View source for Engineering:Madsen machine gun

{{Short description|Danish light machine gun}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Madsen machine gun
| image              = Madsen machine gun with magazine.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| alt                = 
| caption            = A Madsen light machine gun with spare magazine.
| type               = [[Engineering:Light machine gun|Light machine gun]]
| origin             = {{wipe|Denmark}}
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1902–present
| used_by            = See ''Users''
| wars               = Russo-Japanese War<br />Bambatha Rebellion<br />[[Social:World War I|World War I]]<br />Russian Civil War<br />Mexican Revolution<br>Finnish Civil War<br>Warlord Era<br>Rif War<br />Constitutionalist Revolution<ref>Cotta, Francis Albert ''as trincheiras da mantiqueira: os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolução Constitucionalista''</ref><br />Chaco War<br>Spanish Civil War<br />[[Social:World War II|World War II]]<br />Indonesian National Revolution<br />Portuguese Colonial War<br />Football War<br />Militias-Comando Vermelho conflict<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/10/04/recent-images-rios-drug-war/ | title=Recent images of Rio's drug war| date=4 October 2017}}</ref>
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = Julius A. Rasmussen<br />Theodor Schouboe
| design_date        = 1896–1902
| manufacturer       = Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A/S
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1902–1955
| number             = 
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label         = 
| mass               = {{convert|9.07|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|1143|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|584|mm|abbr=on|1}}
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = [[Engineering:8×58mmR Danish Krag|8×58mmR Danish Krag]]{{sfn|Arma-Dania}}<br /> [[Engineering:7×57mm Mauser|7×57mm Mauser]]<br /> 6.5×55mm<br /> [[Engineering:6.5×53mmR|6.5×53mmR]]<br /> [[Engineering:6.5×52mm Carcano|6.5×52mm Carcano]]<br /> [[Engineering:7.92×57mm Mauser|7.92×57mm Mauser]]<br /> 7.65×53mm Argentine<br /> [[Engineering:7.62×54mmR|7.62×54mmR]]<br /> [[Engineering:8×50mmR Lebel|8×50mmR Lebel]]<br /> [[Engineering:8×50mmR Mannlicher|8×50mmR Mannlicher]]<br /> [[Engineering:Patrone 88|Patrone 88]]<br /> .303 British{{sfn|Martin|2002}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> .30-06<br /> [[Engineering:7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm NATO]]
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = [[Engineering:Recoil operation|Mixed recoil-operated]]
| rate               = 450 rounds/min
| velocity           = {{convert|870|m/s|0|abbr=on}} (6.5×55mm)
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 25, 30, and 40-round detachable box magazine
| sights             = Rear V-notch and front post
<!-- For all -->}}

The '''Madsen''' is a [[Engineering:Light machine gun|light machine gun]] that Julius A. Rasmussen and Theodor Schouboe designed and proposed for adoption by Colonel Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen, the Danish Minister of War, and that the Royal Danish Army adopted in 1902. It was the world's first true light machine gun produced in quantity and Madsen was able to sell it in 12 calibres to over 34 countries. The gun saw extensive combat usage for over 100 years, with continued use in limited quantities worldwide into the 2010s.{{sfn|Kokalis|2001|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|de Quesada|2011|p=24}} The Madsen was produced by Compagnie Madsen A/S (later operating as Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A/S and then Dansk Industri Syndikat A/S).

==Design details==
[[File:Madsen Machine-Gun-Sectioned.jpg|left|thumb|Operating cycle of the Madsen]]

The design dates to 1880s, with the Danish Self Loading rifle M.1888 ({{lang|da|Forsøgsrekylgevær}}; {{literally|trial recoil rifle}}), being a precursor design. In 1883 Captain Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen (a Danish artillery officer), and Rustmester Rasmussen (a weapons technician at the Danish Arsenal), began working on a recoil-operated self-loading rifle; Madsen developed the idea and Rasmussen fabricated the actual weapons. The rifle used a non-removable stripper clip that used gravity to feed rounds to the action; when the gun was not in use one could fold the clip down to cover the opening. The rifle used the 8×58RD cartridge, first in black-powder and then in a much more powerful smokeless powder version. The design was not successful. An improved design in 1896 gave the rifle an enclosed, but still gravity-fed, magazine. This version saw some 50–60 rifles being produced, but they were only issued to the Danish navy for use by coastal fortifications troops.

