View source for Engineering:New energy vehicles in China

This article will talk about the market of new energy vehicles in China and why the government supports it.{{short description|Overview of new energy vehicles in China}}
[[File:PEV Registrations China from 2011.png|thumb|325px|Annual sales of new energy vehicles in China between 2011 and 2020<ref name=China2011/><ref name=China2012/><ref name=China2013/><ref name=China2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.caam.org.cn/AutomotivesStatistics/20150114/0905144510.html|title=The sales and production of new energy vehicles boomed |author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM)|publisher=CAAM |date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2015-01-14}}</ref><ref name=China2015>{{cite web|url=http://www.caam.org.cn/AutomotivesStatistics/20160120/1305184260.html|title=New energy vehicles enjoyed a high-speed growth |author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM)|publisher=CAAM |date=2016-01-20|accessdate=2016-01-21}}</ref><ref name=China2016>{{cite web | url=http://www.d1ev.com/48462.html | title=中汽协：2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50% |language=Chinese |trans-title=China Auto Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50% |author=Liu Wanxiang |publisher=D1EV.com| date=2017-01-12 |accessdate=2017-01-12}} ''Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000 all-electric vehicles and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.''</ref><ref name=China2017>{{cite web | url=https://www.autonews.com/china/electrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017 | title=Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017 |author=Automotive News China |publisher=Automotive News China | date=2018-01-16 |accessdate=2020-05-22}} ''Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.''</ref><ref name=China2018>{{cite web | url=https://www.d1ev.com/news/shuju/85937 | title=中汽协：2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆，同比增长60% |language=Chinese |trans-title=China Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60% |publisher=D1EV.com| date=2019-01-14 |accessdate=2019-01-15}} ''Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.''</ref><ref name="NEVsChina2019">{{cite web |url=https://insideevs.com/news/396291/chinese-nevs-market-slightly-declined-2019/ |title=Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report |first=Mark |last=Kane |publisher=InsideEVs.com | date=2020-02-04 |accessdate=2020-05-30}} ''Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0% from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000 units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures include passenger cars, buses and commercial vehicles.''.</ref><ref name=ChinaNEV2020>{{cite web| url=http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/34/id/140.html |title=Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020 |author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) |publisher= CAAM | date=2021-01-14 | access-date=2021-02-08}} ''NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.''</ref>]]

The stock of '''new energy vehicles in China''' is the world's largest, with cumulative sales of 5.5&nbsp;million units through December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How China put nearly 5 million new energy vehicles on the road in one decade {{!}} International Council on Clean Transportation|url=https://theicct.org/blog/staff/china-new-energy-vehicles-jan2021|access-date=2021-10-30|website=theicct.org}}</ref> These figures include passenger cars and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country.<ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/><ref name=China2018/><ref name="NEVsChina2019"/><ref name=ChinaNEV2020/><ref name=ChinaLeads2016/> Of these, there were 4.9&nbsp;million new energy vehicles in use at the end of 2020, accounting for 1.75% of all vehicles in circulation in China.<ref name=ChinaInUse2020/>

The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in electric vehicle]]s eligible for public subsidies, and includes only [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicle]]s (BEVs), [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid]] electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).<ref name=NEVs/><ref name=NEVsWithHydrogen>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autoshow-china/electric-vs-hydrogen-china-is-battleground-for-auto-giants-idUSBRE9AL03M20131122|title=Electric vs. Hydrogen: China Is Battleground for Auto Giants |author=Samuel Shen, Norihiko Shirouzu|publisher={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=2013-11-22|accessdate=2019-02-19}}</ref>

Sales of new energy vehicles since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, and the 1&nbsp;million mark in early 2017, both, excluding imports.<ref name=China2017/><ref name=China500kNEVs/> Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in September 2016, and 1&nbsp;million by the end of 2017.<ref name=China500Kpax/><ref name=China2017pax/> Domestically produced passenger cars account for 96% of new energy car sales in China.<ref name=China2017pax/><ref name=China2030/>

{{As of|2020|12}}, China had the largest stock of highway legal plug-in passenger cars with over 4.5&nbsp;million units, 42% of the global plug-in car fleet in use.<ref name=ChinaNEV2020/><ref name=EVOutlook2020/> China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle and [[Engineering:Electric bus|electric bus]] deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet<ref>{{Cite web|title=About: Electric car use by country|url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_car_use_by_country|access-date=2021-10-30|website=dbpedia.org}}</ref>. In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric.<ref name=EVOutlook2020/> 

China has been the world's best-selling plug-in electric passenger car market for five years running, from 2015 to 2019, with annual sales rising from more than 207,000 plug-in passenger cars in 2015, to 579,000 in 2017, and just over &nbsp;million units both in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=EVOutlook2020/> A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles, in 2015 representing 87% of total pure electric car sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the [[Engineering:Compact car|compact]] segment.<ref name=ChinaSmallcars/>

[[Company:BYD Auto|BYD Auto]] ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles,<ref name=BYD2015Top/><ref name=BYD2015/> and for a second year running was the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer with over 100,000 units delivered in 2016.<ref name=BYDtop2016>{{cite web | url=http://www.weidu8.net/wx/1010148405424698 | title=谁是2016年电动汽车市场的霸主？ | language=Chinese | trans-title=Who is the dominant electric vehicle market in 2016? | author=Jin Peiling | publisher=Daily Observation Car | date=2017-01-10 | accessdate=2017-01-15 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173833/http://www.weidu8.net/wx/1010148405424698 | archivedate=2017-01-16 }} ''BYD sold more than 100,000 new energy passenger cars in China in 2016, about 30,000 more units than Tesla Motors. The BYD Tang was the top selling plug-in car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units delivered.''</ref> During 2016 BYD became the world's all-time second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer after the Renault-Nissan Alliance.<ref name=China102016pax/><ref name=Top3BYD/> The [[Engineering:BYD Qin|BYD Qin]] was the top selling new energy passenger car for two years in a row, 2014 and 2015.<ref name=ChinaTop2014/><ref name=ChinaTop2015/> The [[Engineering:BYD Tang|BYD Tang]] was the best selling plug-in passenger car in 2016.<ref name=ChinaTopEVs2016/> Until December 2016, the Qin ranked as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the country with 68,655 units sold since its inception.<ref name=ChinaTop2014/><ref name=ChinaTop2015/><ref name=ChinaTop2013/><ref name=Top10PEVs2014/><ref name=ChinaTopEVs2016/> The BAIC EC-Series all-electric [[Finance:City car|city car]] was the top selling plug-in car in 2017, and with 78,079 units sold, it also listed as world's top selling plug-in car in 2017.<ref name=China2017pax/>

The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]]; to reduce urban [[Earth:Air pollution|air pollution]]; and to reduce its carbon emissions.<ref name=HKS2014/> In June 2012 the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.<ref name=NEVtargets/> As sales of new energy vehicles were slower than expected, in September 2013, the central government introduced a subsidy scheme providing a maximum of {{USD|9,800}} toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to {{USD|81,600}} for an electric bus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Productive Development and Innovation: The Quest for Sustainable Growth: Proceedings from the 3rd Policy and Knowledge Summit between Latin America and the Caribbean and China {{!}} Publications|url=https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Productive-Development-and-Innovation-The-Quest-for-Sustainable-Growth-Proceedings-from-the-3rd-Policy-and-Knowledge-Summit-between-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean-and-China.pdf|access-date=2021-10-30|website=publications.iadb.org}}</ref>

==Government policies and incentives==
The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to leapfrog current automotive technology, and seize the growing new energy vehicle (NEV) market to become of the world leaders in manufacturing of all-electric and [[Engineering:Hybrid vehicle|hybrid vehicle]]s. The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]]; to reduce urban [[Earth:Air pollution|air pollution]]; and to reduce its carbon emissions.<ref name=HKS2014/><ref name=NYTChina>{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/business/global/02electric.html|title=China Vies to Be World's Leader in Electric Cars|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|first=Keith|last=Bradsher|date=2009-04-01|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> However, a study by McKinsey & Company found that even though local air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with a similar-size electric car, it would reduce [[Earth:Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emissions]] by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its electricity production.<ref name=NYTChina/> The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives. Initially, conventional [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]]s were also included.<ref name=NEVs>{{cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/333531468216944327/pdf/612590WP0PRTM01BOX358342B01PUBLIC11.pdf|title=The China New Energy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities |author=PRTM Management Consultants, Inc|publisher=[[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]]|date=April 2011|accessdate=2013-04-22}} ''See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v''</ref>

On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives for new energy vehicles of up to 60,000 yuan (~{{USD|9,281}} in June 2011) for private purchase of new [[Engineering:Battery electric vehicle|battery electric vehicle]]s and 50,000 yuan  (~{{USD|7,634}} in June 2011) for plug-in hybrids in five cities.<ref name=EdmondsCh>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html|title=China Announces Plan to Subsidize EVs and Plug-in Hybrids in Five Major Cities|publisher=Edmunds.com|date=2010-06-01|accessdate=2010-06-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605040731/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html|archivedate=2010-06-05}}</ref><ref name=NYT0610>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/china-to-start-pilot-program-providing-subsidies-for-electric-cars-and-hybrids/|title=China to Start Pilot Program, Providing Subsidies for Electric Cars and Hybrids|work=New York Times|date=2010-06-02|accessdate=2010-06-02 | first=Jim | last=Motavalli}}</ref> The cities participating in the pilot program are [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]], Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the government expects that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly. The amount of the subsidy will be reduced once 50,000 units are sold.<ref name=EdmondsCh/><ref name=NYT0610/> Electricity utilities have been ordered to set up electric car [[Engineering:Charging station|charging station]]s in [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]], [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]] and [[Place:Tianjin|Tianjin]].<ref name=NYTChina/><ref name=WSJChina>{{citation
|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122928340145004821|title=BYD to Introduce China's First Electric Car
|publisher=Wall Street Journal|first=Norihiko|last=Shirouzu|date=15 December 2008|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref> The government set the goal to raise the country's annual production capacity to 500,000 plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars and buses by the end of 2011, up from 2,100 in 2008.<ref name=NYTChina/>

