View source for Engineering:Mignet Pou-du-Ciel

{{Short description|French homebuilt aircraft}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name=Flying Flea series
 |image=Henri Mignet HM 14.jpg
 |caption= Mignet HM.14
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type=Sport, personal and [[Engineering:Trainer aircraft|trainer aircraft]]
 |manufacturer=[[Engineering:Homebuilt aircraft|homebuilt aircraft]]
 |designer=Henri Mignet
 |first flight= 10 September 1933 (HM.14)
 |introduced=1933
 |retired=
 |status=
 |primary user=
 |more users=
 |produced=1933–present
 |number built=
 |developed from=
 |variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Flying Flea''' ({{lang-fr|Pou du Ciel|lit=Louse of the Sky}}) is a large family of light [[Engineering:Homebuilt aircraft|homebuilt aircraft]] first flown in 1933.

The odd name comes from the French nickname for the Ford Model T automobile: ''Pou de la Route'', or "Louse of the Road", because Henry Ford's economy car was so common. Henri Mignet dreamed of creating a Model T of the air, an airplane for the common man, hence the term ''Pou du Ciel''. In English, the term became Flying Flea. Originally applied only to the HM.14 model, the name has now come to describe the family of aircraft of similar configuration designed by Mignet and others.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

==Development==
The Flying Flea family of aircraft was designed by {{wipe|France}} Henri Mignet.<ref name=plane&pilot>Plane and Pilot (1977), p. 142</ref>

Between 1920 and 1928, Mignet built various prototypes from the HM.1 to the HM.8, a [[Engineering:Monoplane|monoplane]] that was the first of his designs that really flew.  Instructions for building the HM.8 Avionnette were published by Mignet in a self-published book—he hand wrote the text and drawings, created photographic plates and printed and bound the books himself—but Mignet was still not satisfied.  In particular, he felt that he was not himself a very good pilot and did not like the challenge of coordinating the stick and rudder on a conventional aircraft.  He yearned for a simpler solution.  Between 1929 and 1933, he continued building prototypes, and testing them in a large field near Soissons.  The result of this experimentation with many odd and innovative configurations was the HM.14.<ref name=ellis&jones>Ellis & Jones (1990)</ref>

==HM.14==
{{main|Engineering:Mignet HM.14}}
In 1933, Mignet successfully flew for the first time in his HM.14, the original ''flying flea'', and publicly demonstrated it. In 1934, he published the plans and building instructions in his book ''Le Sport de l'Air''. In 1935, it was translated into English in Britain and serialised in ''Practical Mechanics'' in the USA, prompting hundreds of people around the world to build their own Flying Fleas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Home Built Aeroplane (display board)|publisher=Museum of Science and Industry|location=Manchester}}</ref>

Mignet's original HM.14 prototype aircraft was powered by a {{Convert|17|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Aubier-Dunne 500 cc two stroke motorcycle engine. It had a wingspan of {{convert|19.5|ft|m|1}}, a length of {{convert|11.5|ft|m|1}} and a gross weight of {{convert|450|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=bowers>Bowers (1984), pp 73–78</ref> It had a usable speed range of 25–62&nbsp;mph (40–100&nbsp;km/h).<ref name=plane&pilot/> In the UK in 1935 and 1936, many aerodynamic and engine developments took place, notably by Stephen Appleby, John Carden and L.E. Baynes.<ref name=ellis&jones/>