Investors formed a company (the Dansk Riffel Syndikat; DRS), in 1898 to commercialise the rifle, and bought the patent rights from Madsen and Rasmussen in exchange for royalties on future production.{{sfn|Nielsen|2008|pp=57–58}} By this time Madsen had left the project to become Minister of War in Denmark.{{sfn|Nielsen|2008|p=58}} In 1899 Lieutenant Jens Schouboe became the manager for the DRS, and a number of subsequent patents bear his name. Consequently, the Madsen rifle is sometimes referred to as the Schouboe rifle. In 1901 he patented the design for the Madsen machine gun. The original Madsen machine guns used black-powder cartridges that quickly jammed the action. However, once the design was tried with 6.5mm smokeless powder rounds it worked well.

The Madsen has a rather sophisticated and unique operating cycle. The machine gun uses a mixed [[Engineering:Recoil operation|recoil-operated]] locking system with a hinged bolt that is patterned after the lever-action [[Engineering:Martini–Henry|Peabody Martini]] [[Engineering:Breechblock|breechblock]].{{sfn|Kokalis|2001|pp=15–16}} The recoil operation is part short and part long recoil. After firing a round to start the [[Engineering:Open bolt|open bolt]] firing cycle, the initial recoil impulse drives the barrel, barrel extension, and bolt to the rear. A pin on the right side of the bolt moves backward in grooves in an operating cam plate mounted to the right side of the receiver. After {{convert|12.7|mm|abbr=on|1}} of travel, the bolt is cammed upward, away from the breech (the "short" portion of the recoil system). The barrel and barrel extension continue to move rearward to a point slightly exceeding the combined overall length of the cartridge case and projectile (the long portion of the recoil system, responsible for the weapon's low rate of fire).

After the breech is exposed, an odd lever-type extractor/ejector, mounted under the barrel, pivots to the rear, extracts the empty case, and ejects it through the bottom of the receiver. The bolt's operating cam then forces the bolt face to pivot downward, aligning a cartridge feed groove in the left side of the bolt with the chamber. While the bolt and barrel are returning forward, a cartridge-rammer lever, mounted on the barrel extension, pivots forward, loading a fresh cartridge.

==Operational use==
===Up to and including World War I===
The Madsen was considered expensive to produce, but was known for its reliability. Thirty-four countries bought the gun, in a dozen different [[Engineering:Caliber|calibres]], before and after [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. They were used by all sides in the Mexican Revolution.{{sfn|Jowett|2018|p=44}}

In Britain, the Rexer Arms Company manufactured the Madsen without license from 1905.{{sfn|Marley|2014|p=332}} The guns were known as the '''Rexer''' or '''DDRS'''{{sfn|Ballou|2008}} and exported worldwide.

The Imperial Russian Army bought 1,250 Madsens for the cavalry and deployed them during the Russo-Japanese War. The Imperial Russian Air Service used Madsens to equip their [[Engineering:Morane-Saulnier G|Morane-Saulnier G]] and [[Engineering:Morane-Saulnier L|Morane-Saulnier L]] monoplanes, and as its open bolt firing cycle made it difficult to [[Synchronization gear#At the gun|fire through a propeller]], the Madsen's gun mounting had to fire over the propeller.{{sfn|Kulikov|2013|pp=13, 82}} The German Army deployed the Madsen in 7.92&nbsp;mm calibre in 1914, arming infantry companies, mountain troops and later storm troopers.

