the U.S. Army decided to develop a high explosive round for the mortar so that it could be used in a fragmentation role against enemy personnel.{{efn|Experimentation along this line had first begun in 1934.}}  In order to extend the range to {{convert|3,200|yards|m}}, more propellant charge was used and parts of the mortar were strengthened.  Eventually, the range of the mortar was extended to {{convert|4,400|yards|m}}. The modified mortar was redesignated the M2. The M2 was first used in the Sicilian Campaign, where some 35,000 rounds of ammunition were fired from the new weapon.  Subsequently, the mortar proved to be an especially useful weapon in areas of rough terrain such as mountains and jungle, into which artillery pieces could not be moved. The M2 was gradually replaced in U.S. service from 1951 by the [[Engineering:M30 mortar|M30 mortar]].

Starting in December 1942, the US Army experimented with self-propelled 4.2-inch mortar carriers. Two pilot vehicles based on the M3A1 halftrack were built, designated 4.2-inch Mortar Carriers T21 and T21E1.{{efn|The CWC already had the ''T81 Chemical Mortar Motor Carriage'', based on the M5A1, in service.}} The program was cancelled in 1945.

Before the invasion of Peleliu in September, 1944, the U.S. Navy mounted three mortars each on the decks of four Landing Craft Infantry and designated them LCI(M).  They provided useful fire support in situations where conventional naval gunfire, with its flat trajectory, was not effective.  Increased numbers of LCI(M) were used in the invasions of the {{wipe|Philippines}} and Iwo Jima. Sixty LCI(M) were used during the invasion of Okinawa and adjoining islands with Navy personnel operating the mortars.<ref>Kleber, Brooks E. and Dale Birdsell, ''The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat'', Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1990, pp. 520-533.</ref>

==Tactical organization==
4.2-inch mortars were employed by chemical mortar battalions.  Each battalion was authorized forty-eight M2 4.2-inch mortars organized into four companies with three four-tube platoons. Between December 1944 and February 1945, the battalions’ Companies D were inactivated to organize additional battalions.  In World War II, an infantry division was often supported by one or two chemical mortar companies with twelve mortars each. In some instances an entire battalion was attached to a division. In the Korean War, an organic heavy mortar company of eight 4.2-inch mortars was assigned each infantry regiment while Marine regiments had a mortar company with twelve mortars.

==Ammunition==
The M2 has a rifled barrel, unusual for a mortar.  Thus its ammunition lacks stabilizing tailfins common to most mortars.<ref>https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/mortar_c.htm '''Federation of American Scientists: Mortar Cartridges'''</ref>

The mortar's M3 high explosive (HE) shell packed 3.64 kilograms of explosive charge, placing it between the M1 105-mm HE shell (2.18 kilograms of charge) and M102 155-mm HE shell (6.88 kilograms of charge) in terms of blast effect. The mortar could also fire white phosphorus-based smoke shells and [[Chemistry:Mustard gas|mustard gas]] shells. The official designation of the latter was ''Cartridge, Mortar, 4.2-inch''. Mustard gas was not used in these wars and the U.S. ended up with a large number of these shells, declaring over 450,000 of them in stockpile in 1997 when the Chemical Weapons Treaty came into force. Destruction efforts to eliminate this stockpile are continuing with a few of these aged shells occasionally found to be leaking.

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:65%; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #996; line-height:1.5; font-size:95%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#996; color:#fff"
| colspan="6" | '''Available ammunition'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996;"
| width="15%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Type
| width="15%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Model
| width="15%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Weight
| width="15%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Filler
| width="25%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Muzzle velocity
| width="15%"  style="border:1px solid #996" | Range
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | [[Engineering:Shell (projectile)#High-explosive|HE]]
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HE M3 Shell
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|11.11|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | TNT, {{convert|3.64|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|256|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | [[Engineering:Shell (projectile)#Smoke|Smoke]]
| style="border:1px solid #996" | WP M2 Shell
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|11.57|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | White phosphorus (WP)
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|250|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|3.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | [[Engineering:Shell (projectile)#Chemical|Chemical]]
| style="border:1px solid #996" | H M2 Shell
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|13|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | [[Chemistry:Sulfur mustard|HD]], {{convert|2.7|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} or<br> [[Chemistry:Sulfur mustard|HT]], {{convert|2.6|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|256|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| style="border:1px solid #996" | {{convert|4.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>U.S. Army TM 43-0001-28, p. 4-84, April 1994.</ref>
|-
|}

==Users==
As of 1984, nations using the M2 included:<ref>Janes, pp. 918–926</ref>
{{columns_list|
*{{AUT}}
*{{BEL}}
*{{BOL}}
*{{BRA}}
*{{CAM}}
*{{COL}}
*{{CYP}}
*{{ETH}}
*{{GRE}}
*{{flag|Guatemala}}
*{{JAP}}
*{{LAO}}
*{{TUN}}
*{{TUR}}
*{{PHI}}
*{{PAR}}
*{{POR}}: known as ''m/951''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1= Peter |last2=Rodrigues|first2= Manuel|title=Modern African Wars 2: Angola and Mozambique 1961-74|publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1998|page=18}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
;Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
* [[Engineering:Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar|Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar]] – British mortar.
* [[Engineering:107mm M1938 mortar|107mm M1938 mortar]] – Soviet mortar.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100130/http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/4pt2m2.htm Infantry Weapons of the KOREAN WAR ''Mortars: 4.2-inch M2 Mortar'']
* [http://www.4point2.org/mortar42.htm History of the 4.2-Inch Mortar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100130/http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/4pt2m2.htm Description of the 4.2-Inch Mortar]
* ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 1984 – 1985'', Ian Hogg (ed.), London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1984. {{ISBN|0-7106-0796-2}}.
* {{cite book
  | last = Hunnicutt
  | first = R. P.
  | coauthors =
  | others =
  | title = Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles.
  | publisher = Presidio Press
  | series =
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 0-89141-742-7
}}
* [http://www.bulletpicker.com/pdf/CW%2011-1,%20Ammunition,%204.2%20Inch%20Chemical%20Mortar.pdf Army Service Forces Catalog CW 11-1]

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA113&dq=popular+science+April+1940&hl=en&ei=SHqMTJ6CK8fanAeroIC0Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=true ''Popular Science'', April 1940, ''Army's Smoke Throwers''] early detailed article on 4.2 mortar
* [http://tothosewhoserved.org/usa/ts/usatsc03/index.html The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat] - Via the 'United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services' section of the ''To Those Who Served'' website
* [http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/adding-firepower-to-infantry-the-4-2-inch-chemical-mortar/ Adding Firepower to Infantry: The 4.2-Inch Chemical Mortar] - by Christopher Miskimon, courtesy of the ''Warfare History Network''

[[Category:Chemical weapon delivery systems]]

{{Sourceattribution|M2 4.2 inch mortar|1}}