View source for Engineering:Redstone Test Stand

{{Infobox NRHP
| name                           = Redstone Test Stand
| nrhp_type                      = nhl
| image                          = Interim_Test_Stand.jpg
| caption                        = Redstone Test Stand at the [[Organization:Marshall Space Flight Center|MSFC]] in Huntsville, AL.  Cold Calibration Unit (left) [[Engineering:PGM-11 Redstone|PGM-11 Redstone]] missile in static test stand (right)
| nearest_city                   = Huntsville, Alabama
| coordinates                    = {{coord|34|37|58.7676|N|86|39|58.1436|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin                       = USA Alabama Huntsville#Alabama#USA
| area                           =
| built                          = 1953
| architect                      = U.S. Army
| architecture                   =
| designated_nrhp_type           = October 3, 1985<ref name="nhlsum" />
| added                          = May 13, 1976<ref name="nris" />
| refnum                         = 76000341
| designated_other1_name         = Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
| designated_other1_date         = 1979
| designated_other1_abbr         = AHCEL
| designated_other1_link         =
| designated_other1_number       =
| designated_other1_num_position = top
}}

The '''Redstone Test Stand''' or '''Interim Test Stand''' was used to develop and test fire the 
[[Engineering:PGM-11 Redstone|Redstone missile]], Jupiter-C sounding rocket, Juno I launch vehicle and Mercury-Redstone launch vehicle.  It was declared an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979<ref name = "nrhpinv2"/> and a National Historic Landmark in 1985.<ref name = "nhlsum" />  It is located at [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]'s [[Organization:Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)]] in Huntsville, Alabama on the Redstone Arsenal, designated '''Building 4665'''.  The Redstone missile was the first missile to detonate a [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapon]].  Jupiter-C launched to test components for the [[Engineering:PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter missile]].  Juno I put the first American satellite [[Astronomy:Explorer 1|Explorer 1]] into orbit. Mercury Redstone carried the first American astronaut Alan Shepard into space.  The Redstone earned the name "Old Reliable" because of this facility and the improvements it made possible.<ref name="HAERtxt7" />

The Interim Test Stand was built in 1953 by [[Biography:Wernher von Braun|Dr. Wernher von Braun's]] team for a mere {{US$|25000|1953}} out of materials salvaged from the Redstone Arsenal.<ref name="HAERtxt1" />  In 1957 the permanent test facility called the Static Test Tower was finally finished, but the Army decided to continue operations at the Interim Test Stand rather than move.<ref name="HAERtxt8" />  From 1953 to 1961, 362 static rocket tests were conducted there, including 200 that led directly to improvements in the Redstone rocket for the Mercury manned flight program.  Adapted over the years, it never experienced the growth in size and cost that typified test stands in general, remaining a testament to the engineering ingenuity of the rocket pioneers.<ref name="HAERtxt1" />

==Background==
[[Engineering:Liquid-propellant rocket|Liquid-propellant rocket]] development has always proceeded in three steps: 
# Engine testing
# Static rocket testing
# Test launches.
First, prototype engines are tested in a [[Engineering:Rocket engine test facility|Rocket engine test facility]], where the most promising designs are refined during a period of extensive testing.  After an engine has been proven, the complete rocket is assembled.  In this second step, the rocket is anchored to a static test stand.  With the rocket held down, engineers run the engine at full power and refine the system.  The test launch is third, when the missile is fired into the sky.<ref name="HAERtxt6" />  Wernher von Braun and his team used this process to develop the V-2 or A4 missile in {{wipe|Germany}} during [[Social:World War II|WWII]].

Von Braun and members of his team decided to surrender to the United States military to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot by the Nazis to prevent their capture.  They came to the United States via Operation Paperclip.<ref name="oengfvb"/> The Army first assigned the Germans to teach German missile technology, assist with the launching of captured V-2's, and continue rocket research as part of the Hermes project at Fort Bliss, Texas and White Sands Proving Grounds<ref name="historyRM14" />