China would acquire about 150 Madsens by 1913, and begin manufacturing a domestic copy at Guangdong Arsenal in 1909.{{sfn|Bin}}

===Inter-war era===
[[File:Norwegian soldiers with Krag-Jørgensen rifle and Madsen LMG.jpg|thumb|right|Norwegian soldiers in 1928, one carrying a Madsen machine gun.]]
Among the fighting forces with the Madsen in their arsenals in the immediate aftermath of World War I were the Czechoslovak Legions in Russia, fighting the Bolsheviks in Siberia.{{sfn|Bullock|2009|p=22}} The Madsen also saw service in China during the Warlord era.{{sfn|Jowett|2013|pp=128–129}} By 1935, China would acquire roughly 300 Madsen machine guns, with under 100 of these being used for Malmö Flygindustri, SIAI, and Caproni aircraft.{{sfn|Bin}}

Paraguay bought the Madsen in the 1920s and early 1930s as that country quietly girded for war with Bolivia over mutual claims to the Gran Chaco region, and it served in the Paraguayan army in the Chaco War (1932–1935). Almost 400 were on hand when the war began, and the Paraguayans bought more as the war progressed.{{sfn|English|2007}} Bolivia also fielded Madsens of the same calibre as Paraguay ([[Engineering:7.65×53mm Mauser|7.65×53 Mauser]]) during the conflict.{{sfn|de Quesada|2011|p=24}}

The Argentine Army detachment that protected neutrality along the border with Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War used the Madsen in combat operations at least once in 1933 in the course of an engagement on the southern bank of the Pilcomayo river against members of the Maká tribe commanded by deserters who had looted a farm in Argentine soil, killing some of its inhabitants.{{sfn|Golpe|1970|pp=186–190}}

Brazil first acquired Madsen machine gun prior to the war.{{sfn|Hilton|1982|p=634}} When Brazil acquired some 23 CV-35 [[Engineering:Tankette|tankette]]s from Italy in the late 1930s, it armed a majority of the vehicles with twin-mounted 7&nbsp;mm Madsens.{{sfn|Kirk|2003}} In 1943, the Army planned to produce their own Madsen machine guns at the Laminação Nacional de Metais factory.{{sfn|Hilton|1982|p=661}}

===World War II===
[[File:KITLV A1225 - Militairen van het KNIL oefenen met een mitrailleur op het schietterrein te Soerakarta, KITLV 44956.tiff|thumb|Native Dutch East Indies soldier with a Madsen ''karabijnmitrailleur'']]
In China, 3,300 Madsens were ordered by March 1940 for use in the Second Sino-Japanese War.{{sfn|Bin}}

Madsen machine guns were still in use in April–June 1940 as the Norwegian Army's standard light machine gun in the Norwegian Campaign, 3,500 M/22s in 6.5×55 Krag being available for the defence of Norway. By 1940 each Norwegian infantry squad had one Madsen machine gun, the Norwegians having previously grouped their Madsen in separate machine gun squads.{{sfn|Holm|1987|p=26}}{{sfn|Aalberg|2000|p=10}} Each Norwegian infantry battalion had a standard complement of 36 Madsens, in addition to nine M/29 heavy machine guns. However, many Norwegian soldiers did not like the Madsen as it had a tendency to jam after only a few rounds in this calibre, leading to it gaining the nickname {{lang|no|Jomfru Madsen}} ({{Translation|Virgin Madsen}}).{{sfn|Jaklin|2006|p=32}} The Germans used captured Madsens for second line units throughout the war, and Danish production continued for the German armed forces in the [[Engineering:8×58mmR Danish Krag|8×58mmR Danish Krag]] calibre until 1942. The Danish Army did not retire their last Madsen until 1955.