In June 2012, the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.<ref name=NEVtargets>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/140321/chinese-cities-open-green-car-markets-government-battles-pollut|title=Chinese cities open up green car markets as government battles pollution|agency=Reuters|publisher=Global Post|date=2014-03-03|accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/07/china-20120709.html|title=China publishes plan to boost fuel-efficient and new energy vehicles and domestic auto industry; targeting 500K PHEVs and EVs in 2015, rising to 2M by 2020|author=Mike Millikin|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2012-07-09|accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> According to a report by McKinsey & Company, electric vehicle sales between January 2009 and June 2012 represented less than 0.01% of new car sales in China.<ref name=Share2012>{{cite news|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-10/26/content_15848850.htm|title=Electric vehicle industry in the slow lane |author=Wang Chao|work=China Daily Europe|date=2012-10-26|accessdate=2012-11-21}}</ref> A mid-September 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government would provide a maximum of {{USD|9,800}} toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.<ref name=ChinaSubsidy2013>{{cite news|title=China announces new electric car subsidy program|url=http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/node/64577|accessdate=2013-09-18|newspaper=China Economic Review|date=2013-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217055135/http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/node/64577|archive-date=2013-12-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2012 survey of Chinese and U.S. consumer preferences for different vehicle types found that regardless of the national subsidies and based solely on user preferences, Chinese consumers stated being willing to adopt BEVs and mid-range PHEVs at similar rates relative to their respective gasoline counterparts, whereas American consumers stated preferring low-range PHEVs over BEVs. The study highlights an increased preference of Chinese willingness to buy BEVs when compared to the U.S., implying a potential for earlier BEV adoption in China, given adequate supply.<ref name="Helveston"/>

The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) expected that sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in China would reach 60,000 to 80,000 units in 2014.<ref name=China2013/> As sales have been much lower than initially expected, and most of the deployed NEV stock has been purchased by the government for public fleets, new monetary incentives were issued in 2014, and  the national government set a sales target of 160,000 units for 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140215000074&cid=1102|title=New energy vehicle sales set at 160,000 for 2014 in China|author=Xinhua|work=Want China Times|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2014-03-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322182915/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140215000074&cid=1102|archivedate=2014-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ecns.cn/business/2014/09-07/133426.shtml|title=China's Jan.-Aug. NEV production up 328 percent |author=Gu Liping|work=Xinhua|publisher=ECNS|date=2014-09-07|accessdate=2014-09-07}}</ref>  Although the goal was not achieved, new energy vehicles sales in 2014 totaled 74,763 units, up 324% from 2013. The China Industrial Association of Power Sources expected new energy vehicle sales to reach between 200,000 and 220,000 NEVs in 2015, and 400,000 units in 2016.<ref name=China200k>{{cite web|url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/forecasts-sales-of-alternative-energy-cars-to-hit-151015.shtml|title=Forecasts：Sales of alternative energy cars to hit 200,000 this year in China|author= Natasha Li|publisher=Gasgoo Automotive News|date=2015-10-15|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref> The surge in demand continued in 2015, with a total of 331,092 NEVs sold in 2015, rising 343% year-on-year.<ref name=China2014/><ref name=China2015/>

Initially, CAAM expected new energy vehicle sales to more than double 2015 sales and reach 700,000 NEVs in 2016.<ref name=China700k>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-autos-green-cars-idUSKCN0UQ0P820160112 |title= China green car sales to double to 700,000 units in 2016: industry association |author1=Meng Meng  |author2=Jake Spring  |name-list-style=amp |publisher={{wipe|Reuters}} | location=Beijing |date=2016-01-12 |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> After the government imposed penalties to several carmakers for defrauding the subsidy program out of almost 10 billion yuan, CAAM revised downward in September 2016 its 2016 sales target to 400,000 new energy vehicle orders.<ref name=China400k>{{cite news | url=http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2018663/chinese-auto-group-slashes-new-energy-vehicle-forecast-wake | title=Chinese auto group slashes new energy vehicle forecast in wake of subsidy fraud | first=Celine | last=Ge | work=South China Morning Post | date=2016-09-12 | accessdate=2016-09-13}}</ref>  Only 289,000 new energy vehicles had been sold during the first nine months of 2016.<ref name=ChinaSept2016/>

As intercity driving is rare in China, electric cars provide several practical advantages because commutes are fairly short and at low speeds due to traffic congestion. These particular local conditions make the range limitation of all-electric cars less of a problem, especially as the latest Chinese models have a top speed of {{convert|100|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} and a range of {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} between charges.<ref name=NYTChina/> As of May 2010, Chinese automakers have developed at least 10 models of high-speed, all-electric cars with plans for volume production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/05/10-electric-cars-to-be-released-this-year/ |title=10 Electric Models To Be Released This Year? |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2010-05-21}}</ref>

The Chinese government reaffirmed their priority to promote new energy vehicles in its 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the document that emphasizes boosting technological innovations in the manufacturing of new energy vehicles and promoting the use of electric cars, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles, included in its latest Five-Year Plan. The consulting firm [[Company:PwC|PwC]] estimates the sales of new-energy vehicles in China will climb to 1.4 million units by 2020, and about 3.75 million units by 2025.<ref name=ChinaDily112015/>

As part of its commitment to promote electric vehicles, the Chinese government announced plans in September 2015 to build a nationwide charging-station network to fulfil the power demand of 5 million electric vehicles by 2020. This network will cover residential areas, business districts, public space and inter-city highways, according to a guideline released by the State Council. Also, the plan mandates that new residential complexes should build charging points or assign space for them, while public parking lots should have no less than 10% of parking spaces with charging facilities. According to the guideline, there should be at least one public charging station for every 2,000 NEVs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/09/c_134696278.htm|title=China to build chargers to power 5 mln electric cars by 2020|author=Xinhua|work=Xinhua News Agency|date=2015-10-09|accessdate=2015-10-25}}</ref> Also the State Council ordered local governments not to restrict the sales or use of new energy cars.<ref name=ChinaDily112015>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/motoring/2015-11/09/content_22405520.htm|title=Central govt gives a jolt to new-energy auto industry|author=Li Fusheng|work=China Daily|date=2015-11-09|accessdate=2015-11-27}}</ref>

[[File:Tesla Model X.jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:Tesla Model X|Tesla Model X]] with Shanghai's new green EV vehicle license plate]]

In October 2015, Tesla Motor announced the company is negotiating with the Chinese government on producing its electric cars domestically. Local production has the potential to reduce the sales prices of Tesla models by a third, and so improving the weak sales of the Model S.<ref name=CHImodelS092015/> A Model S starts at about {{USD|76,000}} in the U.S., while in China pricing starts at {{yuan|673,000}}, about {{USD|106,000}}, after duties and other taxes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-plans-to-produce-electric-vehicles-in-china-within-two-years-1445602222|title=Tesla Aims to Build Its Electric Cars in China|author=Rose Yu|work={{wipe|The Wall Street Journal}}|date=2015-10-23|accessdate=2015-10-25}}</ref> Foreign automakers are generally required to establish a joint venture with a Chinese company to produce cars domestically.<ref name=CHImodelS092015/>

In April 2016, the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced the introduction of new green license plates to identify new energy vehicles, as opposed to the country's standard blue plates. The NEV plates include a Chinese character short for the provincial region where they are issued, and seven numbers and letters, compared to six on standard plates. The objective of the special plates is to facilitate police enforcement of the preferential policies that some local authorities apply to cleaner cars to help cut emissions and ease traffic. For example, central Beijing has in place a [[Engineering:Road space rationing|road space rationing]] scheme, a driving restriction regulation that bans conventional vehicles from entering the city for one day a week, but new energy vehicles are exempted from the restriction.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/18/content_24643530.htm | title=New license plates to differentiate new energy vehicles | work=Xinhua | date=2016-04-18 | accessdate=2016-04-19}}</ref> Beijing also introduced a vehicle quota system in 2011, awarding new car licenses through a lottery, with a ceiling of 6 million units for 2017. New energy vehicles were placed in a special category where the odds of winning a license plate are much higher than conventional autos.<ref name=Beijing052016>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-25/beijing-seeks-to-legislate-car-quotas-as-it-mulls-congestion-fee | title=Beijing Seeks to Legislate Car Quotas as It Mulls Congestion Fee  | work={{wipe|Bloomberg News}} | date=2016-05-25 | accessdate=2016-05-28}}</ref>

==New energy vehicle sales==
[[File:Top PEV global markets stock 2017 final with California.png|thumb|350px |Cumulative light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in China compared to the world's top-selling countries and Europe {{as of|2020|12|lc=y}}. China has the world's largest stock of plug-in passenger cars.]]

Cumulative domestically built new energy vehicle sales in China totaled 1,728,447 units between January 2011 and December 2017. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country because imports are not subject to government subsidies.<ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/><ref name=ChinaLeads2016>{{cite news |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/china-takes-lead-as-number-one-in-plug-in-vehicle-sales/ | title=China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug-in Vehicle Sales | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-12-27| accessdate=2017-01-06}} ''{{As of|2016|11}}, cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles in China totaled 846,447 units, including passenger and commercial vehicles, making the country the world's leader in overall plug-in electric vehicle sales. With cumulative sales of about 600,000 plug-in electric passenger cars through November 2016, China is also the global leader in the plug-in passenger vehicle segment, ahead of Europe and the U.S.''</ref> {{As of|2017|12}}, the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of 1,385,088 all-electric vehicles (80.1%) and 343,359 plug-in hybrid vehicles (19.9%) sold since 2011.<ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/><ref name=China500kNEVs>{{cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/china-reports-500000th-plug-in-vehicle-sold/ |title=China Reports 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle Sold | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-05-11| accessdate=2016-05-12}} ''{{As of|2016|03}}, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011, consisting of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%). With 31,772 NEVs sold in April 2016, cumulative sales totaled 534,344 NEVs between January 2011 and April 2016.''</ref><ref name=China042016>{{cite web| url=http://www.d1ev.com/43378.html | title=中汽协：4月新能源汽车产销同步破3万辆 同比增长近2倍 |language=Chinese|trans-title=Automobile Association: April sales of new energy vehicles sync break 30,000, an increase of nearly 2-fold |author=Staff |publisher=D1EV.com| date=2016-05-11 |accessdate=2016-07-31}} ''Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 31,772 units in April 2016, consisting of 23,908 all-electric vehicles and 7,864 plug-in hybrids.''</ref> Most of the stock of new energy vehicles was sold during the last three years. Deliveries between 2015 and 2017 account for 93.4% of all domestically built new energy vehicle sales since 2011, of which, 45.0% were sold in 2017, 29.3% in 2016, and 19.2% in 2015.<ref name=China2011/><ref name=China2012/><ref name=China2013/><ref name=China2014/><ref name=China2015/><ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/>