On April 15, 1950, the Army consolidated their far-flung guided missile and rocket research and development efforts into the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC) at Redstone Arsenal.  The Army bought the former WWII munitions facility from the [[Organization:Chemical Corps|Army Chemical Corps]].  That summer and fall, members of the German rocket team moved from Fort Bliss to Huntsville.  They conducted a preliminary study for proposed {{convert|500|mi|km|adj=on}} range  missiles and began developing one, called '''Hermes C-1.'''  The study envisioned warhead payloads of {{convert|1500|and |3000|lb|kg}}, with the first test launch in 20 months.<ref name="historyRM23-32" /> [[History:Cold War|Cold War]] tensions escalated by the Korean War drove the payload up to a {{convert|6900|lb|kg|adj=on }} atomic bomb with a reduced range.<ref name="historyRM35" /> The system with its new specifications took the name '''Redstone,''' and had to be highly reliable, accurate, and quickly produced, priority 1A.  The development program for the Redstone began in earnest on May&nbsp;1, 1951.<ref name="historyRM53" />  Separate from the missile development program, another budget line item was to bear the cost of constructing facilities for research and development at Redstone Arsenal because those facilities could also be used for other projects.<ref name="historyRM41" />  However, the construction of facilities was not funded.

==Early development, 1952–1955==
[[File:Detail of Instrumentation and Control Tanks c 1959 HAER AL-129-A sheet 6 of 7.png|thumb|left|200px| Drawings of buried railroad tanker vessels used as bunkers for instrumentation and control.  Note periscopes in right tank]]
The first twelve missiles were built at Redstone Arsenal.<ref name="historyRM162" />  Assembly of the first Redstone began in the fall of 1952.  Engineers needed a propulsion test stand to improve the missile, but they were not allowed to spend research and development funds on constructing facilities even for a cause vital to national security.  Rather than wait for funding to go through the two-year Congressional appropriation process, then wait further for construction, Fritz A. Vandersee designed an interim test stand for $25,000, the maximum amount allowed.  The large concrete foundation cost nearly all of the money.  On this base, welders built a small stand with metal salvaged from around the arsenal.<ref name="HAERtxt35-36" />  Three railroad tank cars that had been used to transport chemicals at the arsenal during the war were cleaned, modified, and buried {{convert|300|ft|m}} away to serve as control and observation bunkers.<ref name="HAERdwg6" />  To view the firings, the tanks also contain two periscopes believed to have been from two surplus Army tanks.<ref name="Star31-34" />[[File:Redstone Test Stand bunker.jpg|thumb|right|Bunker entrance in 2017]]

When workers assembled the first Redstone missile at Redstone Arsenal in spring of 1953, the '''Redstone Interim Test Stand''' stood ready.<ref name="HAERtxt35-36" />  A crane hoisted the missile (without the warhead) onto the stand and placed a frame atop the missile.  Cables were attached to the frame to steady the missile.<ref name="HAERdwg7" />  After extensive tests, workers fueled the missile and fired the engine for tests lasting no more than 15 seconds.  After several successful test runs, the missile went to {{wipe|Cape Canaveral Air Force Station}} for the test flight.  Launches provided valuable information on the guidance system, but most improvements on the propulsion system came from lessons learned at the Interim Test Stand, where engineers could evaluate the internal workings of the propulsion system while it was firmly anchored to the ground.<ref name="HAERtxt38" />  A total of fourteen tests were performed with the first four missiles.<ref name="HAERdwg7" /><ref name="HAERtxtA" />
[[File:Redstone Test Stand and Missile Test 02 047018pu.jpg|thumb|right|150px| Redstone Test Stand during gmissile test #02]]

Before congressional appropriation and construction of permanent facilities was completed, the engineers used the information gained during static testing at the Interim Stand to steadily improve the Redstone system.<ref name="HAERtxt8" />  The next eight missiles stood for twenty-two tests.<ref name="HAERdwg7" /><ref name="HAERtxtA" />  The tower to the left of the missile (shown [[:File:Redstone Test Stand.jpg|above right]]) is the Cold Calibration Unit, built in 1954.  It held only the Redstone's alcohol and liquid oxygen tanks, pumps, valves and flow meters in various configurations.  The liquids flowed into another set of tanks and were used to test and calibrate the valves and flow meters to assure that accurate measurements were made during the static fire testing and to assure a proper alcohol to oxygen mixture ratio.  Oxygen-rich propellant mixtures had caused most engine explosions in the early years of liquid rocket development.<ref name="HAERdwg3" />