It was standard equipment (in 6.5&nbsp;mm) with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) during the inter-war period until the surrender to the Japanese in 1942. The barrel was shortened in the late 1920s which made it lighter and it was mounted in the Army Model of the Braat Overvalwagen APC.{{sfn|Lohnstein|2018|p=21}} The Imperial Japanese Army used some after capturing them during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, evidently during the Guadalcanal campaign.{{sfn|YouTube|2023}}

===Post-war===
Ireland had a total of 24 Madsen machine guns, all in .303 calibre. They armed the Irish army's Landsverk L60 light tanks, Leyland Armoured Cars, Landsverk L180 armoured cars, and Dodge Armoured Cars. In the 1950s [[Engineering:M1919 Browning machine gun|.30 Browning machine guns]] replaced the Madsens still in Irish service.{{sfn|Martin|2002}}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}

====Portuguese Colonial War====
[[File:FNLA weapons.jpg|thumb|A Madsen machine gun (left) in a training camp of the National Liberation Front of Angola, in Zaire, 1973.]]
The Portuguese Army used Madsen machine guns during the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and 1970s. Madsens served as temporary armament for Auto-Metralhadora-Daimler 4 × 4 Mod.F/64 armoured cars, which were [[Engineering:Daimler Dingo|Daimler Dingo]]s modified with the addition of a turret-like structure.{{sfn|Abbott|2005|p=7}}

====Continued use in Brazil====
The Brazilian Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State used Madsens into the 21st Century. Although some of the Brazilian guns were captured from drug traffickers and pressed into service, the majority of the Brazilian police Madsens came from the Brazilian Army; in the 1930s they were commonly used in the wars against banditry in Northeast (bandit groups named cangaceiros){{citation needed|date=November 2018}}; these guns were originally [[Engineering:7×57mm Mauser|7x57mm Spanish Mauser]] weapons, later re-chambered to fit [[Engineering:7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm NATO]]. Official sources state that the Brazilian army retired the Madsen machine gun in 1996. It was reported that plans were in place to retire the last Madsen guns in service with the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State starting in 2008.{{sfn|strategypage|2008}} As of 2018, the Madsen was still used by the police.{{sfn|YouTube|2018}} It was favored by police for its reliability and intimidating sound.{{sfn|Dreyfus|Guedes|Lessing|Bandeira|2008|p=83}}