Despite the initial popularity of the design, thanks in no small part to the passionate enthusiasm of Mignet himself, the original HM.14 revealed design flaws that could lead to an unrecoverable and often fatal dive under certain conditions; when the front wing was put in a high attack angle for climbing, the high-speed flow of air deflected by the front wing went to the rear wing upper surface, greatly increasing the rear wing's lift, and putting the nose down, the instinctive reaction of pilot being pulling even more the stick, this worsened the situation, as the way to go out of this 'vicious circle' was reducing the front wing incidence, as to command a nose down descent. Also some homebuilders attempted to simplify construction by modifying components such as the wings tips curving up, resulting in extremely dangerous airplanes and deadly accidents that forced the air authorities to ban building more of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pouguide.org/cosandey|title=Pou-Guide – Contribution à l'étude et au réglage des aéronefs Mignet|author=auteur|work=pouguide.org|access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Studies in the UK and France revealed the problem (the HM.14 was small enough to fit in wind tunnels in both countries usually used for scale models of larger aircraft) and corrections were made to the design. Unfortunately, the wave of bad publicity created by the crashes dogged Mignet for the rest of his life and continues to be associated with the design today despite the fact that the basic Mignet configuration has proven to be safe in hundreds of successful homebuilt aircraft and factory built microlights.<ref name=ellis&jones/>

==Design==
Mignet made the aircraft intentionally simple. The Flying Flea is a [[Engineering:Tandem wing|tandem wing]] aircraft, built of wood and fabric. The original design was a single-seater, and had two-axis flying controls. The aircraft had a standard control stick. Fore-and-aft movement controlled the front wing's [[Physics:Angle of attack|angle of attack]], increasing and decreasing the lift of the wing. Because the front wing was located forward of the center of gravity, that would pitch the nose up and down.<ref name=bowers/>

Side-to-side movement of the stick controlled the large rudder. This produced a rolling motion because the wings both had substantial dihedral, through yaw-roll coupling. The rudder had to be quite large not only to produce adequate roll but also because the fuselage was very short, reducing the leverage of the rudder. The Flying Flea, being a two axis aircraft, could not be landed or taken off in substantial crosswinds. This was not a big issue when the aircraft was designed because at that time aircraft were usually flown from large open fields allowing all take-offs and landings into wind.<ref name=ellis&jones/><ref name=bowers/>

The result was an aircraft that was substantially simpler to build (just two wings and a rudder, two of which moved, with no ailerons or other control surfaces) and easier to fly (just a control stick, no rudder pedals at all) than a conventional aircraft.  Mignet claimed, only half jokingly, that anyone who could build a packing crate and drive a car could fly a Flying Flea.<ref name=ellis&jones/>

==Variants==
[[File:HB-YBK mignet HM-380.jpg|thumb|HM.380 Pou-du-Ciel (HB-YBK)]]
[[File:AvionsHenriMignetHM1000Balerit03.JPG|thumb|right|HM.1000 Balerit side view showing wing arrangement]]
[[File:AvionsHenriMignetHM1000Balerit13.JPG|thumb|right|HM.1000 Balerit in flight]]
The HM.14 led to more than 300 different models of the Flying Flea.<ref name="CMF">{{cite web|url = http://www.canadianflight.org/collect/col_13.htm|title = Mignet Pou du Ciel (Flying Flea)|access-date = 2007-12-30|last = Canadian Museum of Flight|year = 2006}}</ref> Some of these are:

* HM.18 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, 35&nbsp;hp Mengin engine.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.16 ''Pou-Bébé'' (Baby Pou) – 1936, single-seat lightweight Pou, 25&nbsp;hp Ava engine<ref name=airspot>Mignet aircraft types [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&u=http://airspot.ru/catalogue/aircrafts/manufacturer/mignet airspot.ru]</ref>
* HM.18 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, 35&nbsp;hp Mengin engine.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.19 – 1937, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 45&nbsp;hp Salmson engine.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.210 – 1937, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, airworthiness certificated.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.280 ''Pou-Maquis'' – 1944, single-seat, folding wings, designed as a "command parachute" for a Free French paratrooper commander.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.290 – 1945, single-seat, enclosed cockpit. Became popular for amateur construction from plans, with optional enclosed cockpit, various types of engine {{Convert|25|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|70|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Plans are available from Falconar Avia.<ref name=kitplanes>Kitplanes Staff: ''2008 Kit Aircraft Directory'', page 53, Kitplanes Magazine December 2007 Volume 24, Number 12, Belvior Publications, Aviation Publishing Group LLC.</ref><ref name=bowers/><ref name=airspot/><ref name=falconar1>{{cite web|url = http://falconaravia.com/mig_flea.htm|title = Mignet "Flying Flea"|access-date = 13 May 2017|last = Falconar|first = Chris|date=June 2007}}</ref><ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter – Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook'', pages 153–157. BAI Communications. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref>
* HM.293 – 1946, single-seat variant for larger pilots, typically powered by 50–60&nbsp;hp [[Engineering:Volkswagen air-cooled engine|Volkswagen air-cooled engine]]. Plans are available from Falconar Avia and also from Rodolphe Grunberg of Rocquefort, {{wipe|France}}.<ref name=kitplanes/><ref name=airspot/><ref name=falconar1/><ref name="Aerocrafter"/><ref name="WDLA15">Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015–16'', page 124. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref>
* HM.310 Estafette – 1952, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 67&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp) Continental C90-12F engine.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.320 – 1955, single-seat, enclosed cockpit.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.330 ''Cerisier en Fleurs'' – 1954, two-seat, enclosed cockpit.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.350 – 1957, two-seat, enclosed cockpit.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.351 – 1955, two-seat, enclosed cockpit. Also known as Tachikawa R-HM<ref name=bowers/><ref name=airspot/>
* HM.360 – 1957, single-seat, enclosed cockpit, improved wing geometry. Plans still available from Falconar Avia.<ref name=bowers/><ref name=airspot/><ref name="Aerocrafter" /><ref name=falconar2>{{cite web|url = http://members.shaw.ca/falconark/FA/mig_360.htm|title = MIGNET HM 360/380|access-date = 2007-12-30|last = Falconar|first = Chris|date=June 2007}}</ref>
* HM.380 – 1957, two-seat, enclosed cockpit, 1100&nbsp;lb gross weight, typically powered by 60–100&nbsp;hp engine. Plans still available from Falconar Avia.<ref name=airspot/><ref name="Aerocrafter" /><ref name=falconar2/>
* HM.390 – 1981, two-seat(?), enclosed cockpit.<ref>Jerram, Mike. 1981. ''Sporting and Homebuilt Aircraft''. MacDonald Phoebus</ref>
* HM.1000 Balerit – 1986, two-seat factory-built microlight, pusher propeller, rear-mounted 64&nbsp;hp Rotax engine, designed by Mignet's son and nephew and used by the French Army.<ref name=airspot/>
* HM.1100 Cordouan – 1996, two-seat factory-built microlight, front-mounted 80&nbsp;hp Rotax engine.<ref name=airspot/>

==Safety concerns==
In the 1930s, many Fleas crashed when pilots could not recover from shallow dives, resulting in some deaths. As a result, Flying Fleas were grounded and even banned from flight permanently in some countries.<ref name=bowers/> In the United Kingdom, restrictions were placed on Flying Fleas, following a fatal crash on 4 May 1936 at an air display at Penshurst Airfield, Kent.<ref name=Flight070536>{{cite journal|title=Another Fatal "Pou" Accident |journal=Flight |issue=7 May 1936 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%201189.html}}</ref>

When on approach to land, the pilot would push the stick forward to gain speed for the flare and landing. As speed built up, the rear wing, operating at a greater [[Physics:Angle of attack|angle of attack]] would gain lift and pitch the aircraft's nose further downward. The pilot's normal reaction would be to pull back on the stick. This action would increase the angle of attack on the front wing by lowering the [[Engineering:Trailing edge|trailing edge]] of the wing. Because the trailing edge of the front wing was close to the [[Engineering:Leading edge|leading edge]] of the rear wing, the front wing's downwash would accelerate the air over the rear wing and cause it to gain lift more quickly than the front wing, resulting in an ever-increasing nose pitch-down and flight directly into the ground.<ref name=bowers/>