According to the Minister of Science and Technology, by mid-2013 more than 80% of the country's plug-in stock was on duty in public fleet vehicles, used mainly in [[Engineering:Public transport|public transport]], for both bus and taxi services, and also in solid waste recollection services ([[Engineering:Garbage truck#Garbage truck|sanitation trucks]]).<ref name=HKS2014/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/2013/06/24/the-reality-of-electric-cars-in-china/|title=The Reality Of Electric Cars In China|author=Jack Perkowski|work={{wipe|Forbes}}|date=2013-06-24|accessdate=2013-11-10}}</ref><ref name=ChinaEVs062013>{{cite news|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-08/05/content_16869956.htm|title=New energy vehicles await fuel injection|author=Jiang Xueqing|work=China Daily|date=2013-08-05|accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> {{As of|2014|12}}, a total of 83,198 plug-in electric passenger cars and 36,500 pure electric buses had been registered in the country since 2008.<ref name=Outlook2015>{{cite web|url=http://cleanenergyministerial.org/Portals/2/pdfs/EVI-PR-GlobalEVOutlook2015-v14-landscape.pdf|title=Global EV Outlook 2015|author=[[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]], Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI)|publisher=Clean Energy Ministerial|date=March 2015|accessdate=2015-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175805/http://cleanenergyministerial.org/Portals/2/pdfs/EVI-PR-GlobalEVOutlook2015-v14-landscape.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}} ''[http://www.iea.org/evi/GEO_2015_Addendum.pdf The EV Outlook 2015 figures include only plug-in electric passenger cars and SUVs (excludes light-weight utility vehicles)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145702/http://www.iea.org/evi/GEO_2015_Addendum.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }} and [http://www.greentechmedia.com/industry/read/evi-releases-the-global-ev-outlook-2015-355910 total sales/registrations figures correspond to the 16 EVI countries, which are estimated to represent 95% of the global PEV stock.]  {{As of|2014|12}}, the Japanese stock of plug-in cars totaled 108,241 units, and China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.''</ref> A particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles. In 2015, all-electric car sales in the [[Engineering:Microcar|mini]] and [[Engineering:Subcompact car|small]] segments ([[Engineering:A-segment|A-segment]]) represented 87% of total pure electric car sales, while 96% of total plug-in hybrid car sales were in the [[Engineering:Compact car|compact]] segment ([[Engineering:C-segment|C-segment]]). Among the [[Engineering:Electric vehicle|electric drive]] segments, [[Engineering:Mid-size car|mid-size car]] ([[Engineering:D-segment|D-segment]]) sales were significant only in the conventional [[Engineering:Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] segment, representing about 50% of hybrid sales.<ref name=ChinaSmallcars>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/auto-focus/china-faces-acid-test-in-vehicle-emissions/article9163602.ece | title=China faces acid test in vehicle emissions | first=Abdul | last=Majeed | work=Business Line | date=2016-09-29 | accessdate=2016-09-29}}</ref>

The country achieved record sales of 207,380 new energy passenger cars in 2015, making China the world's top selling plug-in passenger car country market in calendar year 2015, surpassing the European market and also the United States, the leading market in 2014.<ref name=Outlook2016/><ref name=TopSix2015>{{cite news| url=http://www.hybridcars.com/top-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015/ | title=Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015 |first=Jeff |last=Cobb |work=HybridCars.com |date=2016-01-18|accessdate=2016-02-12}} ''About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2014, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is the leading market with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China with 258,328 units sold since 2011.''</ref><ref name=ChinaLeads_2>{{cite web| url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/12/29/china-far-ahead-of-us-europe-in-total-electric-vehicle-sales/ | title=China far ahead of US, Europe in total electric vehicle sales | first=Danny | last=King |publisher=Autoblog.com | date=2016-12-29| accessdate=2017-01-08 |quote=''Last year, China overtook both the US and Europe in annual sales of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. This year, it will move ahead of both the US and Europe in cumulative plug-in vehicle sales.''}}</ref> A total of 320,081 new energy passenger cars were sold in 2016, ahead of both Europe (212,000) and the U.S. (157,181), allowing the country to remain as the world's top selling plug-in car market in 2016.<ref name=TopTen2016/> The domestic plug-in segment market share totaled 1.3% of new car sales in 2016.<ref name=TopTen2016>{{ cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/top-10-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-of-2016/ |title=Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016 | first= Jeff | last=Cobb | work= HybridCars.com | date=2017-01-17 |accessdate=2017-01-18}}</ref> These sales figures exclude imports, such as the [[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]].<ref name=China2030/> Domestically produced cars account for 96% of new energy car sales in China.<ref name=China2030>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldunne/2016/12/14/chinas-automotive-2030-blueprint-no-1-globally-in-evs-autonomous-cars/2/#4cd597695e48 | title=China's Automotive 2030 Blueprint: No. 1 Globally In EVs, Autonomous Cars | first=Michael J. | last=Dune | work={{wipe|Forbes}} | date=2016-12-14 | accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref>

[[File:Comparison PEV sales China Europe USA from 2014.png|thumb|375px|left|Comparison of annual plug-in electric passenger car sales between China, Europe, and the U.S. (2014 - 2020)<ref name=ChinaNEV2020/><ref name=EVOutlook2020>{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? |author=International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-15}} ''See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.''</ref><ref name=SalesUSA2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.anl.gov/es/light-duty-electric-drive-vehicles-monthly-sales-updates |title=Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates: Plug-In Vehicle Sales | author=Argonne National Laboratory | publisher=Argonne National Laboratory | date=February 2021 | accessdate=2021-02-12 |quote=Cumulatively, 297,939 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold in 2020. In total, 1,741,566 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold since 2010.}}</ref><ref name="Europe2019_2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20210204_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2020_FINAL.pdf |title=New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2020 |author=European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) |publisher=ACEA |date=2021-02-04 |accessdate=2020-02-05}} ''See table: Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles (ECV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA. Shows Total registrations for EU + EFTA + UK in Q1-Q4 20199 and 2020. A total of 1,364,813 plug-in cars were registered in 2020, up from 559,871 in 2019 (+143.8%).''</ref>]]

China, together with the U.S., had the world's largest country stock of plug-in electric passenger cars until September 2016, with the Chinese plug-in stock representing 29.2% of the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars.<ref name=ChinaUS092016>{{cite news |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/china-now-ties-us-for-leadership-in-cumulative-global-plug-in-sales/ | title=China Now Ties US For Leadership In Cumulative Global Plug-In Sales | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-10-17| accessdate=2016-10-17}} ''{{As of|2016|09}}, the U.S. and China are technically tied for first place as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market. The U.S. has cumulative plug-in car sales of 522,519 units while China has 521,649 domestically produced plug-in cars. Europe is still the world's largest regional market with almost 50,000 more units sold that both countries, totaling about 570,000 light-duty plug-in vehicles. {{As of|2016|09}}, cumulative sales of domestic new energy vehicles since 2011 totaled 733,447 units, making China the world's largest plug-in electric vehicle market when all automotive segments are accounted for.''</ref> In October 2016, with about 31,000 plug-in passenger cars sold in China, while U.S. sales totaled over 11,000 units, China became the country with the world's largest stock of plug-in passenger cars, totaling about 553,000 units versus almost 533,000 in the American market.<ref name=ChinaUS092016/><ref name=China102016pax/><ref name=Sales102016US>{{ cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/october-2016-dashboard/ |title= October 2016 Dashboard | first= Jeff | last=Cobb | work= HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates | date=2016-11-02 |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref name=Cal250K>{{cite news |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/california-celebrates-one-quarter-million-plug-in-cars-sold/ | title=California Celebrates One-Quarter Million Plug-in Cars Sold | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-11-14 | accessdate=2016-11-15|quote=The U.S., counting sales back to 2008, has purchased 532,754 PEVs through October 2016.}}</ref> The gap between the two countries widened in November 2016, as 41,795 new energy passenger cars were sold in China, while only 14,124 were sold in the U.S.<ref name=China112016pax>{{cite web | url=http://www.d1ev.com/47512.html | title=乘联会：11月新能源乘用车销售4.2万辆 众泰、比亚迪、吉利表现强劲 |language=Chinese |trans-title=By the Automobile Association: November new energy passenger car sales totaled 42,000 units. Zotye, BYD, Geely strong |author=Liu Wanxiang |publisher=D1EV.com| date=2016-12-09 |accessdate=2016-12-17}} ''Sales of new energy passenger cars in China totaled 41,795 units in November 2016, consisting of 26,811 all-electric cars and 4,178 plug-in hybrids. Sales of new energy passenger car totaled 282,292 units between January and November 2016, consisting of 208,839 all-electric cars and 73,453 plug-in hybrids. BYD Auto sold 8,314 units in November 2016 consisting of 2,069 e6s, 2,113 e5s, 1,578 Tangs, 1,215 Qin EV300s, and 1,118 Qins.''</ref><ref name=Sales112016US>{{ cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/november-2016-dashboard/ |title= November 2016 Dashboard | first= Jeff | last=Cobb | work= HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates | date=2016-12-02 |accessdate=2016-12-18}}</ref> By November 2016, China's cumulative total plug-in passenger vehicles sales also overtook Europe, making the country the global leader in the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment.<ref name=ChinaLeads2016/><ref name=ChinaLeads_2/> {{As of|2016|12}}, sales of domestically produced new energy passenger cars since 2010 totaled 632,371 units.<ref name=Outlook2016/><ref name=China2016pax>{{cite web | url=http://www.d1ev.com/48423.html | title=乘联会：新能源乘用车2016年销量32万辆 比亚迪\吉利\北汽稳居前三 |language=Chinese |trans-title=By the Federation: new energy passenger car sales in 2016 totaled 320,000 units. BYD, Geely and BAIC were the top three manufacturers|author=Liu Wanxiang |publisher=D1EV.com| date=2017-01-11 |accessdate=2017-01-12}} ''Sales of new energy vehicles in China totaled 320,081 units, consisting of 239,830 all-electric cars and 80,251 plug-in hybrid vehicles.''</ref> [[Company:IHS Markit|IHS Automotive]] predicted Chinese annual plug-in car sales will reach 1&nbsp;million in 2019, four years before the United States.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-autoshow-electrics-analysis-idUSKBN14Z0KW?il=0 | title=China, Europe drive shift to electric cars as U.S. lags | first=Laurence |last=Frost | work={{wipe|Reuters}} | date=2017-01-15 | accessdate=2017-01-15}}</ref> Chinese car buyers may also be more likely to adopt BEVs. A controlled survey experiment of car buyers in China and the U.S. suggest that U.S. consumer's willingness to buy a BEV is $10,000-$20,000 lower than an otherwise similar gasoline vehicle, whereas Chinese consumers' willingness to buy is within $10,000. <ref name="Helveston"/>