==Users==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
* {{flag|Argentina}}: Models of 1910, 1925, 1926, 1931 and 1935, mostly in [[Engineering:7.65×53mm Mauser|7.65×53mm Mauser]]{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: 632 bought from Denmark in 1914<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madsen M1924 Light Machine Gun Hungarian Weapons |url=http://www.hungariae.com/Madsen.htm |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.hungariae.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bolivia}}:{{sfn|de Quesada|2011|p=24}} Model of 1925 in 7.65 Mauser{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}:{{sfn|Bullock|2009|p=22}} M1922 and M1923, in 7.92 Mauser{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
** Czechoslovak Legions
* {{flag|Chile}}: Models of 1923, 1925, 1926, 1928 and 1940, most in 7mm Mauser. Model 1946 in caliber .30-06{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Republic of China (1912–49)|name=Republic of China}}: Madsen M1916, Rexer,{{sfn|Jowett|2013|pp=128–129}} M1930 and M1937 variants, all in 7.92 Mauser{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Qing Empire}}: M1904
* {{flag|Denmark}}: M1904, M1916, M1919, M1924, M1939 in [[Engineering:8×58mmR Danish Krag|8×58mmR]] and M1948 in .30-06{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|El Salvador}}:{{sfn|Kokalis|2001|pp=15–16}} M1934 in 7mm Mauser and M1951 in .30-06{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Estonia}}: M1925 and M1937 in .303 British{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}} Bought Finnish surplus Madsens in 1937
* {{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}: M1907, M1910, M1934 and M1935, in 7.92 Mauser{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Finland}}: M1910, M1920, M1921 and M1923 in [[Engineering:7.62×54mmR|7.62×54mmR]].{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}} The M1920 was designated as ''7,62 pk/20.'' A few Madsens were used in the Finnish Civil War, and adopted in larger quantities by the army in 1926; retired and sold to Estonia in 1937 {{sfn|Jaeger Platoon}}
** {{flagicon|Morocco}} French Morocco{{sfn|Barbaize}}
* {{flag|German Empire}}
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Models of 1941 and 1942 in 7.92mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Honduras}}: Models of 1937 and 1939 in 7mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}}{{sfn|Lugosi|2008|p=382}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: M1950 in .30-06{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Captured from the Dutch East Indies<ref>{{Cite book|last=Warner|first=Phillip|title=Japanese Army of World War II|publisher=Osprey Publishing|pages=18}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Latvia}}: 3 pieces in stock of the Latvian Army by April 1936<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Dambītis|first=Kārlis|date=2016|title=Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi|trans-title=Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces|url=https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/31857?locale-attribute=en|publisher=University of Latvia|type=PhD thesis|page=225}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mexico|1916}}:{{sfn|Jowett|2018|p=44}} Models 1911 and 1934 in 7mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Norway}}:{{sfn|Holm|1987|p=26}} Models of 1914 and 1918 in [[Engineering:6.5×55mm Swedish|6.5×55mm Swedish]]{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Models of 1919, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1934, 1938 and 1939 in [[Engineering:6.5×53mmR|6.5×53mmR]].{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}} The model of 1915 was used by the KNIL as {{lang|nl|geweermitrailleur}} (and {{lang|nl|karabijnmitrailleur}} for a shortened version modified in 1926–1927).{{sfn|Lohnstein|2018|p=21}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: M1947 in .303{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Paraguay}}: M1916 in 7.65mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}{{sfn|de Quesada|2011|p=24}}
* {{flag|Peru}}: M1929 in 7.65mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
*{{flag|Poland}}: Models of 1914, 1918, 1930, and 1936
* {{flag|Portugal}}:{{sfn|Abbott|2005|p=7}} Models of 1930, 1936 and 1952 in .303 and models of 1936, 1940 and 1947 in 7.92mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}:{{sfn|Kulikov|2013|pp=13, 82}} Model 1904 and Model 1915 in 7.62×54mmR{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|São Paulo}}
* {{flag|Spain|1785}}: M1907 and M1922 in 7mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Spanish Republic}}{{sfn|de Quesada|2015|p=38}}
* {{flag|Sweden}}: M1906, M1914 and M1921 in 6.5×55mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Models of 1925, 1930, 1934, 1939, 1947 and 1949 in 8mm Siamese and Model 1951 in .30-06.{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}: M1925, 1926, 1935 and 1937 in 7.92mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Models of 1915, 1919, 1929, 1931 and 1939 in .303 British{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Natal Colony (1875–1910).svg}} Colony of Natal: 27 Rexer machine guns were used during the Bambatha Rebellion{{sfn|Paterson|2006}}
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: M1937 in 7mm{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=342}}

==See also==
* Bren Gun
* FM-24/29
* Lahti-Saloranta M/26
* M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun
* [[Engineering:ZB vz. 26|ZB vz. 26]]
* [[Engineering:Chauchat|Chauchat]]
* M1918 BAR