In the original version of the facility, flames were directed in a trench beneath the rocket in two opposite directions.  In December 1955, workers installed a new more durable elbow-shaped flame deflector designed by Rocketdyne engineer Carl Kassner.<ref name="HAERtxt44" />  Water injected through small holes in the elbow quickly turned to steam, keeping the flame away from the metal elbow.<ref name="HAERdwg5" />

==Army Ballistic Missile Agency, 1956–1958==
The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was established on February&nbsp;1, 1956 to turn  the experimental Redstone rocket into an operational weapon and to develop a new Jupiter Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM).<ref name="McCleskey" />
The Redstone missile development continued with routine missile qualification tests and several improvements were made to the Interim Test Stand.  A [[Engineering:Load cell|load cell]] was added to directly measure the thrust of the missile.  A cutoff system was added to detect rough combustion in the engine and automatically stop tests.  This system prevented engine damage while engineers solved the problem.  The first Redstone built by [[Company:Chrysler|Chrysler]] was tested at the Interim Stand.  Chrysler<ref>{{cite video
 | year =1959
 | title =Detroit, 1959/03/19 (1959)
 | url =https://archive.org/details/1959-03-19_Detroit
 | publisher =Universal Newsreel
 | access-date =February 22, 2012
}}</ref> built thirty-eight developmental Redstone missiles and all sixty-three tactical Redstones in Detroit.  In addition, several of the Redstone missiles were modified to aid the Jupiter missile development program.  These longer missiles were called Jupiter-C and test fired on the Interim Stand after it was enlarged and strengthened.  A series of tests using propellants chilled to {{convert|−25|F|C}} established that the Redstone could be deployed in the Arctic.<ref name="HAERtxt43-47" />

In 1957 the permanent Propulsion and Structural Test Facility was finally completed using the funds appropriated by Congress for the Redstone, but the ABMA decided to continue using the Interim Test Stand for the Redstone.  After four years of development, the interim facilities had proven adequate for testing the Redstone and Jupiter-C, and the Army felt that a move to the new facilities would be disruptive to its busy schedule.<ref name=" HAERtxt43-47" />

[[File:Juno I awaiting launch with Explorer I.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Juno I awaiting launch with Explorer I]]
Dr. von Braun had proposed to [[Engineering:Project Orbiter|Project Orbiter]]  using a Redstone as the main booster for launching artificial satellites on June&nbsp;25, 1954.<ref name="historyRM140" />  The day [[Engineering:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] launched, October&nbsp;4, 1957, von Braun had been showing incoming Defense Secretary Neil McElroy around the Redstone Arsenal.  They received the news about Sputnik as they relaxed that afternoon.  Von Braun turned to McElroy.  "We could have been in orbit a year ago," he said. "We knew they &#91;the Soviets&#93; were going to do it!  Vanguard will never make it.  We have the hardware on the shelf… We can put up a satellite in 60 days."  McElroy was not confirmed until the next week and did not have the power to back their proposal.  On November&nbsp;8, McElroy directed the Army to modify two Jupiter-C missiles and to place a satellite in orbit by March 1958.<ref name="historyRM145" />
The first stage was soon test fired.<ref name="HAERtxtA" />
Eighty-four days later, on January&nbsp;31, 1958, the ABMA launched the first US satellite, Explorer I, into orbit.  Following this successful launch, five more of these modified Jupiter-C missiles (subsequently re-designated Juno I) were launched in attempts to place additional Explorer satellites in orbit.  During this satellite program, the Department of the Army gathered a great deal of knowledge about space. Explorer I gathered and transmitted data on atmospheric densities and the earth's oblateness. It is primarily remembered, though, as the discoverer of the [[Astronomy:Van Allen radiation belt|Van Allen cosmic radiation belt]].<ref name="historyRM145" />

Because of its proven reliability and accuracy, the Department of Defense decided to use the Redstone missile in tests to study the effects of nuclear detonations in the upper atmosphere, Operation Hardtack I.  After being static-fired at the Interim Stand in January 1958, two missiles were shipped to the Pacific Test Range.  In July and August, the missiles became the first missiles ever to detonate [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|atomic warheads]].<ref name="historyRM149-150" />

In 1958, Redstone development ended and Chrysler began mass production for deployment.  Only a few of these missiles were tested at the Interim Test Stand because the propulsion system had become so reliable.<ref name="HAERdwg7" />