Mignet had not encountered this problem during his testing of his prototype, because he could not afford a large horsepower engine. When builders started putting larger engines on them and expanding the flight envelope, the wing interference problem surfaced.<ref name=bowers/>

Following a fatal accident involving G-ADXY the Air League, aware of a number of similar fatal crashes in France, sent G-AEFV to the Royal Aircraft Establishment for full-scale [[Physics:Wind tunnel|wind tunnel]] tests. These tests, together with those conducted by the French Air Ministry, discovered if the angle of attack of the front wing fell below −15° insufficient pitching moment was generated to raise the nose.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infamous Aircraft – Dangerous Designs and their Vices|last=Jackson|first=Robert|publisher=Pen and Sword Aviation|year=2005|isbn=1844151727|pages=38}}</ref>

Changes to the airfoil section and wing spacing prevented aerodynamic interference and later Mignet Flea designs incorporated these changes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

By 1939, there were many improved Flying Fleas in the air, but the aircraft never completely overcame its dangerous reputation.<ref name="bowers" />

==Amateur construction==
Shortly after the plans appeared in 1934, many enthusiasts in Europe and the USA began to build their own aircraft. In 1936 it was estimated the cost of construction was approximately £75 and that some five hundred examples were under construction in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/mignet-flying-flea/|title = Mignet Flying Flea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/1995-1007-A-Flying-Flea-G-AEEH.pdf|title=Mignet Flying Flea|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|date=2012|website=Royal Air Force Museum|publisher=RAF Museum Research (collections)|format=Webpage and PDF|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

Modern aircraft enthusiasts have continued to build their own aircraft, and vary the original HM.14 design and its derivatives over the years, and outside the UK, they are successfully flown in countries like Australia. French enthusiasts, for example, hold an annual meeting every June.  Modern HM.14 builders generally adapt the airfoil and rigging or even the entire wings from later Mignet models, such as the HM.360, to the fuselage of the HM.14 to create a safe and reliable aircraft with the retro look of the original.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

In 2011 Rodolphe Grunberg of Roquefort, France was still offering plans for the HM.293 single-seater for sale.<ref name="WDLA11">Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011–12'', page 118. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X</ref>

==Aircraft on display==

[[File:FlyingFleaCanadianMuseumOfFlight23July1988.jpg|thumb|right|HM.290 built by John Sayle, Langley BC, 1962, with 75 hp McCulloch engine,<ref name="CMF"/> at the Canadian Museum of Flight.]]
[[File:Royal Military Museum Brussels 2007 413.JPG|thumb|HM.293 at Royal Military Museum, Brussels]]
[[File:IMignet HM-360.jpg|thumb|HM.360 at Musée régional de l'air d'Angers-Marcé]]
[[File:Mignet HM.14 OH-KAA Flying Flea.jpg|thumb|Mignet HM.14 Flying Flea displayed at Vapriikki Museum Centre, Tampere, Finland.]]
*Ballarat Aviation Museum, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia – HM.293<ref>Ogden 2008</ref>
*Canadian Museum of Flight, Langley, BC, {{wipe|Canada}} – HM.290 (CF-RFH)<ref name=ogden2007>Ogden (2007)</ref>
*Lane Motor Museum, Nashville, Tennessee - Multiple on exhibit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanemotormuseum.org/collection/flying/|title=Flying |author=Lane Motor Museum|website=www.lanemotormuseum.org|archive-url= https://archive.today/20220803212203/https://www.lanemotormuseum.org/collection/flying/|archive-date= 3 August 2022|url-status= live}}</ref>
*Musée Régional de l'Air, Angers-Marcé, France – HM.360 (F-PKFV)<ref name=ogden2009>Ogden (2009)</ref>
*Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels – HM.293 (OO-11)<ref name=ogden2009/>
*Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels – HM.293 (OO-33)<ref name=ogden2009/>
*Volandia, Malpensa Airport – HM.290 (I-4906)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/World/Europe/Italy/Milan-Malpensa/Volandia.htm|title=VOLANDIA – Parco e Museo del volo – Milan-Malpensa Airport – Italy|work=aviationmuseum.eu|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
*Vapriikki Museum Centre, Tampere, Finland  – HM.14 (OH-KAA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmailumuseot.fi/tuotteet.html?id=20825/340076|title=Mignet HM-14 Pou du Ciel (OH-KAA) {{!}} Suomen Ilmailumuseot - Finnish Aviation Museums|website=www.ilmailumuseot.fi|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>