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Aalberg |first1=Geir |title=REFERENCE NOTES FOR SW |journal=View from the Trenches |date=May–Jun 2000 |issue=31 |url=http://www.vftt.co.uk/vfttpdf/vftt31.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021 |location=Leicester }}
* {{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Peter |title=Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–1974 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernafricanwar00abbo_283 |url-access=limited |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-85045-843-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernafricanwar00abbo_283/page/n7 7] }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Ballou |first1=James L. |url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1280 |title=The Madsen Machine Gun Story |magazine=Small Arms Review |volume=12 |number=1 |date=October 2008 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Barbaize |first1=Michel |title=Les goums mixtes marocains et leurs armements. 1908–1956. |url=https://lakoumia.fr/histoire/armement |access-date=4 July 2018 |website=Association La Koumia |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |first1=Shih |last1=Bin |title=China's Small Arms of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) |isbn=979-8473557848 |pages=163–166 |edition=2021}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bullock |first1=David |title=The Czech Legion 1914–1920 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2009 |orig-year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84603-236-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=de Quesada |first1=Alejandro |title=The Chaco War 1932–35 South America's greatest modern conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/chacowarsouthame00ques |url-access=limited |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84908-416-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=de Quesada |first1=Alejandro |title=The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces |series=Men-at-Arms 498 |date=20 January 2015|isbn=978-1782007852 |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dreyfus |first1=Pablo |last2=Guedes |first2=Luis Eduardo |last3=Lessing |first3=Ben |last4=Bandeira |first4=Antônio Rangel |last5=Nascimento |first5=Marcelo de Sousa |last6=River |first6=Patricia Silveira |title=Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims |date=2008 |publisher=Small Arms Survey |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8288-0102-1 |url=https://silo.tips/download/small-arms-in-rio-de-janeiro |access-date=5 January 2021 }}
* {{cite web |last1=English |first1=Adrian J. |title=An Outline History of the Paraguayan Army |url=http://histarmar.net/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211211354/http://histarmar.net/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012 |date=31 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Gander |first1=Terry J. |last2=Hogg |first2=Ian V. |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995/1996 |date=May 1995 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |edition=21st |isbn=978-0-7106-1241-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Golpe |first1=Néstor |title=Calvario y muerte: revisión histórica militar; narraciones fortineras, 1917-1938 |date=1970 |publisher=Artes Gráficas "Armada Argentina" |language=es}}
* {{cite book |last1=Holm |first1=Terje H. |title=1940 – igjen? |year=1987 |publisher=Norwegian Armed Forces Museum |location=[[Place:Oslo|Oslo]] |isbn=82-991167-2-4 |language=no}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hilton |first1=Stanley E. |title=The Armed Forces and Industrialists in Modern Brazil: The Drive for Military Autonomy (1889-1954) |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |date=November 1982 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=629–673 |publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/00182168-62.4.629 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jaklin |first1=Asbjørn |title=Nordfronten – Hitlers skjebneområde |publisher=Gyldendal |location=Oslo |year=2006 |isbn=978-82-05-34537-9 |language=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jowett |first1=Philip |title=China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949 |series=General Military |date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=9781782004073}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jowett |first1= Philip |title=Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions |series=Men-at-Arms 519 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date= 28 June 2018 |isbn=978-1472826282}}
* {{cite web |last1=Kirk |first1=William A. Jr. |title=Brazil |url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/brazil/brazil.html |date=12 March 2003 |work=Tanks! Armoured Warfare Prior to 1946 |publisher=[[Organization:Florida State University|Florida State University]] |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227142849/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/brazil/brazil.html |archive-date=27 February 2009 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kokalis |first1=Peter |title=Weapons Tests and Evaluations: The Best of Soldier Of Fortune |publisher=Paladin Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-1581601220}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulikov |first1=Victor |title=Russian Aces of World War 1 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78096-060-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lohnstein |first1=Marc |title=Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42 |series=Men-at-Arms 