==Mercury-Redstone, 1959–1960==
[[File:Mercury Capsule at Redstone Test Stand.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Installation of a Mercury capsule on the Mercury-Redstone Test Booster (TB) for Full (110-116 sec) runs, May 1960]]
As the space race continued, the civilian space agency, [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] started on October&nbsp;1, 1958<ref name="NacaNASA"/> but the Army kept von Braun and the ABMA for another year and a half.<ref name="ABMA"/>  NASA's [[Astronomy:Project Mercury|Project Mercury]] chose the "Old Reliable" Redstone, with its unmatched launch record, as America's first manned launch vehicle.  Nevertheless, the Army had to make improvements for manned missions.  The crew at the Interim Test Stand ran over 200 static firings to improve the Redstone propulsion system.  In addition, all eight Mercury-Redstone launch vehicles endured a full duration acceptance test at the interim stand.<ref name = "HAERtxt47-48" />  On July 1, 1960, 4,670 people transferred from the ABMA to NASA forming the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC).

The first test flight, [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone 1|Mercury-Redstone 1]], occurred on November 21, 1960.  After rising a few inches off the launch pad, electrical cables disconnecting in the wrong order caused the engine to shut down.  The launch vehicle sustained minor damage and was returned to MSFC.  Static fire testing on the Redstone Test Stand in February 1961 verified that repairs were successful.  The second test launch, [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone 1A|Mercury-Redstone 1A]], was successful on December 19, 1960. On January 31, 1961, a chimpanzee named [[Astronomy:Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]] flew into space on [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone 2|Mercury-Redstone 2]].  Another test flight, [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone BD|Mercury-Redstone BD]], added to evaluate changes, confirmed the system was ready.<ref name = "MRproj" />

Alan B. Shepard, Jr. became the first American in space on May 5, 1961.  [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone 3|Mercury-Redstone 3]] was a suborbital flight to an altitude of 115 miles and a range of 302 miles.  This flight demonstrated that man was capable of controlling a space vehicle during periods of weightlessness and high accelerations.  The last Mercury-Redstone flight, [[Engineering:Mercury-Redstone 4|Mercury-Redstone 4]],
also a manned suborbital flight, carried Virgil I. Grissom to a peak altitude of 118 miles and safely landed him 303 miles downrange.<ref name = "historyRM157" />  The Redstone Test Stand contributed to the success of the first two Americans to fly in space.

==Epilogue==
[[File:Redstone Test Stand sign.jpg|thumb|right]]
The Redstone Test Stand phased out of use in October, 1961.<ref name="Star17-4" /> 
After becoming rundown and littered, the site was restored for the US Bicentennial.<ref name="NASANews" />  A Redstone missile, which US Army Missile Command (MICOM) loaned to NASA, was installed on February 27, 1976.<ref name=" Star16-27" />
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as being nationally significant on May 13, 1976.<ref name="nris" />
Alabama Section, [[Organization:American Society of Civil Engineers|American Society of Civil Engineers]] declared it an Alabama Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1979.<ref name = "nrhpinv2"/>
It was declared a National Historic Landmark on October 3, 1985.<ref name = "nhlsum" />
The Interim Test Stand is in good condition.<ref name = "nhlsum" />

==See also==
* List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama
* List of German rocket scientists in the United States
* [[Engineering:Sputnik crisis|Sputnik crisis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>

<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web
 |url         = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1601&ResourceType=Structure
 |title       = Redstone Test Stand
 |access-date  = June 30, 2011
 |work        = National Historic Landmark summary listing
 |publisher   = National Park Service
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080111045152/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1601&ResourceType=Structure
 |archive-date = January 11, 2008
}}</ref>

<ref name   = "nrhpinv2">{{Cite web
|url        = {{NHLS url|id=76000341}}
|title      = National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Redstone Test Stand / Interim Test Stand
|date       = May 15, 1984
|first      = Harry A.
|last       = Butowsky
|publisher  = National Park Service
|access-date = June 30, 2011
}} and {{Cite web
|url        = {{NHLS url|id=76000341|photos=y}}
|title      = Accompanying 7 photos, from 1960, 1961, 1984 and undated.
}}</ref>