{{As of|2015|12}}, China listed as the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses and plug-in trucks, the latter, particularly sanitation/garbage trucks.<ref name=HKS2014/><ref name=Global1mi>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/|title=One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached|author=Jeff Cobb|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2015-09-16|accessdate=2015-09-16}} ''Cumulative global sales totaled over 1 million highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light-duty vehicles by mid-September 2015.''</ref> Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles have been sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in 2015.<ref name=China2015/><ref name=Outlook2015/> Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100,763 all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).<ref name=China2015/>

===Electric buses===
The share of all-electric bus sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012, and was expected to be closed to 20% for 2013.<ref name=ChinaeBuses>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-02/01/c_133087929.htm|title=Experts eye Tesla to spur China's electric vehicle market|author=Xinhua News Agency|publisher=Xinhua English News|date=2014-02-01|accessdate=2014-02-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215940/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-02/01/c_133087929.htm|archivedate=2014-02-21}}</ref> The global stock of plug-in electric buses in 2015 was estimated to be about 173,000 units, but almost entirely deployed in China, the world's largest electric bus market. Of these, almost 150,000 are all-electric buses. The Chinese electric bus stock grew nearly sixfold between 2014 and 2015.<ref name=Outlook2016>{{cite web | url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf | title=Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars | author=[[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) | publisher=IEA Publications | date=May 2016 | accessdate=2016-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824165154/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf | archive-date=2016-08-24 | url-status=dead }} ''See pp. 24-25, and 34-36, Table 6. The stock of plug-in electric cars in China totaled 312,290 units at the end of 2015.''</ref> The production of all-electric buses totaled 115,664 units in 2016, up 31% from 88,248 electric buses produced in 2015.<ref name=eBusChina2016>{{cite web | url=http://m.nev.ofweek.com/2017-01/ART-71011-8420-30092804.html | title=2016纯电动客车格局巨变：宇通比亚迪中通三足鼎立 |language=Chinese |trans-title=2016 pure electric bus pattern change: Yutong BYD in the tripod |publisher=NEV.ofweek.com| date=2017-01-18 |accessdate=2017-01-25}}</ref>

The Chinese stock of plug-in buses reached 343,500 units in 2016, doubling the 2015 stock, with 300,000 units being all-electric vehicles. The global stock of electric buses was about 345,000 vehicles in 2016, with only 1,273 deployed in Europe and 200 in the U.S.<ref name=Outlook2017>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/GlobalEVOutlook2017.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2017: Two million and counting |author=[[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2017 |accessdate=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607142215/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/GlobalEVOutlook2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-07 |url-status=dead }} ''See pp. 5–7, 12–22, 27–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 49–51''.</ref> The city of Shenzhen is leading the modernization and electrification effort in China with hundreds of electric buses already in operation in 2016. Shenzhen set the goal of having a 100% electric bus fleet in 2017.<ref name=Outlook2017/> China had about 385,000 electric buses by the end of 2017, more than 99% of the global stock.<ref name=ICCT102018>{{cite web| url=https://www.theicct.org/publications/ev-capitals-of-the-world-2018 | title=Electric vehicle capitals: Accelerating the global transition to electric drive | author= Dale Hall, Hongyang Cui, Nic Lutsey |publisher=The International Council on Clean Transportation | date=2018-10-30 | accessdate=2018-11-01}} ''Click on "Download File" to get the full report, 15 pp.''</ref>

===Low-speed vehicles and other modes===
;Low-speed electric vehicles
Sales of low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) experienced considerable growth in China between 2012 and 2016 due to their affordability and flexibility because they can be driven without a driver license. Most of these low-speed electric cars are used in small cities, but they are expanding to larger cities.<ref name=Outlook2016/><ref name=Outlook2017/> These small vehicles are not accounted by the government as new energy vehicles (NEVs) due to safety and environmental concerns, and are excluded from government NEV purchase subsidies.<ref name=China2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/motoring/2014-01/11/content_17229981.htm|title=New-energy vehicles 'turning the corner'|author= Jiang Xueqing|publisher=China Daily|date=2014-01-11|accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref><ref name=ChinaNEF2018/> LSEVs generally have a maximum speed of between {{convert|40|to|70|km/h|abbr=on}}, have short ranges and, in some cases, use lead-acid batteries and basic motor technology.<ref name=Outlook2017/>

About 200&nbsp;thousand low-speed small electric cars were sold in 2013,<ref name=China2013/> and 750&nbsp;thousand units in 2015.<ref name=ChinaNEF2018/> LSEV sales in 2016 were estimated at 1.2&nbsp;million, while highway capable plug-in passenger cars were over 300&nbsp;thousand.<ref name=ChinaNEF2018/> {{As of|2016|12}}, the stock low-speed small electric car was estimated to be between 3&nbsp;million and 4&nbsp;million units.<ref name=Outlook2017/> However the sales ratio between LSEVs and passenger NEVs began to decrease beginning in 2015. In 2014, LSEVs sales were 15 times more than normal plug-in passenger cars, but the ratio declined to about four times in 2016, and fell to 2.5 times in 2018, when about 1.1&nbsp;million normal passenger electric vehicles, compared to 1.4&nbsp;million low-speed vehicles.<ref name=ChinaNEF2018/>

[[File:Parking Electric Scooters Chengdu.jpg|thumb|[[Engineering:Electric motorcycles and scooters|Electric scooters]] in Chengdu ]]

The lack of regulations for LSEV manufacturers has led to poor safety performance. Traffic safety is also at stake. LSEVs struggle in large cities due to their poor acceleration and low top speeds.  LSEVs could jeopardize the market for electric cars, one of China's priorities for industrial policy development. For these reasons, legislation to regulate and standardize low-speed electric vehicles began to be discussed by the Chinese government in 2016, including  battery types (lead-acid versus lithium-ion batteries) and mandatory safety tests and vehicle dimensions.<ref name=Outlook2017/>

;Two-wheelers and three-wheelers
China continued to dominate both new registrations and the global stock of [[Engineering:Electric motorcycles and scooters|electric two-wheelers]] in 2016, with about 26 million units sold. The stock of electric two-wheelers is estimated in the 200-230 million range by the end of 2016, making China the global leader in this segment.<ref name=Outlook2017/>

The high growth rate in electric two-wheelers is partially due to the country's policies to limit air pollution hazards, such as its ban on gasoline-powered motorcycles, limits on the issuing of licences, and the division of lanes. In addition, two-wheelers have reached cost parity with [[Earth:Internal combustion engine|internal combustion engine]] models, making them affordable and attractive to consumers.<ref name=Outlook2017/>

===National market===

[[File:NEV cum sales China from 2011.png|thumb|325px|Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles in China between 2011 and 2020<ref name=China2011/><ref name=China2012/><ref name=China2013/><ref name=China2014/><ref name=China2015/><ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/><ref name=China2018/><ref name="NEVsChina2019"/><ref name=ChinaNEV2020/>]]
====2011–2013====

A total of 8,159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during 2011, including passenger cars (61%) and buses (28%). Of these, 5,579 units were all-electric vehicles and 2,580 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=China2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.evwind.es/2012/01/16/5579-electric-cars-sold-in-china-in-2011/15911|title=5,579 electric cars sold in China in 2011|author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers|publisher=Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Review|date=2012-01-16|accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> Electric vehicle sales represented 0.04% of total new car sales in 2011.<ref name=Ch1H2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/china-set-sell-over-4-million-evs-2020-62718.html|title=China To Sell Over 4 Million Electrified Vehicles in 2020|author=Philippe Crowne|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2012-11-23|accessdate=2014-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128184227/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/china-set-sell-over-4-million-evs-2020-62718.html|archive-date=2012-11-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sales of new energy vehicles in 2012 reached 12,791 units, which includes 11,375 all-electric vehicles and 1,416 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=China2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.cars21.com/news/view/5227|title=EV sales increase 103.9% in China in 2012- Electric China Weekly No 17|author=Cars21.com|publisher=Cars21.com|date=2013-02-13|accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> New energy vehicle sales in 2012 represented 0.07% of the country's total new car sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ce.cn/Industries/Auto/201303/01/t20130301_24157421.shtml|title=China needs electric cars more than hybrid|author=China Daily|publisher=China Economic Net|date=2013-02-28|accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref> During 2013 new energy vehicle sales totaled 17,642 units, up 37.9% from 2012 and representing 0.08% of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the country in 2013. Deliveries included 14,604 pure electric vehicles and 3,038 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=China2013/><ref name=China122013>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2014/01/plug-in-ev-sales-in-china-rose-37-9-to-17600-in-2013/|title=Plug-in EV Sales in China Rose 37.9% to 17,600 in 2013|author=Staff|publisher=China Auto Web |date=2014-01-10|accessdate=2014-02-09}}</ref>