521 |date=23 August 2018 |isbn=9781472833754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2dkDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Osprey Publishing }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lugosi |first1=József |editor1-first=József |editor1-last=Lugosi |editor2-first=György |editor2-last=Markó |title=Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség |year=2008 |publisher=Zrínyi Kiadó |location=Budapest |isbn= 978-963-327-461-3 |chapter= Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008 |language=hu}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marley |first1=David F. |title=Mexico at War: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1610694285 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBqDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA332 |via=Google Books |chapter=Rexer light machine gun }}
* {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Karl |title=Irish Army Vehicles: Transport and Armour Since 1922 |date=2002 |publisher=Cahill Printers Ltd. |isbn=978-0954341305}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Bjørn A. |editor1-last=Skøtt |editor1-first=Ole |title=Den danske hærs rekylgeværer: System V.H.O. Madsen og J.A.N. Rasmussen |journal=Vaabenhistoriske Aarsbøger |year=2008 |volume=53 |publisher=Devantier |language=da |issn=0108-707X}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Paterson |first1=Hamish |title=The Natal Rebellion 1906: Some Military Perspectives |journal=Military History Journal |volume=13 |number=5 |date=June 2006 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol135hp.html |access-date=25 May 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Joseph E. |title=Small Arms of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/smallarmsofworld00smit |url-access=registration |edition=11th |location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=The Stackpole Company |year=1969 |isbn=9780811715669 }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Vauvillier |first1=François |title=Le nouvel armement en 7,5mm |magazine=Guerre, Blindés et Matériel |date=July 2018 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite book |last1=Willbanks |first1=James H. |title=Weapons and warfare – an illustrated history of their impact |date=2004 |isbn=1-85109-480-6}}
* {{cite web |title=FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: LIGHT MACHINEGUNS PART 2 |url=http://www.jaegerplatoon.net/LMG2.htm |website=jaegerplatoon.net |access-date=11 November 2014 |ref={{SfnRef|Jaeger Platoon}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Weapons: Century Old LMGs Retire |url=https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/articles/20080407.aspx |date=7 April 2008 |website=jstrategypage.com |access-date=25 May 2021 |ref={{SfnRef|strategypage|2008}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Automatvåben |url=https://www.arma-dania.dk/public/timeline/_ad_automatvaben_view.php?editid1=2 |website=arma-dania.dk |access-date=25 May 2021 |ref={{SfnRef|Arma-Dania}} |language=da |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020936/https://www.arma-dania.dk/public/timeline/_ad_automatvaben_view.php?editid1=2 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite AV media |publication-date=8 February 2018 |title=Police rifles break down in the middle of the confrontation |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=1WG7GDnqC7E&ab_channel=FactualRJ |access-date=5 January 2021 |time=10:00 |work=Factual RJ |via=YouTube |ref={{SfnRef|YouTube|2018}} }}
* {{cite AV media |publication-date=16 June 2023 |title=Fascinating Finds in a Guadalcanal Relic Museum |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzKEQoKQtvI |access-date=11 November 2023 |time=10:57 |work=Factual RJ |via=YouTube |ref={{SfnRef|YouTube|2023}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Madsen Machine Rifle|url=http://www.dalregementetsmuseer.se/03_Samlingar/04_foremal/2013/2013_03_mars/Madsen%20Machine%20Rifle%20Main%20Characteristics.pdf|publisher=Danish Recoil Rifle Syndicate|place= [[Place:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], Denmark}}
* {{in lang|ru}} Семён Федосеев, "Российская карьера ружья-пулемёта «Мадсен»", ''Мастерружьё'', 2010 issue 2 pp.&nbsp;48–57, issue 3 pp.&nbsp;58–64, and issue 6 pp.&nbsp;42–51 (No. [http://master-gun.com/pdfs/155.pdf 155], [http://master-gun.com/pdfs/156.pdf 156] & [http://master-gun.com/pdfs/159.pdf 159]). HTML version of the article: [http://master-gun.com/istoriya/rossijskaya-karera-ruzhya-pulemyota-madsen part 1], [http://master-gun.com/istoriya/rossijskaya-karera-ruzhya-pulemyota-madsen-ch-2 part 2], [http://master-gun.com/istoriya/rossijskaya-karera-ruzhya-pulemyota-madsen-ch-3 part 3]

==External links==
* [http://www.deactivated-guns.co.uk/detail/madsen.htm Deactivated Guns on the Madsen]. Retrieved 20 April 2007
* [http://madsenlmg.enigmamachine.co.uk/ Madsen Light Machine Gun]. Retrieved 20 April 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214123015/http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/20th_century_warfare/id73.htm The Madsen Light Machine Gun on the Eastern and Western Front 1914–17]. Retrieved 20 April 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216081724/http://www.thm-online.dk/genstande/54-b1186-1159/ High resolution photo from Tøjhusmuseet, Copenhagen]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qbbr-_QdyY Forgotten Weapons – Madsen Semiauto LMG]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LH5tgFEfzaU Animation showing the inner workings of the Madsen LMG]


[[Category:Light machine guns]]

{{Sourceattribution|Madsen machine gun}}