<ref name   = "HAERtxt1">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/009.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 1
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt6">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/014.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 6
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt7">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/015.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 7
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt8">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/016.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 8
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt35-36">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/043.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|pages      = 35–36
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt38">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/046.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 38
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt44">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/052.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|page       = 44
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt43-47">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/051.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|pages      = 43–47
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxt47-48">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/055.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|pages      = 47–48
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERtxtA">{{Citation
|last        = Bonenberger
|year        = 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data
|url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/data/061.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|contribution= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|contribution-url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|pages      = 53–62
}}</ref>

<ref name   = "HAERdwg5">{{Citation
|first       = Michael E.
|last        = Pugh
|year        = 1995
|section= Redstone Rocket Test Stand 1995, East Elevation
|section-url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/sheet/00003a.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|title= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|id=HAER AL-129-A
|at          = 3 of 7 sheets
|hdl          = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERdwg6">{{Citation
|first       = Michael E.
|last        = Pugh
|year        = 1995
|section= Instrumentation and Control Tanks c. 1959
|section-url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/sheet/00006a.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|title= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/ 
|id=HAER AL-129-A
|at          = 6 of 7 sheets
|hdl          = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERdwg7">{{Citation
|first      = Amy E.
|last       = Vona
|year        = 1995
|section= Test Stand and Rocket Evolution
|section-url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/sheet/00007a.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|title= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/ 
|id=HAER AL-129-A
|at          = 7 of 7 sheets
|hdl          = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184}}</ref>
<ref name   = "HAERdwg3">{{Citation
|first      = Erin L.
|last       = Walsh
|year        = 1995
|section= Redstone Rocket Test Stand 1995, East Elevation
|section-url         = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/al/al1100/al1184/sheet/00003a.tif
|access-date = July 1, 2011
|format      = TIFF
|title= MSFC, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand
|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/ 
|id=HAER AL-129-A
|at          = 3 of 7 sheets
|hdl          = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184}}</ref>

<ref name   = "historyRM14">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 14
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM23-32">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|pages      = 23–32
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM35">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 35
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM41">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 41
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM53">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 53
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM140">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 140
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM145">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 145
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM149-150">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|pages      = 149–150
}}</ref>
<ref name   = "historyRM157">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 157
}}</ref>
<ref name   = " historyRM162">{{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = History of the Redstone Missile System
|author     = Bullard
|year       = 1965
|page       = 162
}}</ref>

<ref name="McCleskey">{{cite web
 |last1       = McCleskey
 |first1      = Carey M.
 |last2       = Christensen
 |first2      = David L.
 |page        = 5
 |title       = Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision
 |url         = http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf
 |access-date  = June 27, 2011
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf
 |archive-date = September 17, 2008
}}</ref>

<ref name  = "NacaNASA">{{Cite book
|chapter-url= https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32
|chapter   = FROM NACA TO NASA
|title     = Stages to Saturn
|first     = Roger E.
|last      = Bilstein
|year      = 1996
|page      = 33
|publisher = NASA
|access-date= June 30, 2011
}}</ref>
<ref name  = "ABMA">{{Cite book
|chapter-url= https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm#32
|chapter   = THE ABMA TRANSFER
|title     = Stages to Saturn
|first     = Roger E.
|last      = Bilstein
|year      = 1996
|page      = 42
|publisher = NASA
|access-date= June 30, 2011
}}</ref>

<ref name="oengfvb">{{cite web
|title     = Werner von Braun
|date = 2 May 2001
|url       = http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/vonBraun/vonbraun_3.php
|access-date= June 20, 2011
}}</ref>

<ref name    = "Star31-34">{{Citation
|editor-last = Shannon
|editor-first= Ernie J.
|date= May 13, 1992
|title       = Redstone Test Stand Was Beginning for Many Marshall Employees
|magazine    = Marshall Star
|volume      = 31
|issue       = 34
|publisher   = Marshall Space Flight Center
|page        = 4
}}</ref>
<ref name    = "Star17-4">{{Citation
|editor-last = Duncan
|editor-first= Christine
|date= September 29, 1976
|title       = MSFC Redstone Test Stand Is Officially Historic Site
|magazine    = Marshall Star
|volume      = 17
|issue       = 4
|publisher   = Marshall Space Flight Center
|pages       = 1, 4
}}</ref>
<ref name    = "Star16-27">{{Citation
|editor-last = Duncan
|editor-first= Christine
|date= March 17, 1976
|title       = Marshall Men Raise First And Last Redstone Rocklet
|magazine    = Marshall Star
|volume      = 16
|issue       = 27
|publisher   = Marshall Space Flight Center
|pages       = 1–2
}}</ref>