The top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013 was the Chery QQ3 EV [[Finance:City car|city car]], with 2,167 units sold in 2011, 3,129 in 2012, and 5,727 in 2013.<ref name=HKS2014/> The JAC J3 EV ranked second in 2012 with 2,485 units sold, followed by the [[Engineering:BYD e6|BYD e6]] with 1,690 cars.<ref name=HKS2014/> During 2013, the BYD e6 ranked second with 1,544 units sold, followed by the BAIC E150 EV with 1,466 units.<ref name=HKS2014/> The [[Engineering:BYD Qin|BYD Qin]] plug-in hybrid was launched in the country in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/|title=BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB|author=Chinese Car News|publisher=China Car Times|date=2013-12-19|accessdate=2013-12-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221190347/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/|archivedate=2013-12-21}}</ref> The Qin replaced the [[Engineering:BYD F3DM|BYD F3DM]], the world's first [[Finance:Mass production|mass-produced]] plug-in hybrid automobile, launched in China in December 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1075547_byd-chin-worlds-first-plug-in-hybrid-updated-and-renamed|title=BYD Chin: World's First Plug-In Hybrid, Updated And Renamed|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-04-20|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/19/byds-qin-sedan-will-replace-poor-selling-f3dm/|title=BYD's Qin sedan will replace poor-selling F3DM|author=Danny King|publisher=Autoblog Green|date=2012-04-19|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/04/denza-20120423.html|title=Daimler/BYD joint venture introduces DENZA EV concept at Auto China 2012; BYD introduces new dual-mode Qin|publisher=Green Car Congress |date=2012-04-22|accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>

====2014====
In April 2014, Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of the Chinese manufactured version of the [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]], the Venucia e30, were scheduled to begin in September 2014.<ref name=Venuciae30>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2014/04/21/chinese-nissan-leaf-goes-on-sale-in-september-venucia-e30/|title=Chinese Nissan Leaf goes on sale in September as Venucia e30|author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2014-04-21|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>  The Venucia e30 sold 582 units in 2014.<ref name=ChinaTop2014/>

The first [[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]] retail deliveries took place in Beijing on 22 April 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/highway1/la-fi-hy-tesla-elon-musk-china-20140422,0,4201103.story#axzz2zd58LPWF|title=Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China; delays upset some|author=Julie Makinen|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=2014-04-22|accessdate=2014-04-22}}</ref> About 2,800 Model S sedans have been imported by mid September 2014, but only 432 had received the license plates.<ref name=ChinaModelS>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-china-disappearing-teslas-20140925-story.html|title=Are Teslas disappearing in China?|author=Charles Fleming|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=2014-09-26|accessdate=2014-10-16}}</ref> According to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10% purchase tax.<ref name=ChinaModelS/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/2566445-tesla-motors-the-road-to-china-is-getting-harder|title=Tesla Motors: The Road To China Is Getting Harder|author=Sarita Pereira|work=[[Finance:Seeking Alpha|Seeking Alpha]]|date=2014-10-16|accessdate=2014-10-17}}</ref> {{As of|2015|01}}, a total of 2,968 Model S cars have been registered in China.<ref name=CHImodelS2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150307000077&cid=1202|title=Tesla cutting 30% of staff in China|author=Staff|work=Want China Times|date=2015-03-07|accessdate=2015-03-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308121034/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150307000077&cid=1202|archivedate=2015-03-08}} ''Tesla imported 4,800 Model S cars in 2014, but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China.''</ref><ref name=CHImodelS2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-cuts-jobs-in-china-1425870828|title=Tesla Runs Out of Charge in China|author=Colum Murphy|work=Wall Street Journal|date=2015-03-09|accessdate=2015-03-09}} ''According to JL Warren Capital LLC, just under 2,500 Model S cars were sold in China in 2014, and an additional 469 units in January 2015. See graphs for monthly imports and registrations.''</ref>

New energy vehicle sales in China during 2014 totaled 74,763 units, consisting of 45,048 all-electric vehicles, and 29,715 plug-in hybrids. Of these, 71% were passenger cars, 27% buses, and 1% trucks.<ref name=ChinaTop2014/> Pure electric vehicle sales increased 210% from 2013 while plug-in hybrid sales grew 880% from the previous year. Production of new energy vehicles in the country in 2014 reached 78,499 units, up 350% from 2013. The plug-in electric segment market share reached 0.32% of the 23.5 million new car sales sold in 2014.<ref name=China2014/> The BYD Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014, with 14,747 units sold during the year,<ref name=ChinaTop2014/> and became the country's top selling plug-in passenger car ever.<ref name=Top10PEVs2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/2014s-top-10-global-best-selling-plug-in-cars/5/|title=2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars|author=Jeff Cobb|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2015-02-11|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref> The Qin was followed by the all-electrics Kandi EV with 14,398, Zotye Zhidou E20, with 7,341 units,  and BAIC E150 EV with 5,234.<ref name=ChinaTop2014>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2015/01/2014-ev-sales-ranking/|title=2014 EV Sales Ranking|author=Staff|publisher=China Auto Web|date=2015-01-14|accessdate=2015-01-15}}</ref><ref name=Kandi2014/>
{{Clear}}

====2015====
Domestically produced new energy vehicle sales in 2015 totaled a record 331,092 units, consisting of 247,482 all-electric vehicles and 83,610 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 449% and 191% from 2014, respectively.<ref name=China2015/> Sales of plug-in passenger cars, excluding imports, totaled 207,380 units in 2015, consisting of 146,720 all-electrics and 60,660 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=Outlook2016/> This record level of sales allowed China to rank as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country market in 2015, ahead of the U.S., which was the top selling country in 2014.<ref name=TopSix2015/> The plug-in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0.84% in 2015, up from 0.25% in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2016/01/zotye-zhima-e30-new-contender-for-2016.html |title= China December 2015 (3rd Update) |last=Jose |first=Pontes |publisher=EVSales.com|date=2016-01-12|accessdate=2016-02-08}}</ref> The top selling plug-in passenger models in 2015 were the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid with 31,898 units sold,<ref name=ChinaTop2015/> followed by the [[Engineering:BYD Tang|BYD Tang]] (18,375),<ref name=ChinaSUV2015>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/best-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015/|title=Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015 |author=Staff|work=China Auto Web|date=2016-01-14|accessdate=2016-01-17}} ''A total of 18,375 Tangs were sold in China in 2015.''</ref> and the all-electrics Kandi EV (16,736), BAIC E150/160/200 EV (16,488), and the Zotye Z100 EV (15,467).<ref name=ChinaTop2015EV>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/sales-ranking-of-china-made-pure-electric-cars-in-2015/ |title=Sales Ranking of China-made Pure-electric Cars in 2015 |author=Staff|work=China Auto Web|date=2016-01-14|accessdate=2016-02-10}} ''A total of 16,736 Kandi EVs, 16,488 BAIC E-Series EVs, and 15,467 Zotye Z100 EVs were sold in China in 2015.''</ref>

September 2015 achieved the best monthly NEV sales volume on record, with 20,892 units sold.<ref name=China092015>{{cite web|url=http://www.caam.org.cn/AutomotivesStatistics/20151022/1005175995.html|title=New energy vehicles {{sic|nolink=y|keeped}} a high-speed growth|author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM)|publisher=CAAM|date=2015-10-22|accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aastocks.com/en/stocks/news/aafn-news/NOW.697866/3|title=China New Energy Car Single-Month Sales Volume Hits All-Time High in Sep |author=AAStocks Financial News|publisher=AAStocks.com|date=2015-10-20|accessdate=2015-10-25}}</ref> [[Company:BYD Auto|BYD Auto]] also achieved record monthly sales volume, with 5,749 of its plug-in cars delivered in September 2015, consisting of 3,044 [[Engineering:BYD Tang|Tangs]], 2,115 Qins, 465 e6s and 125 units of the new all-electric [[Engineering:BYD e5|e5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/byd-plug-in-electric-car-sales-up-in-china-to-over-5500-in-september/|title=BYD Plug-In Electric Car Sales Up In China To Over 5,500 In September|author=Mark Kane|publisher=InsideEVs.com|date=2015-10-23|accessdate=2015-10-25}}</ref> Sales of new energy vehicles in October 2015 totaled 34,316 units, a new sales record and five times higher year-on-year. Cumulative sales of NEVs reached 171,145 units during the first ten months of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caam.org.cn/AutomotivesStatistics/20151117/1305178647.html|title=New energy vehicles enjoyed a high-speed growth |author=China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM)|publisher=CAAM|date=2015-11-17|accessdate=2015-11-27}}</ref> Sales of new energy passenger cars also reached a record sales volume, with 21,375 plug-in cars sold in October 2015, up from 18,047 the previous month, and totaling 115,058 new energy cars sold during the first ten months of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.d1ev.com/40866.html |title=乘联会：10月新能源乘用车销售创新高至2.14万辆 康迪熊猫排第一 |language=Chinese|trans-title=According to the Federation: October new energy passenger car sales to 21,400 high - Condit Panda ranked first |author=Staff |publisher=D1EV.com|date=2015-11-10|accessdate=2015-11-27}} ''See graph with monthly sales.''</ref>