==Specifications (HM.293 Flying Flea)==

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Plane and Pilot: ''1978 Aircraft Directory''<ref name=plane&pilot/>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|length m=4.27
|length note=
|span m=6.1
|span note=
|height m=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA]]; '''tip:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight kg=186
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=317
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=McCulloch Model 4318
|eng1 type=4-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally-opposed, piston engine
|eng1 hp=72
|eng1 note=(various engines from 25-85hp)

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=fixed-pitch propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=138
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=130
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=57
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=446
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=7437
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=3.05
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.1695|kW/kg}}
|more performance=
}}

==See also==
*[[Engineering:APEV Pouchel II|APEV Pouchel II]]
*[[Engineering:APEV Pouchel Classic|APEV Pouchel Classic]]
*[[Engineering:APEV Pouchelec|APEV Pouchelec]]
*[[Engineering:APEV Pouchel Light|APEV Pouchel Light]]
*Croses EC-1 Pouplume
*Croses EC-6 Criquet
*Croses EC-8 Tourisme
*Croses EC-9 Para-Cargo
*[[Engineering:Lederlin 380L|Lederlin 380L]]
*Pouchel
*[[Engineering:Universal American Flea Ship|Universal American Flea Ship]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*Bowers, Peter M. (1984) ''Guide to Homebuilts – Ninth Edition''. TAB Books {{ISBN|0-8306-2364-7}}
*Ellis, Ken; Jones, Geoff. 1990. ''Henri Mignet and his Flying Fleas''. Haynes Publishing {{ISBN|0-85429-765-0}} 
*Mignet, Henri. ''Le Sport D'Air'' (French, 661 pages)
*Mignet, Henri. ''The Flying Flea: How to Build and Fly It''
*Ogden, Bob (2007). ''Aviation Museums and Collections of North America''. Air-Britain {{ISBN|0-85130-385-4}}
*Ogden, Bob (2008). ''Aviation Museums and Collections of The Rest of the World''. Air-Britain {{ISBN|978-0-85130-394-9}}
*Ogden, Bob (2009). ''Aviation Museums and Collections of Mainland Europe''. Air-Britain {{ISBN|978-0-85130-418-2}}
*Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. ''Britain's Flea craze'', Aeroplane Monthly, May 1973
*Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G. (2011) ''Flying Flea, Henri Mignet's Pout-du-Ciel'' Catrine:Stenlake Publishing. {{ISBN|9781840335545}}
*Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. ''The First Home-Built Aeroplanes (Paperback)'' {{ISBN|978-1-84033-449-4}} (Re-print of Practical Mechanics article on building the HM.14)
*Plane and Pilot (1977). ''1978 Aircraft Directory''. Werner & Werner Corp {{ISBN|0-918312-00-0}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Prins|first=François|title=Brisbane's Heritage|magazine=Air Enthusiast|date=Winter 1993|issue=52|pages=26–27 |issn=0143-5450}} 
*Simpson, Rod (2001). ''Airlife's World Aircraft''. Airlife Publishing {{ISBN|1-84037-115-3}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xd0DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA648 "Flying Flea Costs Little To Build and Run" ''Popular Mechanics'', November 1935]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130303014153/http://www.flyingflea.com.ar/ Flying Flea resource collection including complete series of "Pou Renew" newsletter and downloadable plans]
*[http://www.pouguide.org Pouguide.org – The definitive Mignet Pou du Ciel resource collection (in French) including downloadable plans]


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[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mignet Pou-du-Ciel}}