<ref name    = "NASANews">{{Citation
|last        = Baker
|first       = Phil
|date= February 5, 1976
|title       = Redstone Test Stand To Become Bicentennial Display
|periodical  = NASA News
|publisher   = Marshall Space Flight Center
|id          = Release No. 76-32
}}</ref>

<ref name = MRproj>{{Citation
|title=The Mercury-Redstone Project
|last1    = Miller
|first1   = F. E.
|last2     = Cassidy
|first2     = J. L.
|last3  = Leveye
|first3  = J. C.
|last4  = Johnson
|first4  = R. I.
|date=December 1964
|publisher = NASA 
|url    = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670028606_1967028606.pdf
|access-date = July 25, 2011
}}</ref>
}}

==References==
* {{citation
|url        = https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|title      = Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Rocket Test Stand, &#91;drawings in&#93; '''7 drawings''' &#91;link&#93;
|first1     = Thomas M.
|last1      = Behrens
|first2     = Michael E.
|last2      = Pugh
|first3     = Amy E.
|last3      = Vona
|first4     = Erin L. 
|last4      = Walsh
|date=Summer 1995
|at         = Survey number HAER AL-129-A
|work       = Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand, Dodd Road, Huntsville vicinity, Madison, AL
|publisher  = Historic American Engineering Record
|hdl         = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184
|access-date = July 1, 2011}}
* {{Cite book
|url        = https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/sp4206.htm
|title      = Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles
|first      = Roger E.
|last       = Bilstein
|year       = 1996
|editor-first = William R.
|editor-last = Lucas
|page       = 42
|publisher  = NASA
|access-date = June 30, 2011
|isbn       = 0-16-004259-3
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015005320/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/sp4206.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2004}}
* {{Citation
|first       = Dan
|last        = Bonenberger
|date=March 1996
|title       = Written Historical & Descriptive Data &#91;found in&#93; '''80 data pages''' &#91;link&#93;
|url         = https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1184/
|format      = TIFF
|work        = Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Rocket (Missile) Test Stand, Dodd Road, Huntsville vicinity, Madison, AL
|publisher   = Historic American Engineering Record
|type        = Survey number HAER AL-129-A
|hdl          = loc.pnp/hhh.al1184
|access-date  = July 1, 2011}}
* {{cite web
|url        = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527164049/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434109
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = May 27, 2012
|title      = HISTORY OF THE REDSTONE MISSILE SYSTEM
|first      = John W.
|last       = Bullard
|date       = October 15, 1965
|work       = United States Civilian Space Programs 1958-78
|id         = Historical Monograph Project Number: AMC 23 M
|publisher  = Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal
|access-date = June 21, 2011}}
* {{cite conference |mode=cs2
 |last1        = McCleskey
 |first1       = Carey M.
 |last2        = Christensen
 |first2       = David L.
 |title= Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision
 |book-title        = 52nd International Astronautical Congress
 |publisher    = International Academy of Astronautics
 |conference= 35th History of Astronautics Symposium
 |location     = Toulouse, France
 |date         = Oct 1–5, 2001
 |url          = http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf
 |access-date   = June 27, 2011
 |id           = IAA-01-IAA-2.1.08
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf
 |archive-date  = September 17, 2008
}}
* {{Citation
|title     = The Mercury-Redstone Project
|last1     = Miller
|first1    = F. E.
|last2     = Cassidy
|first2    = J. L.
|last3     = Leveye
|first3    = J. C.
|last4     = Johnson
|first4    = R. I.
|date=December 1964
|publisher = NASA [[Organization:Marshall Space Flight Center|Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|place     = Huntsville, Alabama
|id        = Report number NASA-TM-X-53107
|url       = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670028606_1967028606.pdf
|access-date= July 25, 2011
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/ Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/home/index.html Marshall Space Flight Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080728083321/http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/ Redstone Arsenal]
* [http://www.ussrc.com/ U.S. Space & Rocket Center]
* [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/butowsky4/space8.htm 'Rocket Engine Test Stands' in Man in Space ]

{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{NASAMSFC}}

[[Category:Project Mercury]]

{{Sourceattribution|Redstone Test Stand}}