{{As of|2015|12}}, with 31,898 units sold in 2015, the BYD Qin continued to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in the country, with cumulative sales of 46,787 units since its introduction.<ref name=ChinaTop2013>{{cite web|url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/01/14/china-december-2013-focus-on-the-all-new-models/|title=China December 2013: Focus on the all-new models|author=Mat Gasnier|publisher=Best Selling Cars Blog|date=2014-01-14|accessdate=2014-01-16}}</ref><ref name=ChinaTop2014/><ref name=ChinaTop2015>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/best-selling-sedan-in-2015/ |title=Best-selling Sedan in 2015 |author=Staff|work=China Auto Web|date=2016-01-14|accessdate=2016-02-08}} ''A total of 31,898 Qins were sold in China in 2015.''</ref><ref name=Top10PEVs2014/> The BYD Qin was the world's second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015, and also ranked fifth among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars in 2015.<ref name=Top2015Global>{{cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015/|title=Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015  |first=Jeff |last=Cobb |work=HybridCars.com|date=2016-01-12|accessdate=2016-01-23}} ''The [[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]] was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 (50,366), followed by the [[Engineering:Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf]] (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (over 40,000), the [[Engineering:BYD Qin|BYD Qin]] (31,898) and the [[Engineering:BMW i3|BMW i3]] (24,057). [[Company:BYD Auto|BYD Auto]] ended 2015 with 58,728 units sold in China (includes BYD Qin, Tang, e6 and e5 vehicles).''</ref> [[Company:BYD Auto|BYD Auto]] ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,772 units sold in China, followed by Tesla Motors, with global sales of 50,580 units in 2015.<ref name=Top2015Global/><ref name=BYD2015Top>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101883_who-sold-the-most-plug-in-electric-cars-in-2015-its-not-tesla-or-nissan |title=Who Sold The Most Plug-In Electric Cars In 2015? (It's Not Tesla Or Nissan)|author=John Voelcker|work=Green Car Reports |date=2016-01-15|accessdate=2016-01-17}} ''BYD Auto delivered 31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during 2015. Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan, along with 2,888 [[Company:Denza|Denza EV]] compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a total of 61,722 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.''</ref><ref name=BYD2015/> Accounting for heavy-duty vehicles, BYD total sales rises to 69,222 units.<ref name=BYD2015/> BYD Auto net profits jumped 552.6% in 2015 to a total of {{yuan|2.829 billion}} (~ {{USD|450 million}}). Sales of new energy vehicles were the main driver for BYD's huge profit growth, with alternative energy vehicles accounting for half of the company's profits while the same percentage in 2014 was just 27%.<ref name=BYD2015>{{cite news|url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/alternative-energy-vehicles-account-half-of-byd-s-160304.shtml |title=Alternative Energy Vehicles Account HALF of BYD's Profits for the Very First Time in 2015 |author=Natasha Li |work=Gasgoo Automotive News |date=2016-03-04 |accessdate=2016-03-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308124723/http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/alternative-energy-vehicles-account-half-of-byd-s-160304.shtml |archivedate=2016-03-08 }} ''BYD Auto delivered  69,222 new energy vehicles in China in 2015, including buses, of which, a total of 61,722 were passenger vehicles, mostly plug-in hybrids, led by the Qin and Tang.''</ref>

====2016====
[[File:Market shares EV China EU US 2015 2020.png|thumb|375px|Market share of new plug-in light-duty vehicles in China, Europe and the United States between 2015 and 2020]]

The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, including heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and making the country the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment. This figure only includes vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies.<ref name=China500kNEVs/>

A total of about 507,000 new energy vehicles were sold in 2016, up 51.3% year-on-year, consisting of 409,000 pure electric vehicles, up 65.2% year-on-year, and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 17.2% from the same period the previous year.<ref name=China2016/> Sales growth through September was lower than expected due to the government's inquiry about extensive fraud cases regarding subsidies granted to manufacturers in 2015. As a result of this inquiry, the government withheld the release of the electric bus subsidy scheme. CAAM considered that without this subsidy, the goal of 500,000 new energy vehicle sales for 2016 would not be met.<ref name=ChinaSept2016>{{cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/business/2016-10/17/content_39504837.htm?src=ilaw | title=EV sales growth, production slow down | first= | last= |work=China Daily | publisher=China.org.cn| date=2016-10-17 | accessdate=2016-10-25}}</ref>

Cumulative sales of plug-in passenger cars achieved the 500,000 unit milestone in September 2016. Imported plug-in cars, such as Tesla Model S or BMW i3s are not included.<ref name=China500Kpax>{{cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/china-buys-half-millionth-passenger-plug-in-car-on-track-to-surpass-us/ | title=China Buys Half-Millionth Passenger Plug-in Car; On Track To Surpass US | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-09-28 |accessdate=2016-09-28}} ''Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689,447 units between 2011 and August 2016. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493,290 units between 2010 and August 2016.''</ref> A total of 320,081 new energy passenger cars were sold in 2016, ahead of both Europe (212,000) and the U.S. (157,181).<ref name=TopTen2016/> The domestic plug-in segment market share totaled 1.3% of new car sales in 2016.<ref name=TopTen2016/> Sales of BMW plug-in hybrid and i3 electric cars in China totaled 1,796 units during the first nine months of 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-04/german-minister-snubs-auto-industry-to-back-china-ev-quota-plan | title=German Minister Snubs Automakers to Back China EV Quota Plan| first1=Brian |last1=Parkin |first2=Birgit |last2=Jennen| work=Bloomberg News | date=2016-11-03 | accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref> Tesla Inc. sales totaled 10,399 vehicles in 2016, consisting of 6,334 Model S cars and 4,065 Model X SUVs.<ref name=TeslaChina2016>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bertelschmitt/2017/03/04/teslas-sudden-chinese-billion-where-are-the-cars-behind-it/2/#380b62515299 |title=Tesla's Sudden Chinese Billion, Where Are The Cars Behind It? | first=Bertel | last=Schmitt  | work={{wipe|Forbes}} | date=2017-03-04 | accessdate=2017-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bertelschmitt/2017/03/06/here-is-what-we-know-about-teslas-big-china-bonanza/#1eb9956f4cd7 |title=Here Is What We Know About Tesla's Big China Bonanza | first=Bertel | last=Schmitt  | work={{wipe|Forbes}} | date=2017-03-06 | accessdate=2017-03-06}} ''A total of 10,399 Tesla vehicles were sold in China in 2016 out of 12,303 imported to the country.''</ref> In November 2016, with cumulative sales of about 600,000 plug-in electric passenger cars, China had overtook both Europe and the U.S., and became the market with the world's largest stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles.<ref name=ChinaLeads2016/><ref name=ChinaLeads_2/>

Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The [[Engineering:BYD Tang|BYD Tang]] plug-in hybrid SUV was the top selling plug-in car with 31,405 units delivered, followed by the BYD Qin (21,868), BYD e6 (20,605), BAIC E-Series EV (18,814), and the SAIC Roewe e550 (18,805).<ref name=ChinaTopEVs2016>{{cite web |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/best-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016/ |title=Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016 |author=Staff |work=China Auto Web |date=2017-01-19 |accessdate=2017-01-25}} ''Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with 20,605 units.''</ref> {{As of|2016|12}}, the BYD Qin, with 68,655 units sold since its inception, remained the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the country.<ref name=ChinaTop2014/><ref name=ChinaTop2015/><ref name=ChinaTop2013/><ref name=Top10PEVs2014/><ref name=ChinaTop2016sedan>{{cite web |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/best-selling-china-made-sedans-in-2016/ |title=Best-selling China-made Sedans in 2016 |author=Staff |work=China Auto Web |date=2017-01-17 |accessdate=2017-01-17}} ''A total of 21,868 BYD Qins were sold in China in 2016.''</ref>  A lot of the sales of the BYD and Roewe electric vehicles were contributed by rental fleets to run on ride share app giant Didi.

In September 2016, BYD Auto surpassed [[Company:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] as the third largest global plug-in car manufacturer with cumulative sales of 161,000 plug-in cars delivered in China since 2008, ranking behind Tesla Motors (164,000) and the Renault-Nissan Alliance (almost 369,000).<ref name=Top3BYD/> In October 2016, BYD passed Tesla Motors to become the world's all-time second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer with more than 171,000 units delivered in China since 2008.<ref name=China102016pax>{{cite web | url=http://www.d1ev.com/46812.html | title=乘联会：10月新能源乘用车销售3.1万辆 插电式车型环比下降44% | language=Chinese | trans-title=By the Automobile Association: October new energy passenger car sales were 31,000, plug-in hybrids were down 44% | author=Liu Wanxiang | publisher=D1EV.com | date=2016-11-10 | accessdate=2016-11-11 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112022901/http://www.d1ev.com/46812.html | archivedate=2016-11-12 }} ''Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 30,989 units in October 2016, consisting of 26,811 all-electric cars and 4,178 plug-in hybrids. BYD Auto sold 10,395 units consisting of 7,328 all-electric cars and 3,067 plug-in hybrids. A total of 3,118 e6s, 2,124 Qin EV300s, 1,943 e5s, 1,538 Qins and 1,529 Tangs were sold in October 2016.''</ref><ref name=Top3BYD>{{cite news |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/chinas-byd-becomes-worlds-third-largest-plug-in-car-maker/ | title=China's BYD Becomes World's Third-Largest Plug-in Car Maker | first=Jeff | last=Cobb| work=HybridCars.com| date=2016-11-07 | accessdate=2016-11-07}}</ref> [[Company:BYD Auto|BYD Auto]] was the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer for a second year in a row with more than 100,000 units delivered in China in 2016, up 64% from 2015, and ahead of [[Company:Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] by about 30,000 units.<ref name=BYDtop2016/> However, in terms of sales revenue, Tesla ranked ahead with {{USD|6.35 billion}} from its electric car sales in 2016, while BYD sales totaled {{USD|3.88 billion}} from its electric car division.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/tesla-byd-jockey-for-electric-car-world-domination |title=Tesla, BYD Jockey for Electric Car World Domination | work=Green Tech Media |first=Katie |last=Fehrenbacher |date=2017-03-14 |accessdate= 2017-03-15}} ''Revenue figures from Bloomberg New Energy Finance.''</ref> Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in China totaled 951,447 units between January 2011 and December 2016.<ref name=China2016/><ref name=ChinaLeads2016/>

====2017====
Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000 units, up 53% from 2016 consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles (up 59.4%) and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles (up 27.6%). Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids.<ref name=China2017/> Accounting for foreign brands, plug-in car sales rise to about 600,000 in 2017, representing about half of global plug-in car sales in 2017.<ref name=China2017pax/> The plug-in segment achieved a record market share of 2.1% of new car sales.<ref name=China2017pax/> Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy passenger cars totaled over 1.2 million units between 2011 and 2017.<ref name=China2017/><ref name=China2017pax/> Cumulative sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in China totaled 1,728,447 units between 2011 and 2017.<ref name=ChinaLeads2016/><ref name=China2016/><ref name=China2017/>

The BAIC EC-Series all-electric [[Finance:City car|city car]] was the Chinese top selling plug-in car in 2017 with 78,079 units sold, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920 units. BYD Auto was the top selling Chinese car manufacturer in 2017.<ref name=China2017pax>{{cite web | url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2018/01/china-december-2017.html | title=China December 2017 |author=Jose Pontes |publisher=EV Sales| date=2018-01-18 |accessdate=2018-01-19}} ''Sales of plug-in electric cars in China, including imports, totaled 600,174 units in 2017. The BAIC EC-Series was the top selling plug-in with 78,079 units sold in China, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920 units. BYD Auto was the top selling car manufacturer. Foreign brands captured only about 4% of plug-in sales in 2017, with about half by Tesla. The Chinese plug-in car market represented roughly half of the 1.2 million plug-ins sold worldwide in 2017.''</ref> In 2017, General Motors sold about 11,000 [[Company:Baojun|Baojun]] E100s, 1,600 Buick Velite 5's and about 2,000 [[Engineering:Cadillac CT6#CT6 PHEV|Cadillac CT6 plug-in]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gardner|first1=Greg|title=GM is confident it can meet China's lofty electric vehicle target, despite lag in 2017|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2018/01/17/gm-confident-can-meet-chinas-lofty-ev-target-despite-modest-sales-2017/1041384001/|accessdate=21 January 2018|work=The Detroit Free Press|date=17 Jan 2018}}</ref>

====2018====
[[File:Top countries plug-in ownership per 1000 people 2018.png|thumb|250px|Comparison of Chinese ownership of plug-in passenger cars per 1,000 people with other top selling plug-in markets (2020)]]

Sales of new energy vehicles, including commercial vehicles, totaled 1.256&nbsp;million units in 2018, becoming the first time that annual sales pass the one&nbsp;million mark in any country.<ref name=China2018/><ref name=1miChina2018>{{cite news|url=https://www.autonews.com/commentary/now-we-know-who-really-buying-electric-vehicles-china |title=Now we know who is really buying electric vehicles in China |first=Yang |last=Jian |work=Autonews |date=2019-01-28 |accessdate=2019-01-29 |quote=In 2018, electrified-vehicle sales in China for the first time topped 1 million, reaching 1.26 million}}</ref> Sales of plug-in passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units,<ref name=China2018Top>{{cite web| url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/new_energy/70015566.html |title=China's new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83% year on year |work=Gasgoo | date=2019-01-11 |accessdate=2019-01-21}} ''Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units in 2018.The BAIC EC series ranked as China's top selling plug-in car in 2018 with 90,637 units delivered.''</ref> and the plug-in passenger segment achieved a record market share of 4.2%, up from 2.1% in 2018.<ref name=China2018pax>{{cite web| url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/china-december-2018.html |title=China December 2018 |last=Jose |first=Pontes|publisher=EVSales.com|date=2019-01-22|accessdate=2019-01-22}}</ref> For the second year running, the BAIC EC-Series was the best selling plug-in car in China with 90,637 units delivered.<ref name=China2018Top/>

According to research carried out by Sina Corp, out of 886,000 plug-in passenger vehicles sold in China during the first 11 months of 2018,  201,000 units (22.6%) were delivered by the Chinese automakers to [[Engineering:Carsharing|carsharing]] and vehicle for hire companies, with the rest to retail customers.<ref name=1miChina2018/>

At the end of 2018, the Chinese stock of new energy vehicles continued to be the world's largest, and totaled 2,984,447 units including heavy-duty commercial vehicles. About 80% of the total NEV stock are all-electric vehicles.<ref name=Global2mi>{{ cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/the-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car/ |title=The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car | first= Jeff | last=Cobb | work= HybridCars.com | date=2017-01-16 |accessdate=2017-01-17}} ''An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.''</ref><ref name=China2017/><ref name=China2018/> {{As of|2018|12}}, cumulative sales of domestically produced highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 2,243,772 units since 2009.<ref name=China2018Top/><ref name=Outlook2018>{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting |author=[[Organization:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=May 2018 |accessdate=2018-11-10}} ''See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113''.</ref>

==== 2020 ====

The [[Engineering:Tesla Model 3|Tesla Model 3]] was China's top selling new energy passenger car, with 139,925 units delivered.<ref name=ChinaEVs2020/> With less than a year in the market, the Hongguang Mini, with 119,255 units sold, was China's and the world's second best selling plug-in car after the Tesla Model 3.<ref name=Top20Global2020>{{cite web|url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/02/global-top-20-december-2020.html | title=Global Top 20 - December 2020 | last=Jose | first=Pontes | publisher=EVSales.com| date=2021-02-02 | access-date=2021-03-03}} "The Tesla Model 3, with 365,240 units delivered was the world's top selling plug-in passenger car in 2020."</ref><ref name=ChinaEVs2020>{{cite web|url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/01/china-december-2020.html | title=China December 2020 | last=Jose | first=Pontes | publisher=EVSales.com| date=2021-01-21 | access-date=2021-03-03}} "The Tesla Model 3, with 139,925 units delivered, was the China's top selling plug-in passenger car in 2020."</ref>

There were 4.9&nbsp;million new energy vehicles at the end of 2020, accounting for 1.75% of all vehicles in Chinese roads, of which, 4&nbsp;million are all-electric vehicles (81.3%).<ref name=ChinaInUse2020>{{cite web | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/auto/2021-01/08/c_1126958570.htm |title=2020年全国机动车保有量达3.72亿辆 机动车驾驶人达4.56亿人 | language=Chinese | trans-title=In 2020, the number of motor vehicles in the country will reach 372 million, and the number of motor vehicle drivers will reach 456 million |author= Liu Fangyu |publisher= Xinhuanet |work= People's Daily Online | date=2021-01-08 | access-date=2021-03-06 |quote=As of the end of 2020, the number of new energy vehicles in the country reached 4.92 million, accounting for 1.75% of the total number of vehicles}}</ref> China accounts for 60% of the world's electric vehicle charging stations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editor |date=2021-03-01|title=China Booms Ahead in Electric Vehicle Adoption|url=https://findenergy.co.uk/automotive/china-electric-cars/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=FIND·ENERGY|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Regional and city markets===
[[File:PEV sales Chinese cities & top countries 2018.png|thumb|275px|Plug-in electric car sales in six Chinese cities compared to the world's top selling countries in 2018 (excluding China and the U.S.)<ref name=Europe2017_2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20190207_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2018_FINAL.pdf |title=New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2018 |author=European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) |publisher=ACEA |date=2019-02-07 |accessdate=2019-02-09}} ''For sales in Norway, Germany, UK, France, the Netherlands and Sweden see table: "Total Electric Chargeable Vehicles (ECV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA"''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/markets-roundup-december-2018.html| title=Markets Roundup December 2018 | last=Jose | first=Pontes | publisher=EVSales.com| date=2019-01-30 | accessdate=2019-02-09}} "Sales of plug-in electric cars in Japan totaled about 52,000 units and about 43,000 in Canada ."</ref><ref name=ChinaNEF2018/>]]

{{As of|2017|12}}, 25 cities, including their broader surrounding metropolitan areas, accounted for 44% of the world's stock of plug-in electric cars, while representing just 12% of world passenger vehicle sales. [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]] led the world with cumulative sales of over 162,000 electric vehicles since 2011, followed by [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]] with 147,000 and Los Angeles with 143,000. Ranking next, with a stock of more than 50,000 electric vehicles are Shenzhen, [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]], Hangzhou, San Francisco, [[Place:Tianjin|Tianjin]], [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]], San Jose, California, and Qingdao.<ref name=ICCT102018/> Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Tianjin have market shares ranging from 9% to 13%.<ref name=ICCT102018/>

{{Asof|2018}}, six Chinese cities have in place major restrictions on [[Earth:Internal combustion engine|internal combustion]] vehicle purchases: Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Tianjin. The local incentives and restrictions are different in each city, in the case of Shanghai most of the plug-in stock consist of plug-in hybrid vehicles, while in Beijing the stock is almost entirely all-electric.<ref name=ChinaNEF2018/>

According to sales estimates made by [[Company:Bloomberg L.P.#New Energy Finance|Bloomberg New Energy Finance]], the sales volume in these six cities is such, that they would rank among the world's largest plug-in electric car markets in 2018, if compared with the top selling countries in 2018, excluding China and the U.S.<ref name=ChinaNEF2018>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-02-08/china-s-electric-vehicles-put-traditional-engines-on-notic |title=Dispelling the Myths of China's EV Market |first1=Nathaniel |last1=Bullard |first2=Colin |last2=McKerracher |work=[[Company:Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=2019-02-08 |accessdate=2019-02-09}}</ref> 
{{-}}

==Charging and refueling infrastructure==

=== EV charging stations ===
China has been building EV charging infrastructure ever since 2013 and experienced the most public charging growth infrastructure since 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Lingzhi Jin, Hui He, Hongyang Cui, Nic Lutsey, Chuqi Wu, Yidan Chu|title=Driving a Green Future|url=https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-green-future-ev-jan2021.pdf|website=ICCT}}</ref> In 2019 China accounted for more than 50% of the world public EV charging stations. In the year of 2019 China built 180,000 public charging stations.<ref name=":5" /> Per capita charging stations in China still falls behind other markets. China's 200 charging stations per million is about half of what the European Union holds per capita.<ref name=":5" /> As of early 2021, there were more than 800,000 public charging stations in China, accounting for almost 2/3<sup>rd</sup> of all public charging stations worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=2021-05-04|title=As Cars Go Electric, China Builds a Big Lead in Factories|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/business/china-electric-cars.html|access-date=2021-05-04|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Most charging stations are operated by either state-owned energy companies, battery makers or EV manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can China build enough EV charging infrastructure?|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Startups/Can-China-build-enough-EV-charging-infrastructure|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Hydrogen refueling stations ===
In December 2020, China had 104 public hydrogen fuel stations, ranking second worldwide behind Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Has Built 104 Hydrogen Fueling Stations Ranking Second Globally|url=https://equalocean.com/news/2020120415213|access-date=2021-05-04|website=EqualOcean|language=en}}</ref> [[Company:Sinopec|Sinopec]] plans building an additional 1,000 stations by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China's Sinopec building 1,000 hydrogen refueling stations in next 5 years|url=https://www.petrolplaza.com/news/26816|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.petrolplaza.com|language=EN}}</ref>

==Passenger cars sales by model==
The following table presents annual sales of new energy passenger cars by model between January 2011 and December 2015.
<!--Since the Chinese market has more than 30 models at the end of 2015, only models with about or over 1,000 units sold are shown. In the future this limit might be raised to keep the table within a reasonable size. Mariordo.-->

{| class="wikitable"  style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Sales of top selling new energy passenger vehicles in China by model between January 2011 and December 2015
|-
! style="background:#ffdead" |Model|| style="background:#ffdead"|Total sales<br> 2011–2015 ||style="background:#ffdead"|NEV segment<br>market<br>share<sup>(1)</sup>||style="background:#ffdead"|Sales<br>2015<ref name=ChinaTop2015/><ref name=ChinaSUV2015/><ref name=ChinaTop2015EV/><ref name=China122015>{{cite web|url= http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2016/01/zotye-zhima-e30-new-contender-for-2016.html |title= China December 2015 (3rd Update) |last=Jose |first=Pontes |publisher=EVSales.com|date=2016-01-12|accessdate=2016-02-13}} ''A total of 10,711 SAIC Roewe 550 PHEVs were sold in China in 2015.''</ref>||style="background:#ffdead"|Sales<br>2014<ref name=ChinaTop2014/><ref name=Kandi2014>{{cite press release|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/kandi-technologies-announces-the-expansion-of-micro-public-ev-sharing-program-to-nine-chinese-20150107-00516|title=Kandi Technologies Announces the Expansion of Micro Public EV Sharing Program to Nine Chinese Cities With 14,398 Pure EVs Delivered as of the End of 2014|author=[[Company:Kandi Technologies|Kandi Technologies Group]]|publisher=[[Company:NASDAQ|NASDAQ]]|location=Jinhua, China|date=2015-01-07|accessdate=2015-02-07}}</ref><ref name=China1Q2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalfleet.com/sales_of_ev_s_surge_in_china_56587-en-533-186669.html|title=Sales of EV's surge in China|author=Tim Harrup|publisher=Global Fleet|date=2014-04-16|accessdate=2014-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020064453/http://www.globalfleet.com/sales_of_ev_s_surge_in_china_56587-en-533-186669.html|archive-date=2014-10-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| style="background:#ffdead"|Sales<br>2013<ref name=HKS2014/><ref name=China122013/> || style="background:#ffdead"|Sales<br>2012<ref name=HKS2014/><ref name=ChinaSales2012>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2013/03/chinese-ev-sales-ranking-for-2012/|title=Chinese EV Sales Ranking for 2012|author=China Auto Web|publisher=China Auto Web|date=2013-03-25|accessdate=2013-04-20}}</ref>|| style="background:#ffdead"|Sales<br>2011<ref name=HKS2014>{{cite web|url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/24335/leapfrogging_or_stalling_out_electric_vehicles_in_china.html|title=Leapfrogging or Stalling Out? Electric Vehicles in China |author1=Henry Lee |author2=Sabrina Howell |author3=Adam Heal  |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Belfer Center, Harvard Kennedy School |date=June 2014|accessdate=2015-01-18}} ''Download EVS in China (full report). See Table 2: Chinas's EV Sales by Brand, 2011-2013, pp.19.''</ref><ref name=Sales20112012>{{cite web|url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/01/21/china-full-year-2012-ford-focus-triumphs/|title=China Full Year 2012: Ford Focus triumphs|author=Mat Gasnier|publisher=Best Selling Car Blog|date=2013-01-14|accessdate=2013-04-21}}''A total of 613 F3DMs and 401 e6s were sold during 2011 and 1,201 F3DMs and 1,690 e6s in 2012''.</ref><ref name=J3iev>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2012/09/jac-delivers-500-j3-evs-ievs/|title=JAC Delivers 500 J3 EVs ("ievs")|author=China Auto Web|publisher=China Auto Web|date=2012-09-30|accessdate=2014-05-31}} ''A total of 1,585 of the first and second generation models were sold during 2010 and 2011.''.</ref>

|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:BYD Qin|BYD Qin]]|| 46,787 || 10.5%|| 31,898 || 14,747 ||142 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Kandi EV || 31,134 ||7.0%|| 16,736 || 14,398 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} 
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|BAIC E150/160/200 EV||23,832 ||5.4% ||16,488 ||5,234 ||1,466||644||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:BYD Tang|BYD Tang]]|| 18,375  || 4.1%|| 18,375 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Chery QQ3 EV|| 16,247<sup>(2)</sup> || 3.7%|| 3,208<sup>(2)</sup> ||2,016<sup>(3)</sup>||5,727 ||3,129 ||2,167
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Zotye Cloud/Z100 EV|| 15,467 || 3.5% || 15,467 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|JAC J3/iEV|| 15,279 ||3.5%|| ~9,000 ||~1,000||1,309 ||2,485||1,585<sup>(4)</sup>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:BYD e6|BYD e6]]||14,257<sup>(5)</sup> || 3.2%||7,029 ||3,560||1,544||1,690|| 401
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Zotye Zhidou E20||13,726 || 3.1% || 6,385 || 7,341 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV|| 11,711 || 2.6% || 10,711 || ~1,000 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:Chery QQ3#eQ|Chery eQ]]|| 7,804 || 1.8%|| 7,262 ||542 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:Tesla Model S|Tesla Model S]]<ref name=CHImodelS092015>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tesla-china-idUSL3N12N2RF20151024|title=CORRECTED-(OFFICIAL)-UPDATE 2-Tesla CEO says negotiating with China on local production|author=Jake Spring|work={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=2015-10-23|accessdate=2015-10-25}}  ''Tesla sold sold 3,025 Model S cars in China from January to September 2015.''</ref><ref name="CHImodelS2014"/><ref name="CHImodelS2015"/>|| 5,524<sup>(6)</sup> || 1.2%||3,025<sup>(6)</sup> ||2,499 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|Geely-Kandi Panda EV|| 4,939 || 1.1% || 3,654 ||1,285 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Engineering:Zhidou D2|Zhidou D2]]|| 3,777 || 0.8% || 3,777 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Engineering:BYD F3DM|BYD F3DM]]|| 3,284<sup>(5)</sup> || 0.7% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} ||1,005 ||1,201 ||613
|- style="text-align:center;"
|align=left|[[Company:Denza|Denza EV]]|| 3,020 || 0.7% || 2,888 || 132 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Zhidou D1|| 2,387 || 0.5% || 2,387 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Venucia e30|| 2,071 || 0.5% || 1,271 || 582 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|[[Engineering:BYD e5|BYD e5]]|| 1,426 || 0.3% || 1,426 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|SAIC [[Engineering:Roewe E50|Roewe E50]]|| 1,227 || 0.3% || 412 || 168 ||409 ||238|| {{n/a}} 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| align=left|Zotye TT EV||  1,984 || 0.4% || 1,984 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}

|-  style="text-align:center; background:#f1f5fa;"
!  style="text-align:left; "|Total new energy vehicles sales<ref name=China2011/><ref name=China2012/><ref name=China2013/><ref name=China2014/><ref name=China2015/>||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 444,447<sup>(7)</sup>||style="background:#f1f5fa;"|-||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 331,092 ||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 74,763||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 17,642 ||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 12,791||style="background:#f1f5fa;"| 8,159
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left; background:#ffdead"|<small>'''Notes:''' 
(1) Model market share as percentage of the 444,447 new energy vehicles sold between 2011 and December 2015. <br>(2) Only sales between January and June 2015.<ref name=ChinaEV062015>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2015/07/chinese-ev-sales-ranking-in-the-first-half-of-2015/|title=Chinese EV Sales Ranking in the First Half of 2015|author=Staff|publisher=China Auto Web|date=2015-07-17|accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref><br>(3) Only includes sales between January and March 2014. <br> (4) Combined sales for 2010 and 2011.<ref name=J3iev/><br>(5) BYD e6 total includes 33 units sold in 2010. F3DM total includes 417 units sold in 2010 and 48 in 2009.<ref name=Chinaauto>{{cite web|title=BYD Delivered Only 33 Units of e6, 417 F3DM in 2010|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/02/byd-delivered-only-33-units-of-e6-417-f3dm-in-2010/|publisher = ChinaAutoWeb |date = 2011-02-23|accessdate=2014-05-31}}</ref><ref name=SalesChina2009>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAM8TFKcY4jE|title=BYD Plans to Start European Car Sales Next Year (Update 2)|publisher={{wipe|Bloomberg News}}|date=2010-03-08|accessdate=2014-05-31}} ''48 F3DMs were sold in 2009''.</ref><br>(6) Tesla Model S sales through September 2015.<br> (7) Total annual NEV sales figures include heavy-duty vehicles, such all-electric buses and sanitation trucks, but do not include Tesla Model S sales nor any other imports.</small>
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Engineering:Electric car|Electric car]]
* [[Engineering:Electric car use by country|Electric car use by country]]
* Electric vehicle industry in China
* [[Engineering:Electric vehicles in Hong Kong|Electric vehicles in Hong Kong]]
* [[Finance:Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles|Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[Engineering:List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles|List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicle|Plug-in electric vehicle]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia|Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada|Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in California|Plug-in electric vehicles in California]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe|Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in France|Plug-in electric vehicles in France]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany|Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan|Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands|Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway|Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden|Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden]]
* [[Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom|Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom]]
* Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
* [[Engineering:Plug-in hybrid|Plug-in hybrid]]

{{div col end}}

<ref name="Helveston">{{cite journal |last1=Helveston |first1=John |title=Will subsidies drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the U.S. and China |journal=Transportation Research. Part A |date=2015 |volume=73 |pages=96–112 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2015.01.002}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/24335/leapfrogging_or_stalling_out_electric_vehicles_in_china.html Leapfrogging or Stalling Out? Electric Vehicles in China], [[Organization:Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]], [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]], May 2014
* [http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Beijing_Emission_Control_Programs_201511%20.pdf Review of Beijing’s Comprehensive Motor Vehicle Emission Control Programs], White Paper (see Chapter 6), [[Organization:International Council on Clean Transportation|International Council on Clean Transportation]] (ICCT), October 2015.
* [https://www.economist.com/news/business/21702786-chinas-dirty-race-clean-vehicles-charging-ahead?frsc=dg%7Ca Electric cars in China:Charging Ahead], [[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]], 30 July 2016 (from the print edition)
* [https://theicct.org/publications/china-green-future-ev-jan2021 Driving a green future: A retrospective review of China’s electric vehicle development and outlook for the future], [[Organization:International Council on Clean Transportation|International Council on Clean Transportation]] (ICCT), January 2021. 

[[Category:Electric vehicles|China]]

{{Sourceattribution|New energy vehicles in China|1}}